• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: The successful management of jujube trees depends on maintaining a balance between reproductive and vegetative growth. In general, heading cuts of trunk stimulate rather vegetative growth, but could decrease flower initiation. This study was conducted to establish a heading-back pruning severities at planting in the one year old 'Daeneung' jujube whip nursery tree by investigating vegetative growth and fruit yield. METHODS AND RESULTS: The heading back pruning severity was assigned as 5 different ranges as follow: one bud (TR-10, heading back pruning was 10 cm above the ground), three buds (TR-30), five buds (TR-50), seven buds (TR-70), and nine buds (TR-90) were left of scion. The number of buds on whip trunk was correlated to the central leader length and increment of trunk cross-sectional area, negatively, and to the tree height and canopy volume, positively. The yields in the TR-50 treatment were higher about 2 times than other treatments. The fruit diameter was not significantly different among the treatments. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that the optimum location of heading-back pruning in one year old 'Daeneung' jujube tree was 50 cm above the ground as evaluated by the balance of reproductive and vegetative growth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.271-281
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• 2021

Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi forests not only extended the plantation management area but also cultivated to the sustainable wood supply chain during the last 5-years. These prescriptions are primarily done by manual operation activities, particularly in young tree tending. Two types of tending activities, brashing by brush cutter(BB) and pruning by pruning shear and saw(PP), were selected for the investigate of musculoskeletal disorders' level and postural risks using Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS). The postural risk indexes (BB and PP) ranged from 115 to 125 and 102 to 105, respectively. There is no significant difference between the species. The young tree tending operations had low postural risks. The results may be used as basic data to develop technical guideline for safe young trees.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2023

The Florence Charter, established in 1981 by the ICOMOS-IFLA International Commission on Historic Gardens, considered the historic garden as a plant-dominated architectural composition, a perpetual balance between the artist and the artisan's desire to remain unaltered in perpetuity. Trees, the main component of the garden, require continuous management as they repeat their creation and calling according to the cycle of the seasons and accordingly, it is suggested that management to maintain the appearance of trees in Korean palaces was an indispensable element. Although it is an important matter to historically verify the tree management techniques of the palaces of the past, research has been difficult due to the absence of historical records and the disconnection of life due to the Japanese colonial period. In addition, according to the view that trees were not generally managed in the palace, research on palace tree management techniques has not been conducted so far. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether or not the tree management of the palaces was performed in the past through expert interviews based on photographs taken in modern times. With the identification of tree species and pruning through in-depth interviews with experts using photographs taken in the modern period, the results are as follows. First, it was found that the shapes of trees and leaves could be identified through photographs and by observing the phenomena caused by planting and pruning, it was possible to estimate whether or not the tree management was implemented in the modern palace. Second, as a result of in-depth interviews with 8 experts in 4 fields, it was possible to determine the tree species and pruning status, purpose, and method. There was no significant difference in opinions between groups, and the evidence was clearly presented. Third, the type of management of trees in the palace was mainly found to be determination of the types of tree, removal of hazardous factors of trees, and management of lower vegetation and through the photographs of Jondeokjeong and Gwanwanjeong, it was confirmed that the trees were managed even before the Japanese colonial era, considering the time of filming. Based on the photographs taken, it was possible to estimate whether the trees were managed before the Japanese colonial period through expert interviews. However, it could not be clarified due to lack of historical materials as to whether it was carried out on its own according to the circumstances of the times or by the Japanese Empire. Still, in this study, evidence was obtained to refute the view that trees of the palace were not managed in the past through the collected data. Expert opinions supporting this view were collected to make the conclusion. In addition, based on the general theory of pruning, an empirical review of expert opinions was conducted to secure the reliability of the research results.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.5 s.112
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• pp.57-68
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• 2005

