• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.1 s.68
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• pp.15-20
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• 2005

The unstructured model was tested to describe mycelial growth, exopolysaccharide formation, and substrate consumption in submerged mycelial culture of Paeeiliomyees tenuipes C240. The Logistic equation for mycelial growth, the Luedeking-Piret equation for exopolysaccharide formation, and Luedeking­Piret-like equations for glucose consumptions were successfully incorporated into the model. The value of the key kinetic constants were: maximum specific growth rate ${\mu}m,\;0.7281\;h^{-1};$ growth­associated constant for exopolysaccharide production $(\alpha),\;0.1743g(g\;cells)^{-1}$; non-growth associated constant for exopolysaccharide production $(\beta),\;0.0019g(g\;cells)^{-1}\;;$ maintenance coefficient $(m_s),\;0.0572g\;(g\;cells)^{-1}$. When compared with batch experimental data, the model successfully provided a reasonable description for each parameter during the entire growth phase. The model showed that the production of exopolysaccharide in P. tenuipes C240 was growth-associated. The model tested in the present study can be applied to the design, scale-up, and control of fermentation process for other kinds of basidiomycetes or ascomycetes.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2007

Paecilomyces tenuipes (PT), one of the Ascomycetes family, has been used for medicinal purposes due to its broad pharmacological activities. The present study was undertaken to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of PT water extracts against $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. When the extract of PT was directly added into the culture medium at 1, 2, and 5 mg/ml, the extracts not only reduce the $CCl_4$-induced elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase, and lipid peroxide, but also protect cultured hepatocytes from $CCl_4$-induced reduction of reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. In addition, the effects of PT water extracts on cytochrome P450 enzymes were relatively marginal, indicating that the hepatoprotective effects of PT extract against $CCl_4$-induced toxicity might not be due to the inhibition of $CCl_4$ activation. In conclusion, the PT extracts were effective in protecting against $CCl_4$ induced hepatotoxicity in hepatocyte cultures, at least in part, by scavenging free radicals, and by modulating enzyme systems involved in cellular oxidative stress.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2002

Occurrence and characteristics of infectious fungi and physiologically abnormal Paecilomyces tenuipes were examined. These unfavorable fungi are recently known to cause yield loss, decreased quality of products in artificial cultivation farms of P. tenuipes. Total 529 fungal isolates were collected from 22 farms of 7 provinces. These isolates were composed of physiologically abnormal P. tenuipes strains and other infectious fungal strains, which constituted 23.2% and 50.9%, respectively. Physiologically abnormal P. tenuipes strains showed irregular synemata, and absence of local color. They were divided into 4 types or C-l, C-2, C-3 and C-4. Other infectious fungal strains were identified to 5 species, Beauveria bassiana, Fusarium sp., P fumosoroseus, Tricothecium roseum, Aspergillus parasiticus, which were 22.1, 13.8, 7.6, 4.0 and 3.4%, respectively. All of them were hyphomycetous fungi, did not produce synemata, and revealed faster growth rate than that of P. tenuipes.

• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.215-218
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• 2007

The caterpillar-shaped Chinese medicinal mushroom (DongChongXiaCao) looks like a worm in the winter and like a grass in the summer. The fruiting body has been regarded as popular folk or effective medicines used to treat human diseases such as asthma, bronchial and lung inflammation, and kidney disease. The fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces tenuipes that formed on the living silkworm (Bombyx mon) host were used in this examination. This study was carried out to investigate the proximate composition, soluble sugar, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and contents of the bioactive ingredient including adenosine and D-mannitol in the fruiting-bodies. The moisture content was 57.56%. Soluble sugars found were glycerol, glucose, mannitol and sucrose, and the contents exceeded $24\;mgg^{-1}dry$ weight. Total free amino acid content was $17.09\;mgg^{-1}dry$ weight. Arginine, glycine, proline and tyrosine were main amino acids. The content of oleic acid in fatty acids was high. Adenosine was more abundant in fruiting bodies than corpus.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.179-185
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• 2012

Paecilomyces sinclairiis (PS) is known as a functional food or human health supplement. However concerns have been raised about its kidney toxicity. This study was performed to investigate the kidney toxicity of PS by 13 week-oral administration to rats. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and kidney damage biomarkers including beta-2-microglobulin (${\beta}2m$), glutathione S-transferase alpha (GST-${\alpha}$), kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), calbindin, clusterin, cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and osteopontin were measured during or after the treatment of PS. BUN, creatinine and kidney damage biomarkers in serum were not changed by PS. However, kidney cell karyomegaly and tubular hypertrophy were observed dose-dependently with higher severity in males. KIM-1, TIMP-1 and osteopontin in kidney and urine were increased dose dependently in male or at the highest dose in female rats. Increased urinary osteopontin by PS was not recovered at 2 weeks of post-exposure in both genders. Cystatin C in kidney was decreased at all treatment groups but inversely increased in urine. The changes in kidney damage biomarkers were more remarkable in male than female rats. These data indicate that the PS may provoke renal cell damage and glomerular filtration dysfunction in rats with histopathological lesions and change of kidney damage biomarkers in kidney or urine. Kidney and urinary KIM-1 and cystatin C were the most marked indicators, while kidney weight, BUN and creatinine and kidney damage biomarkers in serum were not influenced.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2011

