• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.371-381
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• 2022

Purpose: Forward head posture (FHP) is known to cause pain, limit range of motion, and reduce quality of life. Joint mobilization is commonly used to correct FHP. However, no study has compared cervical, thoracic, and combined cervical and thoracic joint mobilization for FHP. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of each mobilization technique on range of motion in the sagittal plane and pain in patients with FHP. Methods: Forty-five patients were recruited and randomly divided into three groups: the mobilization group (CM; n = 15), the cervical and thoracic mobilization group (CTM; n = 15), and the thoracic mobilization group (TM; n = 15). Each intervention was performed in sets of three and repeated six times. Range of motion and pain were assessed pre- and post-intervention. The cervical range of motion was evaluated using a goniometer, and pain was evaluated using a visual analogue scale and pain thresholds of the suboccipital and upper trapezius muscles. Results: All groups showed an increase in range of motion post-intervention, but the increase in the CTM group was significantly greater than in the CM and TM groups (p < 0.05). Pain measured using the visual analogue scale decreased in all groups, but the decreases in the CM and CTM groups were significantly greater than in the TM group (p < 0.05). The pain thresholds of the suboccipital and upper trapezius muscles increased in all groups, but the increase in the CTM group was significantly greater than in the CM and TM groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, our findings suggest that CTM may be more effective than CM or TM for improving cervical range of motion in the sagittal plane and pain in patients with FHP.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.273-280
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• 2023

Background: Intraoral local anesthesia is essential for delivering dental care; however, injection of this local anesthetic is perceived as the most painful and distressing agent for children, parents, and healthcare providers. Reducing pain as much as possible is essential to ensure smooth subsequent treatment procedures, especially in pediatric dentistry. In clinical practice, oral sucrose administration has been reported to decrease the pain during heel lance and cold pressor tests in neonates and children. This study aimed to determine whether the prior administration of a 30% sucrose solution reduced the pain related to inferior alveolar nerve block in children. Methods: A total of 42 healthy children aged 7-10 years requiring dental treatment of mandibular molars involving inferior alveolar nerve block were recruited. The participants' demographic details were recorded, height and weight were measured, and the anesthetic injection was delivered after receiving the respective intraoral sucrose solution and distilled water by the intervention (group 1) and control (group 2) group participants for 2 min. The subjective pain perceived during injection was measured using an animated emoji scale. The pain scores between the groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The median pain score and range for the intervention and control groups were 4 (2 - 6) and 6 (4 - 8), respectively, and statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed in the intervention group. Age, sex, height, and weight did not influence the analgesic effect of the sucrose solution. Conclusion: Oral administration of sucrose may relieve pain associated with inferior alveolar nerve block in children.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.121-130
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• 2024

Purpose : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of neck stabilization exercises using a stick on the pain, headache, and quality of life of adult patients with chronic non-specific neck pain. Methods : The participants of this study were 28 adult patients with chronic non-specific neck pain. The subjects were assigned to the experimental group (n=15, neck stabilization exercises using a stick after conservative physical therapy) and the control group (n=13, conservative physical therapy) according to the order of participation in the study and the intervention methods. The intervention was conducted three times a week for four weeks. The neck stabilization exercises using a stick consisted of isometric exercises of the muscles around the neck and strengthening exercises of the muscles around the scapula. The visual analog scale (VAS) and headache impact test (HIT-6) were used to measure the pain and headache, and the SF 36 health questionnaire (SF-36) was used to measure the quality of life. Results : In the comparison of VAS, HIT-6, and SF-36, there were significant differences between before and after the intervention in both the experimental and control groups (p<.05). The pre-post comparisons between the two groups according to the experiment showed significant differences between the experimental group and the control group (p=.001). However, the experimental group showed greater changes than the control group. Conclusion : Through this study, it was confirmed that neck stabilization exercises using a stick have positive effects on reducing the neck pain and headaches and improving the quality of life of adult patients with chronic neck pain. Therefore, it is considered that neck stabilization exercises using a stick can be used as an effective exercise method for the treatment and prevention of patients with chronic neck pain in the future.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1442-1446
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• 2018

