• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.134-149
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• 2008

Purpose: Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecologic condition among reproductive-age women. It consisted with menstrual clamps and other symptoms such as nausea. vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. Pain control for this disease mainly through NASIDs. but recently CAM therapies, acupuncture and others for painful menstruation are widely used in western countries. But RCT articles about dysmenorrhea in Korea, are not enough to lead such global research trends. The purpose of this study is to review treatment method and other research tendency about dysmenorrhea in Korean Medicine(KM) related dominant journals. Methods: Searching was done through web site and directly searched dysmenorrhea related articles in journals of Korean medicine Gynecology, published during 1996-2007. Results: Twenty five articles were searched in KM related journals, then two of them were simple case report and ten were paper of clinical trials. But there no RCT or control group-designed study. All of them present positive effect on dysmenorrhea but drop out rates were relatively high. Conclusion: KM therapies including acupuncture and herbal medicine have some beneficial effect to resolve menstrual cramps, but KM therapy related Korean articles don't have strong objective power as a evidence in the viewpoint of EBM. So continuous clinical trials such as RCT and multi center trials are needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1325-1332
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was designed to examine the effects of abdominal meridian(Kyongrak) massage on menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea. Method: Eighty-five women (of 110 screened) enrolled in this study and were employed full-time with more than 6.0 points(in $0\~10.0$ VAS scale) in menstrual cramps or more than 20 points on the dysmenorrhea scale(range $13\~52$). The forty-two participants in the experimental group received abdominal meridian massage for 5 minutes per day during 6 days from the fifth day before menstruation to the first day of menstruation and the forty-three participants in the control group didn't receive any treatment. Data were collected from June 1st to August 30th, 2003 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, $x^2-test$, and t-test. Result: Menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea of the experimental group were significantly lower after abdominal meridian massage than those of the control group (p<.001). Conclusion: Abdominal meridian(Kyongrak) massage was very effective for relief of menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea. Therefore, we suggest that abdominal Kyongrak massage can be a useful nursing intervention for women with menstrual cramps or dysmenorrhea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2007

Purpose: The present study intended to reveal the association between the physique of adolescent women and dysmenorrhea, and the factors related to the frequency of dysmenorrhea. Methods: The study subjects included 511 girls of a women's high school in Daejeon city and they were, during the period of March 1st through April 30th, 2005, given self-administered questionnaires about frequency of menstruation, age, physique, exercise, and such menstruation-related items as age of menarche, menstrual period and days, and amount. Results: As with the frequency of dysmenorrhea, 38.4% experienced it 「always」, 44.6% 「occasionally」, and 17.0% 「almost scarcely」, and those with dysmenorrhea accounted for 83.0% of the subjects. The frequency of dysmenorrhea was not significant difference according to the BMI and HPI. However, the lower the age of menarche and the greater the amount of menstrual flow, the more frequent dysmenorrhea. The symptoms of dysmenorrhea included the highest frequency of low back pain(68.5%) and it was followed by abdominal pain(65.9%), sensibility(54.0%), fatigue(51.7%), and nervousness(49.5%). These accompanied symptoms tended to be worse as the frequency of dysmenorrhea increased. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the relative risk of frequency of dysmenorrhea is 2.2 times in age of 14, by a standard age of 15 as menarchial age, 2.2 in 13, and 3.1 in below 12. The menstrual days was 3.0 times in both below 2 days and over 8 days with the standard days of 3-7 days. The menstrual amount was 1.9 times in the group with a greater amount of menstrual bleeding and 1.5 times in the group with a less amount than the normal group, respectively. Conclusion: The above results suggest that the rate of experiencing dysmenorrhea was up to 83.0% and 38.4% from these had dysmenorrhea upon every menstruation. It is thought that dysmenorrhea could be a great disadvantage sufficient to impair optimal health to a larger body of school girls. Further, for quality of life, it is required that more fundamental strategies instead of pain killers or others for palliation of dysmenorrhea would be established among adolescents.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.423-433