This study surveyed planting areas along streets in Gangwon-do to find out how to improve the planting and use of street trees and herbaceous plants. There were 301,491 trees of 41 species on the streets of Gangwon-do in 2004. The predominant species of street trees were Ginkgo biloba ($40\%$), Prunus spp. (Prunus yedoensis and Prunus sargentii) ($25\%$), Platanus occidentalis ($5\%$), followed by Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Zelkova serrata, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, Acer palmatum, and Pinus thunbergii. Eighty-four herbaceous plant species were found in the Youngseo district (the southern area of Gangwon-do); the ratio of native species to exotic was 51:33. The predominant species were Cosmos bipinnatus, Petunia hybrida, Tagetes spp., Aster koraiensis, and Fagopyrum esculentum. Eighty-nine herbaceous plant species were found in the Youngdong district (the eastern area of Gangwon-do); the ratio of native species to exotic was 55:33. The predominant herbaceous plants were Aster koraiensis, Tagetes spp., Petunia hybrida, Rudbeckia bicolor, Cosmos bipinnatus, Salvia splendens, Brassica oleraceae var. acephala, Aquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala, Coreopsis drummondii, Viola tricolor, and Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus. Appropriate pruning adds to the aesthetic value of trees and prolongs their useful life; it also maintains good health and thereby reduces the need to control insects and diseases. Street trees had not been properly pruned due to the presence of power lines and a shortage of pruning information. The pruning was controlled by Korea Electric Power Company, which has no pruning information. Pruning must be maintained by a professional landscape company in order to maintain good shape, such as that which is done for bonsai. In order to improve the planting, use and maintenance of landscape plants in Gangwon-do, the following recommendations are made: street tree species should be diversified, suitable street trees should be selected for each space, native species should generally be used, trees should be appropriately pruned and properly fertilized, pests and diseases should be controlled, plantings should be done in multiple layers, spatial arrangements should be improved, larger trees should be planted, and drainage and underground electric wires should be considered when planting.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.7-20
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• 2004

This study was executed to find out how to improve the planting and use of landscaping plants in Chuncheon. The number of street trees was 17,877 in 2003. The major species of street trees were Ginkgo biloba(52.7％), Prunus sargentii(15.3％), Zelkova serrata(8.9％), Platanus occidentalis(7.3％). Salix babylonica and Platanus occidentalis were decreased, while Prunus sargentii and Zelkova serrata were increased. Salix babylonica is a good species for a lakeside city, but its seeds cause allergies to some people. Most of the trees have been removed in Chuncheon. The planting of Salix babylonica(♂) resulted in no problems, and it should be propagated to plant. The soil of several areas was analysed to investigate soil conditions. The outskirts of city had good conditions in pH, organic matter and minerals, but the downtown areas had high alkalic, due to alkali from footpath concrete blocks. Appropriate pruning adds to the aesthetic and prolongs the useful life; it also requires less managing of insects and diseases to maintain good healthy of street trees. Street trees were not properly pruned due to electric lines and shortage of pruning information. The pruning was controlled by Korea Electric Power Co, which has no pruning information. Pruning must be maintained by a professional landscape company to maintain good shape such as with Bonsai. The Shrubs planting zone between street trees and other trees, and preservation plates were established for healthy of street trees. They have to be repaired and maintained well to keep better environmental conditions. The number of tree and flower species of 68 schools in Chuncheon were 12 and 16, respectively. The species that showed high preference were Juniperus chinensis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora, Rosa centifolia, Forsythia koreana, and Rhododendron schlippenbachii. The high frequency of the protection trees designated by Chuncheon were Pinus densiflora, Ginko biloba, Zelkova serrata, Quercus species. It was thought that the diversification of street tree species, the selection of street trees suitable to each space, the generalization of use of native species, the appropriate pruning and proper fertilization, the control of pests and diseases, and the opinions of citizens concerning landscape plants were needed to improve the planting, use and maintenance of landscaping plants in Chuncheon.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 1963

