• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.323-329
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• 2014

Two cultivars Buram-3-ho (susceptible) and CR-Hagwang (moderate resistant) of kimchi cabbage seedlings showed differential defense responses to anthracnose (Colletotrichum higginsianum), black spot (Alternaria brassicicola) and black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Xcc) diseases in our previous study. Defense-related hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene led to different transcriptional regulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression in both cultivars. In this study, exogenous application of SA suppressed basal defenses to C. higginsianum in the 1st leaves of the susceptible cultivar and cultivar resistance of the 2nd leaves of the resistant cultivar. SA also enhanced susceptibility of the susceptible cultivar to A. brassicicola. By contrast, SA elevated disease resistance to Xcc in the resistant cultivar, but not in the susceptible cultivar. Methyl jasmonate (MJ) treatment did not affect the disease resistance to C. higginsianum and Xcc in either cultivar, but it compromised the disease resistance to A. brassicicola in the resistant cultivar. Treatment with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) ethylene precursor did not change resistance of the either cultivar to C. higginsianum and Xcc. Effect of ACC pretreatment on the resistance to A. brassicicola was not distinguished between susceptible and resistant cultivars, because cultivar resistance of the resistant cultivar was lost by prolonged moist dark conditions. Taken together, exogenously applied SA, JA and ethylene altered defense signaling crosstalk to three diseases of anthracnose, black spot and black rot in a cultivar-dependent manner.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2018

Beside several advantages, the PV power generation as a clean energy source, is still below the supply level due to high power generation cost. Therefore, the interest in fabricating low-cost thin film solar cells is increasing continuously. $Cu_2O$, a low cost photovoltaic material, has a wide direct band gap of ~2.1 eV has along with the high theoretical energy conversion efficiency of about 20%. On the other hand, it has other benefits such as earth-abundance, low cost, non-toxic, high carrier mobility ($100cm^2/Vs$). In spite of these various advantages, the efficiency of $Cu_2O$ based solar cells is still significantly lower than the theoretical limit as reported in several literatures. One of the reasons behind the low efficiency of $Cu_2O$ solar cells can be the formation of CuO layer due to atmospheric surface oxidation of $Cu_2O$ absorber layer. In this work, atomic layer deposition method was used to remove the CuO layer that formed on $Cu_2O$ surface. First, $Cu_2O$ absorber layer was deposited by electrodeposition. On top of it buffer (ZnO) and TCO (AZO) layers were deposited by atomic layer deposition and rf-magnetron sputtering respectively. We fabricated the cells with a change in the deposition temperature of buffer layer ranging between $80^{\circ}C$ to $140^{\circ}C$. Finally, we compared the performance of fabricated solar cells, and studied the influence of buffer layer deposition temperature on $Cu_2O$ based solar cells by J-V and XPS measurements.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2013

Bacterial blight, an important and potentially destructive bacterial disease in rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), has recently developed resistance to the available antibiotics. In this study, mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolite profiling and multivariate analysis were employed to investigate the correlation between timedependent metabolite changes and antimicrobial activities against Xoo over the course of Phomopsis longicolla S1B4 fermentation. Metabolites were clearly differentiated based on fermentation time into phase 1 (days 4-8) and phase 2 (days 10-20) in the principal component analysis (PCA) plot. The multivariate statistical analysis showed that the metabolites contributing significantly for phases 1 and 2 were deacetylphomoxanthone B, monodeacetylphomoxanthone B, fusaristatin A, and dicerandrols A, B, and C as identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and dimethylglycine, isobutyric acid, pyruvic acid, ribofuranose, galactofuranose, fructose, arabinose, hexitol, myristic acid, and propylstearic acid were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolite profiling. The most significantly different secondary metabolites, especially deacetylphomoxanthone B, monodeacetylphomoxanthone B, and dicerandrol A, B and C, were positively correlated with antibacterial activity against Xoo during fermentation.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.114-120
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• 2016

