• 멤브레인
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.320-325
• /
• 2010

화학적 안정성이 양호하고, 제막조건이 온화한 재료인 poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)를 주재료로 사용하여 용매, 첨가제, 혼합고분자 및 제막조건의 변화에 따른 고강도 친수성 정밀여파(microfiltration, MF) 중공사 분리막의 실험에 의해 고찰하였다. 제조된 MF 중공사막의 막성능은 평균 공경 $0.3{\mu}m$, 인장강도 $42kg_f/cm^2$, 순수 투과유량은 600 LMH을 얻었다. 제막과정에서 다양한 첨가제의 막성능을 검토한 결과는 순수투과유량과 제거율에 상당한 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다. MF막의 친수성을 개선하기 위해 소수성 PVDF와 상호 용해성 이 좋은 친수성 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)를 혼합하여 투과성능과 제거율을 개선한 우수한 친수성 MF막을 제조할 수 있었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.148-156
• /
• 2012

In this research, the application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modified PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane was tested as a simply and beginning attempt to overcome membrane fouling because CNTs importantly affect the transport of natural organic matter (NOM). Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) as the representative of NOM was selected and its sorption results with single-walled CNT (SWCNT), multi-walled CNT (MWCNT), and oxidized MWCNT (O-MWCNT) were obtained through the batch experiment. SRFA sorption isotherms had a strong nonlinearity and its sorption capacity followed the order O-MWCNT < MWCNT < SWCNT. The adsorbed mass of SRFA on each CNT decreased as a function of pH due to their charge repulsion. For the CNT-PVDF membrane filtration experiments, the suspended CNT solution (10 mg/40 mL) was incorporated into $0.45{\mu}m$-PVDF membrane and 5 mg/L of SRFA solution was monitored using UV detector connected with high pressure pump after passing through CNT-PVDF membrane. The SRFA removal efficiency by MWCNT-PVDF membrane was the strongest among other modified membranes. This suggests that the CNT modified microfiltration (MF) membrane might effectively and selectively apply to treat the contaminated water including organic compounds in the presence of NOM.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• 제1권3호
• /
• pp.193-206
• /
• 2010

Organic fouling and biofouling pose a significant challenge to the membrane filtration process. Photocatalysis-membrane hybrid system is a novel idea for reducing these membranes fouling however, when $TiO_2 photocatalyst nanoparticles are used in suspension, catalyst recovery is not only imposes an extra step on the process but also significantly contributes to increased membrane resistance and reduced permeate flux. In this study, $TiO_2$ photocatalyst has been immobilized by coating on the microfiltration (MF) membrane surface to minimize organic and microbial fouling. Nano-sized $TiO_2$ was first synthesized by a sol-gel method. The synthesized $TiO_2$ was coated on a Poly Vinyl Difluoride (PVDF) membrane (MF) surface using spray coating and dip coating techniques to obtain hybrid functional composite membrane. The characteristics of the synthesized photocatalyst and a functional composite membrane were studied using numerous instruments in terms of physical, chemical and electrical properties. In comparison to the clean PVDF membrane, the $TiO_2$ coated MF membrane was found more effective in removing methylene blue (20%) and E-coli (99%).

