• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing dysmenorrhea in middle school girls and to analyze the differences in dysmenorrhea according to personal factors of the subjects. Methods: This study was conducted from March 22 to April 2, 2010. The subjects of the study were 572 girls who attended three middle schools in Seoul and experienced dysmenorrheal. All were surveyed using the same questionnaire. Data were analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program and included descriptive statistics, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. Results: 1) The mean age of the subjects was 13.53 years, and the mean age of first menstruation (menarche) was 11.94 years. The number of days between the onset of menstrual cycles was 30.01 days. Most of the respondents had irregular menstrual cycles and menstrual periods lasting 3 to 7 days long. 2) Chief menstrual pains were lower abdominal and back pain. Subjects reported experiencing severe lower abdominal and/or back pain, most commonly on the second day of menstruation. The average score of menstrual discomfort was over 60 points (63%). The average score per 6 points of dysmenorrhea was as follows: fatigue (3.48), sensitivity (3.27), disability of movement (3.27), napping or lying down (2.98), mood swings (2.95), interference with studies (2.87). 3) Individual subject characteristics influencing the onset of dysmenorrhea were as follows: high stress levels, being in poor health, having an irregular diet, being younger and having longer menstrual periods than most other subjects. Conclusion: During puberty, girls with earlier menarche complained of physical and emotional discomfort, and irregular menstrual periods. Therefore, we need to explain overall menstrual characteristics and individual differences in the occurrence of dysmenorrhea, in health education programs.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.97-110
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was performed to review the research trends in the relationship between primary dysmenorrhea and doppler indicies of uterine artery. Methods: The search for related papers used 'Pubmed', a reserch engine in the America National Library of Medicine and Korean studies Information Service System (KISS). Used searching terms were 'primary dysmenorrhea', 'menstrual pain' in all cases. And among these studies, we searched by using key word 'uterine artery', 'doppler indices', 'doppler parameters', 'pulsatile index', 'resistance index'. Results: Overall 49 studies, 8 studies were finally selected to this study. There were 6 controlled studies and 2 randomised-controlled studies. In all 8 studies, transvaginal ultrasound was used to measure the resistance of uterine blood vessels. All of these studies reported that in patients with primary dysmenorrhea, hemodynamic values of uterine arteries measured by Doppler ultrasound were significantly higher than in normal subjects. Conclusions: According to the results, it was found that there was a positive correlation between the pain level of primary dysmenorrhea and the pulsation index and resistance index of the uterine artery. Based on these results, it can be seen that the doppler indicies of uterine artery have the potential to be used as an evaluation scale for Korean traditional medicine for primary dysmenorrhea.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2003

Dysmenorrhea is one of the common gynecologic disorders of menstruation women. Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain without pelvic pathology. whereas secondary one is painful mestruation with underlying pathology. The cause of primary dysmenorrhea is increased endometrial prostaglandin. The mechanisims underlying secondary dysmenorrhea are not eluciated. There are many blood vessels under the skin and they play a very important role in the thermal control of peripheral part. The control of blood circulation is mainly controlled by autonomic nervous system and it is known that D.I.T.I. (digital infra-red thermographic imaging) is an objective method showing the body temperature. I observed the abdominal themerature of 49 patients complaning of dysmenorrhea who visited the gynecologic department of Pundang Oriental Medical Hospital during 1997. In order to rule out thermal abnormality due to obesity. the causes whose obesity index were above I. were excluded in this study. The mean temperature of lower abdomen of the dysmenorrhea group was $35.22{\pm}1.33^{\circ}C$ and control group was $36.01{\pm}0.74^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2006

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecologic disorders in menstruating women. Dysmenorrhea refers to the pain appearing in the lower abdomen and lower back before. after or during menstruation. In oriental medicine. the causes of dysmenorrhea have been recognized as something penetrated such as qi. blood. and pathologic factors. The purpose of this study was to observe the difference in the temperature between the Soyangin dysmenorrhea patients group and the Soeumin dysmenorrhea patients group by thermography. We observed the 55 dysmenorrhea patients that visited ** Oriental Medicine center from July 19 to August 27. 2004. We diagnosed the constitution by QSCCII and the body temperature was assessed by DITI. Thermographic measurements were performed on 3 areas(Chon-jung(CV17), Chung-wan (CV12), Kwan-won(CV4)). In this study we observed that the temperature of Chon-jung(CV17) is the highest and Chung-wan (CV12) is higher than Kwan-won(CV4). The temperature of Soeumin group is higher than that of Soyangin group in all areas and there is a significant difference in 3 area temperature between Soeumin group and Soyangin group.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2015

Objectives : Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common female gynecological diseases. Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy have been used to treat dysmenorrhea in Korea. The aim of this review was to examine the effectiveness of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy for primary dysmenorrhea as described in studies in Korea. Methods : A total of 8 databases were searched, with the search concluding February 15, 2015. These were the Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, DBpia, Korean Studies Information Service System, National Digital Science Library, Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal, Research Information Sharing Service, and Pubmed. Randomized controlled Trails(RCTs) comparing acupuncture or moxibustion therapy with non acupoints stimulation or medication were selected. Data abstraction and assessment of methodology was conducted by authors and disagreements were resolved by discussion. Results : 7 trials were included in this review, with a total of 308 participants. 4 trials reported on acupuncture, 1 trial reported on acupress by magnet, 1 trial reported on pharmacopuncture, and the other trial reported on moxibustion. Quality of methodology was low. 2 trials showed that experimental therapy was effective for pain relief compared to the controlled group. However, 5 trials did not show a significant difference in pain relief. Conclusions : Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy may reduce period pain, however, it is needed for well designed RCTs in Korea.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1442-1446
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• 2018