1. In the mulberry groves for both rearing of spring and fall, the rate of germination was 74.3 percent and the rate of the unfinished bud was 25.7 percent. 2. When the summer pruning after spring rearing was not worked, new sprouted leaves from the axillary buds of an age old branches was 74.88 percent of germination and the rest from unfinished bud during the spring showed 28.12 percent. 3. In the furrows running from north to south, new buds facing the due north were the worst but towards south-east and north-east were the best in their sprouts. 4. One year-old branches which had been raised without the summer pruning in the bush types of Morus Lhou (ser) Koidz offered a habitat where Apriona Rugico1lis Cherr could live. 5. On the grove of Morus Lhou Koidz cultivated at lower zone under a higher humidity and the shortage of sun light the appearance of Anomoneura Mori Schw was likely to happen very much. 6. One year old branches without the summer pruning produced more leaves owing to a long period of growth than branches with the summer pruning in the fall crops. 7. It is necessary to reconsider a certain distance of planting because of causing, when the summer pruning was not made in the bush plantation, a obstacle of fertilizer operation or the forth coming year's management. 8. It can not be thought the ideal method for us to raise mulberry tree such as Morus Lhou Koidz under natural form and at a short distance of planting (one another). 9. Among the species, Morus alba L. had a great deal of leaves and of the rate of germination per unit length of branch.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 2012

This study was conducted to offer preliminary data for forest management from March and December 2011. Based on the number of standing trees by DBH classes, it is recommended to practice thinning and pruning to change the current young stand to mature stand. In Livelihood Environment Forest Protected Areas, young (0-10 years or 0-10 cm DBH) and detected trees need to be removed and selected healthy trees need to be heavily tended. Also, selected trees in age 20-30 (20-30 cm DBH class) need to receive concentrated tending. Since Livelihood Environment Forest Protected Areas had been vulnerable for erosion, the diversity of understory layer is low. In order to diversify deciduous trees, it is recommended to introduce new species and thin and prune existing trees. It is not proper to adapt clear cutting in a short time and should be partially regenerated using shelter-wood method or proper tending practices to the Pinus rigida dominanted forest. Tending existing under-story species including Quercus alina, Quercus variabilis, and Quercus serrata would be important.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.167-173
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• 2014

This research was conducted to establish appropriate methods to prune tomato side stems during summer. Cherry tomatoes "Unicorn" (Monsanto Korea, Korea) were grown in the coir based growing medium, and irrigation was controlled time based system. There were three pruning treatments: 1) removing all side stems (ACUT), 2) remaining two leaves on the side stems right below any cluster (PCUT), and 3) remaining two leaves on all side stems (LEFT). Experimental results showed that the occurrence of swollen stems, a symptom of nutrient excess, was influenced by side stem pruning due to blocking of consumption of photosynthetic products. The photosynthetic rate was not different between leaves on main stem and those on side shoots. Therefore the differences in the total amounts of photosynthetic products seemed to come out from the differences in leaf areas on each treatments, influencing on fruit yield difference. The yields and harvesting rates were better in ACUT treatment when tomato plants were harvested until $5^{th}$ cluster, however tomato yield was higher in LEFT treatment when more then $5^{th}$ clusters were harvested.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.162-164
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• 2018

This study quantified the carbon storage and uptake by street trees in Seoul and explored suitable planting and management strategies. A systematic sampling model was used to select 50 plots to survey the structures of street trees. The average density and cover of street trees were approximately 5.8 trees/$100m^2$ and 12.1%, respectively. Trees with a dbh of less than 30 cm accounted for about 66.3% of the total number of trees surveyed. The total carbon storage and uptake by the street trees were approximately 103,641 t and 10,992 t/yr, respectively. The total carbon uptake equaled the amount of annual carbon emissions from driving of about 11,000 cars. Street tree planting and management strategies were proposed to enhance carbon uptake. They included multi-layered and multi-aged planting, securing ground and space for plant growth, and avoiding excessive tree pruning.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.183-203
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• 1993

One of the most difficult and time-consuming stages in the development of the knowledge-based system is a knowledge acquisition. A splitting algorithm is developed to infer a rule-tree which can be converted to a rule-typed knowledge. A market segmentation may be performed in order to establish market strategy suitable to each market segment. As the sales data of a product market is probabilistic and noisy, it becomes necessary to prune the rule-tree-at an acceptable level while generating a rule-tree. A splitting algorithm is developed using the pruning measure based on a total amount of information gain and the measure of existing algorithms. A user can easily adjust the size of the resulting rule-tree according to his(her) preferences and problem domains. The algorithm is applied to a market segmentation problem of a medium-large computer market. The algorithm is illustrated step by step with a sales data of a computer market and is analyzed.