• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.221-226
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• 1999

Background : Validity of WHO guideline of cancer pain management has been proven and many trials have been done to derive solutions for inadequate cancer pain management. We assessed the severity of pain of terminal cancer patients in a few different ways and patients' characteristics influencing inadequate pain management. Methods : This study was based on 100 adult oncological patients who were confirmed as terminal stage in our institution from 3/1998 to 11/1998. Medical records were reviewed and individual patients were interviewed to obtain demographic information and medical characteristics such as: daily activity performance, metastasis, and drug-adjusted pain severity. Adequacy of prescribed analgesics in accordance with WHO guidelines of pain management and patients' characteristics influencing adequacy of pain management were assessed. Results : Among those cancer patients diagnosed as terminal stage, 85% complained of pain, and 68% of those patients reported pain above moderate severity. 38% of those patients received inadequate pain management resulting in greater severity of pain; the less adequate pain relief was(p<0.01). Sex, age, primary cancer site metastasis, symptoms such as depression and anxiety, and daily activity performance were not significantly related. Conclusions : Despite WHO guidelines for pain management, majority of the terminal cancer patients received inadequate pain management. There is a necessity for education on proper pain evaluation and strict implimentation for WHO guidelines of pain management.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2015

Purpose : The purpose of present study was to improve communication of pain expressing terms and pain intensity between patient and physical therapist, and initiated to objectify a measurement of subjective pain. Methods : Data were delivered to 249 people by a self-completion questionnaire, and analyzed 160 copies except for 87 mark error of the collected 247 questionnaires. The questionnaire included a question on 55 terms used to describe pain, the type of the pain, and pain intensity using VAS (visual analogue scale). Results : The results were as follows; 'Tight' was the most frequently being expressed term of muscular pain, subsequently to 'knot' and 'dull'. 'Tear' was the term representing the most strong pain of muscular pain, subsequently to 'rupture' and 'squeeze'. 'Stinging' was the most frequently being expressed term of neurologic pain, subsequently to 'get shocked' and 'wriggle'. 'Burn' was the term representing the most strong pain of neurologic pain, subsequently to 'sear' and 'get shocked'. 'Creak' was the most frequently being expressed term of joint pain, subsequently to 'peel' and 'out of joint'. 'Break' was the term representing the most strong pain of joint pain, subsequently to 'peel' and 'crack'. Conclusion : The objectification of pain terms will be used to help physical therapist to check the patient's pain.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.27-34
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to find out factors(shoulder level, acromion-occipital length, spine alignment, spine-scapula inferior angle length) of pain of neck & shoulder by 3 Dimensional Moire Scanner. 50 female student s aged 20 to 25 years old participated who lived in Sun-cheon si Jeonnam. They were examined with three measurement methods(Visual Analogue Scale : VAS, Algometer, 3 Dimensional Moire Scanner(IBS-2000). According to the results of multiple regression analysis. 1) There was a significant difference with shoulder level and spine-scapula inferior angle based on VAS. 2) There was a significant difference with shoulder level based of Algometer measurement value in Rhomboid muscles.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.49-61
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• 2005

Summary of Background Data: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common painful muscle disorder caused by trigger points occurring in myofascial. MPS is a major cause of chronical pain and is the subject of further clinical examination. Purpose: To uncover effective intramuscular stimulation therapy (IMS), the patients' actively participation stretching exercise and stabilizing around shoulder girdle where trigger point provoking myofascial pain syndrome in usually occurred. Methods: 45 myofascial pain syndrome patients were randomly chosen and divided into 3 groups. The first group (G1) received only IMS therapy, The second group (G2) had both IMS and active stretching exercises administered and the final group (G3) was given IMS therapy and stabilizing exercises. Therapy intervention was given for 3 weeks, 3 times a week and then only stretching exercise for the second group and stabilizing exercise for the third group was given for another 3 weeks. The visual analogue scale was dine before the experiment, 3 weeks after the experiment and 6weeks after the experiment to measure subjective degrees of pain and pressure pain threshold to measure sensitivity improvement of trigger point and functional ability questionnaire to measure daily life performance. Results: There were no significant changes after 3 weeks but after 6 weeks, between GI and G2 and between G1 and G3 showed significant change of pain, pressure pain threshold and daily life performance. There were significant improvement of the measurement of degrees of pain, pressure pain threshold and improvement of daily life performance at different times for G1 showed change 3 weeks after the experiment, but there were no changes 6 weeks after the experiment. There were significant improvement of the measurement at different times for G2 and G3 showed change 3 weeks after the experiment and 6 weeks after the experiment. Conclusions: IMS therapy proved to be effective in inactivation of trigger points of the myofascial pain syndrome patients and stretching and stabilizing exercises beside it keep remedial value longer by improvement of pain and dysfunction that occurred by the trigger point.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2001