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of kinematic taping therapy on menstrual distress, pain, and $prostaglandinF2{\alpha}$. The experimental subject was a 24 years old woman with the pain of over 5 points on the dysmenorrhea measurement test and no unusual reactions on the taping test. The menstrual distress was measured by the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ), and the dysmenorrhea was measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before and after the intervention. The prostaglandin $F2{\alpha}(PGF2{\alpha})$ was measured on the first day of menstruation before the intervention and 24 hours after the taping therapy by the blood test. The intervention of kinematic taping was conducted by the instructor of the International Kinematic Taping Academy, and the taping was applied to the lower abdomen and the waist. According to the difference of menstrual distress before and after the intervention, the menstrual distress turned out to be decreased to 96 points after the intervention from the 115 points before the intervention. The dysmenorrhea also reduced 3 points on the VAS from 7 points to 4 points before and after the intervention. The $PGF2{\alpha}$ decreased from $26pg/m{\ell}$ to $20pg/m{\ell}$ before and after the intervention. Besides, the $PGF2{\alpha}$ decreased from $26pg/m{\ell}$ to $20pg/m{\ell}$ before and after the intervention. Results suggest that kinematic taping therapy could be useful to reduce the menstrual distress, pain, and $PGF2{\alpha}$.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.304-315
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning and nature of the lived experience of women with severe dysmenorrhea. Methods: Hermeneutic phenomenology by van Mannen and feminist philosophy informed this study involving 20 women who were 10~40 years old. Data was collected by using focus group interview 2 times from 10 women and in-depth interview from other 10 women from September to December, 2010. Results: The essential themes were message from body, deconstruction of negative stereotyped body, and authorship of my body. Participants described their own painful experiences. They recognized that psychological stress impacted on severe dysmenorrhea, so they made self caring time. They had positive attitude to menstruation, said that dysmenorrhea was not illness, but normal life process. They had internal strength, wisdom, and sistership. Conclusion: This study revealed meaning of pain experience in sociocultural context. This finding have implications for health care provider's empathic and holistic practice.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.33-38
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study is to report the effect of Yikwiseungyang-tang-gagam-bang on Dysmenorrhea with Adenomyosis. Methods: The patient was a secondary dysmenorrhea with adenomyosis accompanied by menorrhagia. She took 2 packs of herbal medicine, Yikwiseungyang-tang-gagam-bang, a day, and received acupuncture treatment at point of CV 4, EX-CA1, CV 12, LI 4, LR 3, SP 6, ST 36 three times a week for two menstrual cycle. Results: After treatment, menstrual pain was reduced from VAS 10 to 1. In addition, menstrual fluid volume also were reduced from VAS 10 to 6. The quality of life is also improved, so sleep and digestion problems improved. Conclusion: This study suggests that Oriental medicine treatment including Yikwiseungyang-tang-gagam-bang may have the efficacy for the treatment of Dysmenorrhea with Adenomyosis.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.1 s.22
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• pp.137-155
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• 2007

Purpose : This study was undertaken to make a diagnosis weakness and firmness (虛實) of Dysmenorrhea patients by diagnosis questionnaires system(Diagnosis System of Oriental Medicine-DSOM) Methods : The subjects were 58 volunteers who was suffering for dysmenorrhea, employed using Measure of Menstrual Pain (MMP) questionnaire. The had agreed to take part in this experiment, with didn't take any anodyne drugs. The MMP score by using 7 questions and the Menstrual Symptom Severity List(MSSL-D) was measured before and after menstruation cycle. Results and Conclusions : The findings of this study were as follows; 1. We examined Pathogenic Factor's frequency of DSOM, Coldness(寒) was 45 persons 80.36%, Damp(濕) was 40 persons 71.43%, Heart(心) was 37 persons 66.07%, Heat syndrom(熱) was 9 persons 16.07%, insufficiency of Yang(陽虛) was 6 persons 10.71%. 2. We divided Dysmenorrhea patients into two groups(weakness and firmness) by Results of DSOM, Firmness was 25 Persons 43.1%, Weakness was 23 persons 39.7%, Unknown was 10 persons 17.2%. 3. In estimation based on Measure of Menstrual Pain (MMP) questionnaire Severe menstrual pain is weakness, Mild menstrual pain is Firmness. 4. In estimation of coldness and heat syndrom, Coldness was 40 persons 69.0%, Heat syndrom, was 2 persons 3.5%, Possess both coldness and heat syndrom was 9 persons 15.5%.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2015

Menstrual problem (premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and dysmenorrhea) is a common gynecological complaints among women in reproductive age. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of isoflavone and Cynanchum wilfordii for improvement of premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea. Subjects were 30 college women in Busan, divided into three groups (CG; control group, n=10; IS group; isoflavone supplement group, n=10; CS group; Cynanchum wilfordii supplement group, n=10). They showed 5.0 or higher for menstrual pain when tested by the VAS. IS group was allocated a isoflavone pill (500 mg/day) for 8 weeks, and CS group was allocated a Cynanchum wilfordii pill (6 g/day) for 8 weeks. We administered a menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ), and visual analogue scale(VAS). There were no differences among the three groups in general characteristics, nutrients intake, MDQ, or VAS. In the CG group, there were no differences in MDQ, or VAS after 8 weeks. In the IS group, negative emotions, behavioral changes, concentration, pain, autonomic nervous system response, water retention, and skin changes significantly improved (P<0.05). In the CS group, negative emotions, pain, autonomic nervous system response, and water retention significantly decreased after 8 weeks (P<0.05). Changes in negative emotion, pain, autonomic nervous system response, water retention, skin changes significantly improved in the CS group compared to the control group (P<0.05). VAS significantly decreased in the IS and CS groups (P<0.05). The decrease in VAS differed among three groups, with the CS group showing a larger decrease than the control group and IS group (P<0.001).