This paper describes generating efficiency characteristics of the double acting Stirling engine/generator for domestic small-scale CHP (Combined Heat and Power) system. In small distributed generation applications, Stirling engine has competition from fuel cell, microturbine and etc. In order to be economical in the applications, a long life with minimum maintenance is generally required. Free piston Stirling engine (FPSE) has no crank and rotating parts to generate lateral forces and require lubrication. Double acting Stirling engine/generator has one displacer and two power piston which are supported by flexure springs. Two power pistons oscillate with symmetric displacement and are connected with moving magnet type linear generators for power generation from PV work. In experiments, 1 kW class double acting free piston Stirling engine/generator is fabricated and tested. Heat is supplied to hot end of engine by the combustion of natural gas and converted to electric power by linear generators which are assembled with power pistons. The electric parameters such as voltage, current and phase are measured with for variable flow rate of fuel gas. Especially, generating efficiency of FPSE is measured with three different measurement methods. Generating efficiency of the double acting Stirling engine/alternator is about 24%.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.502-511
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• 2022

Bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) exert beneficial effects on plant protection both directly and indirectly. Although BVCs have been detected in vitro, their detection in situ remains challenging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of BVCs detection under in situ condition and estimate the potentials of in situ BVC to plants at below detection limit. We developed a method for detecting BVCs released by the soil bacteria Bacillus velezensis strain GB03 and Streptomyces griseus strain S4-7 in situ using solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Additionally, we evaluated the BVC detection limit in the rhizosphere and induction of systemic immune response in tomato plants grown in the greenhouse. Two signature BVCs, 2-nonanone and caryolan-1-ol, of GB03 and S4-7 respectively were successfully detected using the soil-vial system. However, these BVCs could not be detected in the rhizosphere pretreated with strains GB03 and S4-7. The detection limit of 2-nonanone in the tomato rhizosphere was 1 µM. Unexpectedly, drench application of 2-nonanone at 10 nM concentration, which is below its detection limit, protected tomato seedlings against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Our finding highlights that BVCs, including 2-nonanone, released by a soil bacterium are functional even when present at a concentration below the detection limit of SPME-GC-MS.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is to observe the changes of pulmonary capillary permeability and various hemodynamic parameters before and after Positive End-Expiratory Pressure(PEEP) in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Using a canine oleic acid induced ARDS model, we measured the pulmonary capillary permeability with a slope of lung: heart radioactivity ratio, hemodynamic parameters with Swan-Ganz catheter and blood gas tensions. 1) In normal and ARDS dogs, the PEEP didn't significantly influence the slope of lung: heart radioactivity ratio. But in ARDS group the slope index was increased compaired with that of control group (p<0.05). 2) Also in ARDS group, $PaO_2$ was significantly decreased, and $PaCO_2,\;PvCO_2$, MPAP, $AaDO_2$, Qs/Qt were significantly increased compared with those of control group (p<0.05). 3) In normal dogs, the PEEP didn't influence blood pH or gas tension, $AaDO_2$, Qs/Qt, or hemodynamics. 4) In ARDS dogs, however, the PEEP significantly increased $PaO_2$ and decreased $AaDO_2$, Qs/Qt (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2018

This study is to research technical measures for improving energy efficiency in the conservation and reuse of historic buildings focused on the recent research trends and case studies of the west. These measures are broadly classified into three types, the passive measures for saving energy and increasing comfort, the most cost-effective energy saving strategies, and the renewable energy sources. Firstly, the passive measures are divided into the elements and systems. The passive elements are awnings and overhanging eaves, porches, shutters, storm windows and doors, and shade trees. There are also the natural ventilation systems such as the historic transoms, roofs and attics to improve airflow and cross ventilation to either distribute, or exhaust heat. Secondly, the most cost-effective energy efficiency strategies are the interior insulation, airtightness and moisture protection, and the thermal quality improvement of windows. The energy efficiency solutions of modern buildings are the capillary-active interior insulation, the airtightness and moisture protection of interior walls and openings, and the integration of the original historic window into the triple glazing. Beyond the three actions, the additional strategies are the heat recovery ventilation, and the illumination system. Thirdly, there are photovoltaic(PV) and solar thermal energy, wind energy, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy in the renewable energy sources. These energy systems work effectively but it is vital to consider its visual effect on the external appearance of the building.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.10039-10043
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• 2014