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.207-215
• /
• 2006

본 연구에서는 화학적 1차 처리 침출수(시료 I)와 생물학적 처리 침출수(시료 II)를 대상으로 한 막 분리 공정에서 막의 막힘현상을 개선하기 위한 기술로서 초음파 조사방법을 도입하여 그에 대한 영향을 평가하였다. 초음파의 투과속도 개선효과에 관한 실험은 주기적으로 초음파를 조사할 수 있는 초음파막 분리장치를 제작하여 막의 재질(PS과 PVDF)과 막의 종류(MF와 UF), 초음파의 단일주파수(40 kHz와 120 kHz), 초음파의 세기(200 W와 400 W)에 따라 실시하였으며. 아울러 40 kHz와 120 kHz를 동시에 사용하는 복합초음파 조사 실험을 실시하였다. 주기적인 초음파 조사에 관한 시나리오 실험을 통해 UF막과 MF막을 비교한 결과 MF계열의 막에서 더 높은 투과속도의 개선효과를 나타냈으며, 두 가지 PS와 PVDF재질로 만들어진 MF막의 경우 PVDF재질의 MF막이 더 높은 개선효과를 지속적으로 나타내었다. 또한 용액(폐수)의 특성에 따라 초음파 조사에 의한 투과속도의 개선효과가 다르게 나타났으며, 두 가지 초음파주파수(40 kHz과 120 kHz)를 동시에 활용한 복합초음파를 주기적으로 조사한 경우에 투과속도의 상승률은 세정효과가 큰 낮은 주파수(40 kHz)의 단일초음파를 이용하는 경우보다 작았으나, 재막힘 현상은 복합초음파를 사용하는 경우가 더 크게 억제되어 막의 투과속도 개선효과가 지속적으로 유지되었다.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.460-468
• /
• 2013

가압식 MF공정의 전처리공정으로 침전지가 없는 혼화/응집공정에서 적정응집제 투입농도선정 및 유기물 제거성능을 평가하였다. 전처리 공정에서 생성된 플럭이 가압펌프의 임펠러에 의해 해체됨을 확인하였으며 원수탁도가 10 NTU 이하로 유입이 될 때, 혼화/응집조와 펌프후단에서 플럭형성을 위한 최적응집제 투입량은 4 mg/L (as PACl 17%)이었다. 이때의 DOC 제거율은 평균 43%이었으며, 응집제투입량을 계속적으로 증가시켜 8 mg/L (as PACl 17%)로 투입을 하였을 때, DOC 제거율은 평균 48%를 나타내어 제거율은 크게 개선되지 않았다. 전처리가 없는 PVDF 가압식 MF공정의 TMP는 0.54 bar에서 운영이 되었으며, 혼화/응집 전처리 공정을 적용하여 운영 시 TMP는 0.41 bar로 안정적인 운영이 가능하였다.

• 환경위생공학
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 2008

All over the world, the existing process of water purification needs more flocculants and chlorine due to a gradual decline in the quality of source water. Therefore, the problem of the remaining aluminium and DBPs in purified water is on the rise. To solve this problem, the process of membrane filter has recently come into the spotight. This study reaches the following conclusions concerning TMP variation in order to solve the dropping of flux throgh a membrane filter when operating a membrane filter system in the process of water purification. 1. In case that a cohesion-precipitation process was introduced to pre-treatment of a membrane filter, initial TMP was very satisfactory(0.27kg/cm) in producing the constantly safe quality of water, $0.04{\sim}0.1$(mean 0.05) NTU by pouring 2mg/l of PACI(10% $Al_2O_3$) used for the existing process of water purification in high-density turbidity at a dry or flood season and at occurrence of high algae. 2. As flux increased at 0.5m/day.m, TMP increased 0.05 kgf/cm. 3. As filtering, operation mode of PVDF MF membrane filtering was 48 minutes and 1 cycle of back washing was 42 minutes, flux was increased 1.5m/day.m and TMP increased $0.25{\sim}0.27kgf/cm$. Without back washing, TMP increased 0.03 kgf/cm per a cycle.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.588-597
• /
• 2004