The virulence against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was evaluated with entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson HY-4 which is isolated from coleopteran insect and registered to Korean and US patents. Virulence tests were conducted with conidial suspensions ($1.5{\times}10^6conidia/ml$) of P. lilacinus HY-4 against T. urticae adults and positive results were recorded in laboratory conditions. The spraying device was also developed for the efficient and exact evaluation of treatment. The developed spraying device was named as SD-tower sprayer and its efficacy of spraying conidia was evaluated. The accumulated mortality caused by P. lilacinus HY-4 using SD-tower spray was about 73% at 6 days after inoculation. This suggest that the isolate P. lilacinus HY-4 may be considered as promising for a new approach to prevent adult infestations by T. urticae.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.548-561
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• 2020

Paecilomyces japonica is widely cultured to produce mycelium for medicinal and health food use. Illumination is an important factor in the growth and production of mycelium in submerged culture. The effects of different light-emitting diode (LED) combinations on the growth and cordycepin content as bioactive substances of mycelium were investigated. The results showed that the mycelium dry weights were lower under dark condition and red LED treatments. Dark condition, fluorescent light, and ultraviolet-A failed to increase the cordycepin content. Blue light was necessary to increase the cordycepin content, and a red-to-blue ratio of 3:7 induced the highest cordycepin content. The cordycepin contents of mycelium in submerged culture were significantly higher in a 12 h/day illumination time under red and blue (red-to-blue ratio of 3:7) LED treatments, showing an increase of up to 38% compared with those under the fluorescent-light control condition. The results demonstrated the roles of light with different wavelengths on the biosynthesis of cordycepin as bioactive substances. The low-heat release and replacement of traditional fluorescent lights with low-energy-consuming LEDs could increase the contents of bioactive substances. After optimization of the cordycepin production using response surface methodology (Box-Behnken design) to its canonical form, the optimum combination was found to be as follows: illumination time = 17.7 h/day, sugar content in the medium = 9.7 g/50 mL, and incubation time = 61.2 h. The model predicted a maximum response of 3779.2 ㎍/mL cordycepin yield.

• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.385-390
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• 2014

The beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is difficult to control using chemical insecticides because of the development of insecticide resistance. Several pest control agents are used to control the beet armyworm. Entomopathogenic fungi are one of the candidates for eco-friendly pest control instead of chemical control agents. In this study, among various entomopathogenic fungal strains isolated from soil two isolates were selected as high virulence pathogens against larva of beet armyworm. Control efficacy of fungal conidia was influenced by conidia concentration, temperature, and relative humidity (RH). The isolates Metarhizium anisopliae FT83 showed 100% cumulative mortality against second instar larvae of S. exigua 3 days after treatment at $1{\times}10^7$ conidia/mL and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus FG340 caused 100% mortality 6 days after treatment at $1{\times}10^4$ conidia/mL. Both M. anisopliae FT83 and P. fumosoroseus FG340 effectively controlled the moth at $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. M. anisopliae FT83 was significantly affected mortality by RH: mortality was 86.7% at 85% RH and 13.4% at 45% RH. P. fumosoroseus FG340 showed high mortality as 90% at 45% RH and 100% at 75% RH 6 days after conidia treatments. These results suggest that P. fumosoroseus FG340 and M. anisopliae FT83 have high potential to develop as a biocontrol agent against the beet armyworm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.204-205
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• 2003

Change in Quality properties of the Kochujang Prepared with the powder of Paecilomyces japonica and extract of p. japonica by different solvents were investigated during 90 days of fermentation at 20$^{\circ}C$. The moisture content was not significantly different, pH of Kochuiang made with p. japonica was lower than control group and decreased continuously according to the fermentation time. Amino nitrogen continuously increased till 60 days and decreased slightly on 90 days. Amino nitrogen of Kochujang made with P. japonica was higher than control group and was highest on 30 days and 60 days by 179.2mg% and 282.2mg% respectively. Value of L, a, b in Color decreased with proportion to fermentation period and L, a, b value of Kochujang made with P. japonica was lower and in particular that of Kochujang made with P. japonica powder was lowest. from the result of sensory evaluation test, the color of control group was similar to“clear red”but that of Kochojang made with powder of P. japonica was close to“dark reddish brown”and that of Kochujang made with extract of P. japonica was darker than that of control group and the preference of dark color was low. Texture was“glossy and smooth”in all and preference was high. In salty taste, the Kochujang by P. japonica addition was stronger and Kochujang made with extract was stronger than that made with powder. In hot taste, the Kochujang made with P. japonica was weaker than control group and the Kochujang made with P. japonica was scored higher in flavor than control group and Kochujang made with powder of P. japonica was the highest in score. In overall preference, the Kochujang made with P. japonica was better than control group like the result of flavor but expecially Kochujang made with water extract of P. japonica among the extract was best one unlike the result of flavor.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

The choice of the culture medium is an important factor for the mass production of mycelia in submerged cultures. The influence of liquid medium on the mycelial dry weight of Paecilomyces tenuipes was investigated in this study. The regression equation is expressed as Y=-1292.94187+17.78612X1+18.92425X2+2.11464X3-0.019375X1X2-0.006276X1X3+0.008177X2X3-0.070169X12-0.292175X22-0.008818X32, where Y represents the value of the mycelial dry weight (g/L), X1 is the particle size of wood sawdust in liquid medium (mesh), X2 is the concentration of the wood sawdust in liquid medium, and X3 is incubation time (h). The medium was optimized using a response surface methodology, and the optimal medium contained 30 g of wood sawdust (140 mesh), 20 g of glucose, and 10 g/L of peptone. Under these conditions, the mycelial dry weight reached 38.1 g/L (actual value). The culture medium containing wood sawdust is simple and easy to use, highly efficient, and eco-friendly, and its effectiveness in large preparations of P. tenuipes mycelia with low material costs has been demonstrated.