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• 2019

Purpose: The study aimed to examine the effects of sleep pattern, stress, and attitude towards menstruation, and behavior that causes a reduction in exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the course of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in female adolescents. Method: In total, 200 girls attending middle school in K city were recruited via convenience sampling between December 11 and 31, 2018, and 192 subjects were selected for the analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, an independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. Results: Overall, 9 (4.7%), 152 (79.2%), and 31 (16.1%) students had morning-, intermediate-, and evening-type sleep pattern, respectively. The mean scores for school-related stress were highest. Scores for stress regarding relationships with friends were the lowest. The mean score for attitudes toward menstruation was 72.33 out of 147. The mean score for behavior that led to a reduction in EDCs exposure was 56.57 out of 85. The mean scores for PMS severity were 25.30 and 38.39 out of 60. Analysis of factors affecting PMS revealed that severity of menstrual pain (β=.28), use of analgesics during menstruation (β=.17), family history of PMS (β=-.16), stress (β=.19), and behavior that reduces EDCs exposure (β=-.17) exerted significant effects on PMS. The explanatory power of these variables was 37%. Conclusion: The findings propose the necessity of a health intervention program including educational information, which can reduce PMS in adolescents, induce the behaviors which can decrease exposure to EDCs, and activities for managing the stress levels.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to identity the relationship between PMS and menstrual attitudes. Method: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analysed using the SPSS WIN 11.0. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature($2.76{\pm}.97$), anxiety($2.76{\pm}1.09$), and impulsivity($2.72{\pm}1.02$). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of grade(F=3.414, p=.018), major(F=2.755, P=.004), menarche age(F=5.910, p=.003), pain(F=7.886, p=.000), family history(F=5.366, p=.005). 3) Menstrual attitudes was significantly different according to the general characteristics of grade(F=3.315, p=.020), major(F=3.813, P=.000), religion(F=6.313, p=.000), interval of menstruation(F=2.834, p=.016), pain(F=3.059, p=.048), family history(F=3.062, p=.048). 4) Menstrual attitudes and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.112, p=.002). Conclusion: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and menstrual attitudes. For further research, it is recommended to identity major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing dysmenorrhea in middle school girls and to analyze the differences in dysmenorrhea according to personal factors of the subjects. Methods: This study was conducted from March 22 to April 2, 2010. The subjects of the study were 572 girls who attended three middle schools in Seoul and experienced dysmenorrheal. All were surveyed using the same questionnaire. Data were analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program and included descriptive statistics, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. Results: 1) The mean age of the subjects was 13.53 years, and the mean age of first menstruation (menarche) was 11.94 years. The number of days between the onset of menstrual cycles was 30.01 days. Most of the respondents had irregular menstrual cycles and menstrual periods lasting 3 to 7 days long. 2) Chief menstrual pains were lower abdominal and back pain. Subjects reported experiencing severe lower abdominal and/or back pain, most commonly on the second day of menstruation. The average score of menstrual discomfort was over 60 points (63%). The average score per 6 points of dysmenorrhea was as follows: fatigue (3.48), sensitivity (3.27), disability of movement (3.27), napping or lying down (2.98), mood swings (2.95), interference with studies (2.87). 3) Individual subject characteristics influencing the onset of dysmenorrhea were as follows: high stress levels, being in poor health, having an irregular diet, being younger and having longer menstrual periods than most other subjects. Conclusion: During puberty, girls with earlier menarche complained of physical and emotional discomfort, and irregular menstrual periods. Therefore, we need to explain overall menstrual characteristics and individual differences in the occurrence of dysmenorrhea, in health education programs.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 1997