In this research, we investigated the variation of transmembrane pressure and permeate water quality with pre coagulation and sedimentation with iron based coagulant and chlorination of feed water for PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) based MF membrane filtration. NaCIO was fed to the membrane module with dosage of 0.5mg/L and maintained during filtration. To observe the effect of raw water, three types of raw and processed waters, including river surface water, coagulated water and coagulated-settled water, were applied. In case of river surface water, the transmembrane pressure increased drastically in 500 hours of operation. On the contrary, no significant increase in transmembrane pressure was observed for 1,200 hours of operation for coagulated water and coagulated-settled waters. The turbidity of permeate was lower than a detection limit of equipment for all raw waters. The removal efficiency of humic substances of coagulated water and coagulated-settled water was approximate ten times of that of surface river water. And, the removal efficiency of TOC and DOC was approximate two times of that of surface river water. From the results of plant operation, stable operation was maintained at $0.9m^3/m^2{\cdot}day$ filtration flux through the combination of pre-coagulation and pre-chlorination. However, the water quality of permeate was the best when pre-coagulation-sedimentation process was combined with pre-chlorination.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• 제6권5호
• /
• pp.423-437
• /
• 2015

Polyvinylidene fluoride/fullerene nanoparticle (PVDF/$C_{60}$) composite microfiltration (MF) membranes were fabricated by a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) using N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as solvent and deionized water (DI) as coagulation solution. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was added to the casting solution to form membrane pores. $C_{60}$ was added in increments of 0.2% from 0.0% to 1.0% to produce six different membrane types: one pristine PVDF membrane type with no $C_{60}$ added as control, and five composite membrane types with varying $C_{60}$ concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0%, respectively. The mechanical strength, morphology, pore size and distribution, hydrophilicity, surface property, permeation performance, and fouling resistance of the six membranes types were characterized using respective analytical methods. The results indicate that membranes containing $C_{60}$ have higher surface porosity and pore density than the pristine membrane. The presence of numerous pores on the membrane caused weaker mechanical strength, but the water flux of the composite membranes increased in spite of their smaller size. Initial flux and surface roughness reached the maximum point among the composite membranes when the $C_{60}$ concentration was 0.6 wt.%.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.104-112
• /
• 2012

Chemically stable Polyvinylidene fluoride-hexa-fluoropropane (PVDF-HFP) copolymer asymmetric membranes were prepared by the conventional phase inversion process, using Dimethyacetamide (DMAc) as a solvent and water as a non-solvent. To control the pore size and porosity of the PVDF-HFP membranes, tetra-ethoxysilane (TEOS) was used as a pore-forming agent. The prepared membranes were characterized, using several analytical methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electronic Microscopy (FESEM). TEOS turned out to increase porosity and make homogeneous pores on the membranes. Depending on the composition of the dope solutions, the pore size was ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 ${\mu}m$. The flux of the PVDF-HFP membranes prepared by using TEOS as a pore forming agent was increased substantially without much decrease in the rejection. When 15 wt% PVDF-HFP solution was blended with 13 wt% TEOS solution at composition ratio of 70/30 in wt%, the water flux at 2 bars was about 2 $m^3/m^2day$.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.143-155
• /
• 2013

Four membranes were used to separate Chlorella sp. from their culture medium in cross-flow microfiltration (MF) experiments: cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose nitrate (CN), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF). It was found that the hydrophilic CA and CN membranes with a pore size of 1.2 ${\mu}m$ exhibited the best performances among all the membranes in terms of permeation flux. The hydrophobicity of each membrane material was determined by measuring the angle between the water (liquid) and membrane (solid). Contact angle measurements showed that deionized (DI) water had almost adsorbed onto the surfaces of the CA and CN membranes, which gave $0.00^{\circ}$ contact angle values. The PP and PVDF membranes were more hydrophobic, giving contact angle values of $95.97^{\circ}$ and $126.63^{\circ}$, respectively. Although the pure water flux increased with increasing pore diameter (0.8 < 1.2 < 3.0 ${\mu}m$) in hydrophilic CA and CN membranes, the best performance in term of filtration rate for filtering a microalgae suspension was attained by membranes with a pore size of 1.2 ${\mu}m$. The fouled membrane pore sizes and pore blocking were inspected using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). MF with large pore diameters was more sensitive to fouling that contributed to intermediate blocking, where the size of the membrane pores is almost equivalent to that of cells.