Background: In Pakistan thyroid cancer is responsible for 1.2% cases of all malignant tumors. Ultrasonography (US) is helpful in detecting cancerous thyroid nodules on basis of different features like echogenicity, margins, microcalcifications, size, shape and abnormal neck lymph nodes. We therefore aimed to calculate diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in detection of carcinoma in thyroid nodules taking fine needle aspiration cytology as the reference standard. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was designed to prospectively collect data from December 2010 till December 2012 from the Department of Radiology in Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 100 patients of both genders were enrolled after informed consent via applying non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Patients referred to Radiology department of Aga Khan University to perform thyroid ultrasound followed by fine-needle aspiration cytology of thyroid nodules were included. They were excluded if proven for thyroid malignancy or if their US or FNAC was conducted outside our institution. Results: The subjects comprised 76 (76%) females and 24 males. Mean age was $41.8{\pm}SD$ 12.3 years. Sensitivity and specificity with 95%CI of ultrasound in differentiating malignant thyroid nodule from benign thyroid nodule calculated to be 91.7% (95%CI, 0.72-0.98) and 78.94% (0.68-0.87) respectively. Reported positive predictive value and negative PV were 57.9% (0.41-0.73) and 96.8% (0.88-0.99) and overall accuracy was 82%. Likelihood ratio (LR) positive was computed to be 4.3 and LR negative was 0.1. Conclusions: Ultrasonography has a high diagnostic accuracy in detecting malignancy in thyroid nodules on the basis of features like echogenicity, margins, micro calcifications and shape.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.194-203
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• 2009

$HpaG_{Xooc}$, from rice pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, is a member of the harpin group of proteins, eliciting hypersensitive cell death in non-host plants, inducing disease and insect resistance in plants, and enhancing plant growth. To express and secret the $HpaG_{Xooc}$ protein in Bacillus subtilis, we constructed a recombinant expression vector pM43HF with stronger promoter P43 and signal peptide element nprB. The SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis demonstrated the expression of the protein $HpaG_{Xooc}$ in B. subtilis. The ELISA analysis determined the optimum condition for $HpaG_{Xooc}$ expression in B. subtilis WBHF. The biological function analysis indicated that the protein $HpaG_{Xooc}$ from B. subtilis WBHF elicits hypersensitive response(HR) and enhances the growth of tobacco. The results of RT-PCR analysis revealed that $HpaG_{Xooc}$ induces expression of the pathogenesis-related genes PR-1a and PR-1b in plant defense response.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.504-508
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• 2003

We present a new point-diffraction interferometer, which has been devised for the three-dimensional profile measurement of light scattering rough surfaces. The interferometer system has multiple sources of two-point-diffraction and a CCD camera composed of an array of two-dimensional photodetectors. Each diffraction source is an independent two-point-diffraction interferometer made of a pair of single-mode optical fibers, which are housed in a ceramic ferrule to emit two spherical wave fronts by means of diffraction at their free ends. The two spherical wave fronts then interfere with each other and subsequently generate a unique fringe pattern on the test surface. A He-Ne source provides coherent light to the two fibers through a 2${\times}$l optical coupler, and one of the fibers is elongated by use of a piezoelectric tube to produce phase shifting. The xyz coordinates of the target surface are determined by fitting the measured phase data into a global model of multilateration. Measurement has been performed for the warpage inspection of chip scale packages (CSPs) that are tape-mounted on ball grid arrays (BGAs) and backside profile of a silicon wafer in the middle of integrated-circuit fabrication process. When a diagonal profile is measured across the wafer, the maximum discrepancy turns out to be 5.6 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ with a standard deviation of 1.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$.