Background: There is no reliable objective test for the diagnosis of myofascial pain syndromes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a pressure algometer for the diagnosis of the trigger points and for the evaluation of the treatment in myofascial pain syndromes (MPS). Methods: Twenty female patients with clinical MPS of shoulder were included in this study. Pressure pain thresholds were measured by a pressure algometer at three different sites including the trapezius, supraspinatus and infraspinatus before, and then the 1st, 3rd and 7th days after TPI. Results: Mean pressure pain thresholds were lower in patients with MPS in than normal volunteers in all the examined skeletal muscles. Mean pressure pain thresholds in patients with MPS were increased significantly after TPI in all the examined skeletal muscles. Conclusions: Pressure algometer can be used as relatively objective diagnostic tool for locating trigger points and to quantify the effect of TPI in MPS. However, more investigation is necessary.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.311-320
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the status of visiting nurses assessment and management of chronic musculoskeletal pain in older adults. Methods: The subjects of this study were 285 visiting nurses working at 24 public health centers located in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Gangwon-do. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from June to July, 2008. The SPSS/WIN 13.0 program was used for data analysis. Results: Of the visiting nurses, 195 (77.4%) reported lack of pain education for nurses. The education of exercise (83.3%) was used most frequently by nurses as a pain intervention. Barriers to effective pain management were inadequate pain management guidelines and lack of pain education for nurses. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop evidence-based nursing interventions for pain management and to develop systematic educational programs for visiting nurses management of chronic musculoskeletal pain.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2010

Purpose : This research inquires into the effect of applying microcurrent (MC) according to various frequency levels on the pain and functional recovery of patients with chronic back pain. Methods : Thirty participants with chronic lower back pain disease were divided equally into three experimenta l groups. The MC frequency used in the first experimental group was 0.5Hz, the second experimental group was 50Hz, and the third experimental group was 100Hz for 20 minute sessions. A hot pack and ultrasound were applied to all groups as the general physical therapy. Measurements were taken using the visual analogue scale (VAS), the face pain rating scale (FPRS), and the Oswestry disability index (001). The analysis used the paired t-test in order to compare pretest and posttest results. A one-way ANOVA was performed to make comparisons with regards to frequency levels. Results : VAS, FPRS, and 001 showed significant pain decrease in all groups except for the 001 measurement in the 0.5 Hz group. There were no significant differences according to frequency levels. Conclusion: For chronic pain and functional recovery, a microcurrent produces an effect after treatment. However, results did not show a significant difference in change obtained from differing frequency levels.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 2018

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between neuroticism, pain catastrophizing, and experimentally induced pain threshold and pain tolerance in a healthy adult sample from two regions of the country of Croatia: the island of Korcula and city of Split. Methods: A total of 1,322 participants were enrolled from the Island of Korcula (n = 824) and the city of Split (n = 498). Participants completed a self-reported personality measure Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and pain catastrophizing questionnaire Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), followed by a mechanical pain pressure threshold and tolerance test. We have explored the mediating role of catastrophizing in the relationship between neuroticism and pain intensity. Results: The results showed that pain catastrophizing partially mediated the relationship between neuroticism and pain intensity, suggesting the importance of pain catastrophizing in increasing vulnerability to pain. The results also indicated gender-related differences, marked by the higher pain threshold and tolerance in men. Conclusions: This study adds to the understanding of the complex interplay between personality and pain, by providing a better understanding of such mechanisms in healthy adults.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.90-103
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• 2003

Pain management is a major issue in caring of cancer patients. Because pain management cancer patient of does not control effectively, it is important to educate reporting pain and using analgesics for having cancer patient's concerns and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of cancer pain management education on the pain and concerns of pain management in cancer patients. This study was a quasi-experimental as nonequivalent control pretest-post test design. The subjects of this study consisted of 50 (experimental group 25, control group 25) patients hospitalized in K university hospital in Busan. The data were collected from December 1, 2001 to April 12, 2002. The measurement tool for the concerns of pain management had used questionnaires interpretated by Kim(1999) developed by based Ward(1993) and pain nominal scale. The collected data were analyzed frequency, percentage, mean, SD, $X^2$-test, t-test, ANCOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The 1st hypothesis : "The experimental group which had received the cancer pain management education were lower than the control group in the score of pain" was not supported (p>0.05). 2. The 2nd hypothesis : "The experimental group which had received the cancer pain management education were lower than the control group in concerns of pain management" was supported (F=5.285, p<0.01). In conclusion, the cancer pain management education can know what was effective to decrease in the concerns of pain management in cancer patients. Therefore, Pain Management Education must be positively utilized in clinical situation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.253-257
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• 1998

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the extent and evaluation of pain after total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) and to establish correlation between three types of pain; pain at rest, pain with movement and pain with coughing (maximum pain). Methods: The present study compared quality of pain during pain management in 48 patients undergoing TAH. Patients received i.v. meperidine as loading dose in the recovery room and PCA with nalbuphine 90 mg, ketorolac 180 mg, buprenorphine 0.9 mg, droperidol 5 mg, plasma solution A 28 ml for 3 days. The PCA device used was the Baxter infusor$^{(R)}$ (PCA module PC-19-55, 0.5 ml/hr basal rate, 15 minute lockout interval). Patients were then interviewed on Operative Day (OPD), Postoperative Day 1, 2, and 3 (POD 1, 2 and 3) to assess their pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS) of 0 (none) to 10 (worst imaginable). Results: The mean pain score at rest was 2.0 on OPD and decreased to 0.7 on POD 3. The mean pain score with movement was 3.2 on OPD and decreased to 1.6 on POD 3. The mean pain score with coughing was 4.2 on OPD and decreased to 2.2 on POD 3. Conclusions: Patients' experience of three types of postoperative pain emphasizes the need for more effective pain management.