A 33-year-old Korean woman, para 2, visited an obstetrics and gynecology clinic, Kumi-shi, Kyongsangbuk-do, due to postcoital spotting and flank pain. She had a tubal ligation 7 years before and demonstrated back pain during menstruation. She revealed a foul smelling discharge without complaint of itching. Enterobiw vermicularis eggs were demonstrated during microscopic examination of a smear taken from the posterior fornix of the vagina. On endoscopic examination of her vagina, a live worm was found in the posterior fornix. The worm was removed and identified as a female E. uemiculcris based on morphology. This is the first case report of vaginal enterobiasis in Korea.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.273-283
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to report the effect of Gami-sibjeon-tang with acupuncture and moxa on endometrioma. Methods: We treated two patients who had endometrioma. Western OB&GY doctors had recommended to operate or observe. But they refused the way western doctors cure the disease. Their chief complainment was severe pain during menstruation period. And they had lower abdominal or lower back pain and acnes on skin. We used Gami-sibjeon-tang on both patients with acupuncture and moxa. Results: After treated by Gami-sibjeon-tang with acupuncture and moxa, they experienced improvement of dysmenorrhea and pain of abdomen and back, and reduction of acnes on skin. And even the sizes of endometrioma had reduced or eliminated. Conclusion: We thought the dysmenorrhea of endometrioma was concerned with inflammation and adhension. So Gami-sibjeon-tang was used when the inflammation and adhension didn't healed because of deficiency of Qi and blood. We administerd Gami-sibjeon-tang with acupuncture and moxa and their dysmenorrhea and other symptoms was relieved.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is difference in the effects of aromatherapy on dysmenorrhea by research design. Methods: Findings from the two different research designs (Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest [NCG] design vs. two-group crossover design) were compared in regard to the effect of aromatherapy on dysmenorrhea. The subjects of the NCG design and the crossover design were a total of 58 female nursing students. The treatments (aroma essential oil inhalation and carrier oil inhalation) were given using a necklace. The data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, t-test, Mann-Whitney test, paired t-test, and Shapiro-Wilk test using the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. The effect size for the two research designs was calculated. Results: In both research designs, the level of dysmenorrhea and menstrual pain after the aroma treatment were not significantly different from those after the placebo treatment. The effect size of the NCG design was higher than that of the crossover design. Conclusion: Aroma inhalation may not be effective in managing dysmenorrhea and menstrual pain. In order to further clarify the efficiency of research design and the effect of aromatherapy on discomfort during menstruation, replication studies are necessary. Future studies need to examine the effects of different research design on non-interval variables.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-66
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between menopausal symptoms and spiritual well-being. In order to collect the research data, 350 questionaries were sent to the middle aged women who were 40-59 years old. During the collection period, March 20, 1977-April 20, 1977, 264 questionaries were collected. The questionnaire was prepared by using other researchers' scale, such as menopausal symptom scale by Neugarton and spiritual well-being scale by Paloutzian & Ellison. The research data were analyzed by various testable methods, such as frequency, t-test or ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation. The main results of this study were as follows ; Among the general characteristic variables, some variables have statistical significancy in explaining the difference of the menopausal symptoms. Such variables include age(F=5.17, p=0.002), years get married(F=4.23, p=0.002), number of children(F=3.08, p=0.028), income level of family(F=3.07, p=0.017), life style at leisure time(F=2.47, p=0.045). Some variables related to health condition could explain the differences of the menopausal symptoms among middle aged women. current menstruation stage(F=9.82, p=0.000), current health condition(F=9.82, p=0.000), and experience being operated in the past(F=9.82, p=0.000) are related to the menopausal symptoms. Serious menopausal symptoms which could be found in this study were 'back pain and joint pains(2.6)', nervousness(2.4), and psychosomatic symptom(1.97). Spiritual well-being inquiries could be classified into two subgroups, existential and religious. The mean score of existential well-being(3.04) was higher than that of religious well-being(2.76). Relatively higher existential well-being(3.10) was found in the women who have stable menstruation cycle. The age when the menopause began was related to spiritual well-being(F=3.29, p=0.046). The correlation between menopausal symptoms and spiritual well-being was statistically significant(r=-0.133, p=0.031). Based on the above results, nursing intervention program of menopausal symptoms is recommended in order to promote the health of middle-aged women.