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of kinematic taping therapy on menstrual distress, pain, and $prostaglandinF2{\alpha}$. The experimental subject was a 24 years old woman with the pain of over 5 points on the dysmenorrhea measurement test and no unusual reactions on the taping test. The menstrual distress was measured by the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ), and the dysmenorrhea was measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before and after the intervention. The prostaglandin $F2{\alpha}(PGF2{\alpha})$ was measured on the first day of menstruation before the intervention and 24 hours after the taping therapy by the blood test. The intervention of kinematic taping was conducted by the instructor of the International Kinematic Taping Academy, and the taping was applied to the lower abdomen and the waist. According to the difference of menstrual distress before and after the intervention, the menstrual distress turned out to be decreased to 96 points after the intervention from the 115 points before the intervention. The dysmenorrhea also reduced 3 points on the VAS from 7 points to 4 points before and after the intervention. The $PGF2{\alpha}$ decreased from $26pg/m{\ell}$ to $20pg/m{\ell}$ before and after the intervention. Besides, the $PGF2{\alpha}$ decreased from $26pg/m{\ell}$ to $20pg/m{\ell}$ before and after the intervention. Results suggest that kinematic taping therapy could be useful to reduce the menstrual distress, pain, and $PGF2{\alpha}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the effects of crocodile breathing exercise on pain, muscle tone, and muscle stiffness of non-specific low back pain patients. METHODS: The subjects were 37 patients with nonspecific low back pain. The patients were divided into two groups. The experimental group (EG) performed crocodile breathing exercise and the control group (CG) performed chest expansion breathing exercise. The intervention was conducted for 10 minutes every day for a total of eight weeks. Pain was measured using a VAS. Muscle tone and stiffness were measured using Myoton PRO. Two points were measured for muscle tone and muscle stiffness. They were measured at 30mm from the spinous process of the L1 and T10 vertebra. RESULTS: Pain, muscle tone and muscle stiffness at the T10 level showed a significant decrease in both EG and CG. Muscle tone and muscle stiffness in the L1 level area decreased significantly in the experimental group but the control group did not show any difference. The only statistically significant difference was observed in the L1 muscle tone between the pre and post intervention values. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that Crocodile breathing is a good method for managing pain, muscle tone, and muscle stiffness in non-specific low back pain patients.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of myofascial decompressiontherapy using moving suction on body temperature, pain, neck disability index, and cervical rotation for young adult with nonspecific neck pain. Design: Two-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: The subjects were randomly assigned 22 patients with chronic cervical pain who met the study conditions to the experimental group (n=11) and the control group (n=11). In the experimental group, the myofascial decompressiontherapy (MDT) was performed for 10 minutes using moving suction withnegative 15 mmHg pressure from the insertion to the origin of the upper trapezius muscle, while the control group without negative pressure. In order to investigate the effects of the intervention, an infrared thermometer, a visual analogue scale, neck disability index, and goniometer were used. Results: As a result of comparing the pre- and post- changes in each group according to the intervention, skin temperature, pain, neck disability index, and cervical rotation in both the experimental and control groups were significantly improved (p<0.05). Comparison of pre- and post- changes between the experimental and control groups showed significant differences for pain and cervical rotation (p<0.05), but no significant difference was found in the body temperature and neck disability index. Conclusions: Based on the results, MDT using moving suction was effective in reducing pain and increasing of cervical rotation for young adult with nonspecific neck pain.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of movement training based on motor control theory on pain and average power of muscles in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome and to develop more effective training methods. Methods: We studied 35 patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group according to the intervention. The therapeutic modalities such as superficial heat, deep heat, and electronic stimulus, and motor control training with strengthening exercises were applied to the experimental group and therapeutic modalities only were applied to the control group. All interventions were done 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Before the intervention and again after the 4 weeks, we measured pain utilizing a visual analog scale. We measured average power using isokinetic equipment. Results: After application of the intervention, pain significantly decreased in both the experimental group and the control group. There was a significant difference between the extent of the decrease between experimental and control groups. After the intervention, the average power between the two groups were significant at an angle of $60^{\circ}$/sec and $180^{\circ}$/sec for external rotator and internal rotator muscles. They also showed significant improvement in all variables post-intervention compared to pre-intervention. Conclusion: This study indicates that there is an effect in giving appropriate motor control training to patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. It is assumed that there will be a need for more surveys on various variables for motor control training from now on.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2021

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of a myofascial release technique with preservation physical therapy on low back pain, range of motion, and physical function of patients in acute traffic accidents METHODS: Twelve patients with traffic accidents were divided randomly into two groups of six patients each who met the selection criteria. The training was conducted for 45 minutes each time, for two weeks and four times per week. The experimental group received four myofascial release techniques and with preservation physical therapy. The control group received only preservation physical therapy. RESULTS: The VAS test result was statistically significant after the intervention in both groups (p < .05). After the intervention, there was no significant difference between the experimental group and control group. The Schober test result was statistically significant after the intervention in both the experimental and control groups (p < .05), and there was a significant difference between the experimental group and control group after the intervention (p < .05). The KODI assessment result was significant after the intervention in both the experimental and control groups (p < .05), and there was a significant difference between the experimental group and control group after the intervention (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The myofascial release technique with preservation physical therapy had a positive effect on low back pain, range of motion, and body function in acute traffic accident patients.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.69-87
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify pediatric nurses's knowledge related to children's pain and pediatric nurses' career including educational experience and to examine whether there is a difference of their knowledge according to their career. Method : Subjects of this study was 115 pediatric nurses of one university hospital who understood purpose of this study and accepted to participate in this study. Subjects responded questionnaire by self report. The data were gathered for 7 days during the period from October 20 to October '2:7, 2003. The pediatric nurses' knowledge and attitude survey regarding pain developed by Manworren(2001) was used to identify the knowledge related to children's pain of pediatric nurses. Nurses' career consisted of level of education, presently working ward, duration of experience at clinic, pediatric clinic and presently working ward and educational experience related to children's pain during undergraduate courses, ward orientation and continuing education. Educational experience regarding children's pain was measured by whether they had education related to children's pain during undergraduate courses, ward orientation and continuing education or not and their perception on the contents of education was measured by 5 point Likert type scale. SPSS Windows was used to analyze the data. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain and career including educational experience of pediatric nurses were presented as mean and standard deviation. Mean percentage of correct answers responded by the subjects was presented under the category of introduction, assessment, pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain. The difference of scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain according to nurses' career was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Tukey as a post hoc. Statistical significance was accepted at the level of p<.05. Result : Pediatric nurses had deficient knowledge related to children's pain on the whole and did not trust pain complaint and underestimated the pain. They were short of concrete practical knowledge about pain assessment and pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain. They were excessively concerned with side effect and addiction of analgesic drugs and had a negative view point on nonpharmacological pain intervention. About 50% of the subjects received education regarding children's pain while their undergraduate courses. The number of nurses who received education regarding children's pain while their undergraduate courses was found to be greater among the recently graduated nurses. In ward orientation and continuing education, only less than 10% of the nurses received education regarding children's pain. Nurses perceived their experienced educational content deficient; experienced educational content consisted of pain introduction, assessment and pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain while their undergraduate course, ward orientation and continuing education. There were no significant differences of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses according to level of education, duration of experience at clinic, pediatric clinic and presently working ward. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of nurses at neonatal ward were significantly greater than those of nurses at pediatric intensive care unit. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses who received education during their undergraduate course were significantly greater than those who did not receive it during their undergraduate courses. Also scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses who received one kind of educational experience were significantly greater than those who had no educational experience. Conclusion : Pediatric nurses had deficient knowledge of children's pain and underestimated the pain of children. Also they were short of concrete practical knowledge on pain assessment and intervention for children's pain.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.109-117
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• 2019

This study was conducted to provide for the development of psychological interventions through meta-analysis of the effects of psychological intervention for pain reduction in patients with osteoarthritis. R version 3.5.1 program was used to identify the effectiveness of psychological mediating by December 30, 2018, while the Korean and foreign literature published by PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid-MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Korean databases were searched. As a result, 12 studies with a total of 1,847 participants were analyzed in a total of 1,822 literature. The results showed that the overall effect size of psychological intervention for pain reduction in osteoarthritis patients was small effect -0.31(95% CI: -0.50, -0.11, p<.001). In the moderator analysis, the effect size showed a significant difference depending on the intervention type, intervention duration and the intervention provider. The funnel plot analysis was used to analyze the publication bias, and it was visually asymmetric but not asymmetric after the egger's regression test (bias = -3.24, p = .077). The results of this study suggest a standard of efficacy for psychological interventions to improve pain symptoms, which is a major symptom of osteoarthritis, although the number of studies included in the meta-analysis is low and has provided a clinical basis during intervention and intervention providers.