• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2008

The changes in osmolality and the gene expression profiles of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) with rapid changes in salinity were compared in the eel (Anguilla japonica), crucian carp (Carassius carassius), and masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). Fish stocked in freshwater (FW) were abruptly transferred to experimental tanks containing FW, 50% seawater (50% SW), or 100% SW (SW). Blood samples and pituitary glands were collected 2 and 24 hrs after the exposure. No mortality was observed in SW eel (n=6), whereas all of the crucian carp (n=6) and two masu salmon (n=6) exposed to SW died after land 24 hrs, respectively. The PRL mRNA levels of the eel and masu salmon decreased in 50% SW and SW compared to those of the fish kept in FW after 24 hrs, whereas the PRL levels of crucian carp were higher in 50% SW than in FW. Unlike the PRL mRNA levels, the GH mRNA levels of the eel did not differ significantly among three different salinities, while the GH mRNA levels of crucian carp and masu salmon increased significantly in 50% SW and SW after 24 hrs. The serum osmolalities increased marginally in the eel and masu salmon in 50% SW at 24 hrs (19% and 9%, respectively), whereas those of crucian carp increased abruptly in 50% SW (50% increase). These results suggest that the synthesis of PRL and GH is important in relation to the osmoregulatory system with environmental changes in salinity.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.30-45
• /
• 2021

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of pregnancy-related four herbal medicines (Samul-tang, Onkyung-tang, Chokyungjongok-tang and Moutan Radicis Cortex) on the endometrial and placental cells. Methods: In this study, we examined viability and decidualization of telomerase immortalized human endometrial stromal cell lines (T-HESCs) and viability and invasion ability of human first trimester trophoblast cell lines Sw.71 by four herbal medicines (Samul-tang, Onkyung-tang, Chokyungjongok-tang and Moutan Radicis Cortex) Results: In the study, we showed that Samul-tang, Onkyung-tang, Chokyungjongok-tang increased decidualization marker prolactin (PRL) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in T-HESCs. Moutan Radicis Cortex decreased the mRNA level of PRL and IGFBP1, and the protein level of PRL and IGFBP1 had no significant effect. Moreover, four herbal medicines reduced invasion ability of Sw.71 cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that Samul-tang, Onkyung-tang, and Chokyungjongok-tang have beneficial effects on successful embryo implantation and pregnancy maintenance by increasing decidualization markers such as PRL and IGFBP1. Moutan Radicis Cortex reduces the mRNA levels of PRL and IGFBP1, which may adversely affect pregnancy. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the significance of the decreased invasive ability of Sw.71 cells induced by four herbal medications.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.346-355
• /
• 2024

Groupers are economically important species in the fishery and aquaculture industries in Asian countries. Various species of grouper, including hybrids, have been brought to market even without precise species identification. In this study, we analyzed the structure and expression profile of the gene encoding prolactin (PRL) in the red-spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara based on genomic DNA and cDNA templates. The results showed that the PRL gene consists of five exons encoding an open reading frame of 212 amino acids, including a putative signal peptide of 24 amino acids and a mature structural protein of 188 amino acids. It showed amino acid identities of 99% with Epinephelus coioides, 83% with Amphiprion melanopus, 82% with Acanthopagrus schlegelii, 75% with Oreochromis niloticus, 70% with Coregonus autumnalis, and 67% with Oncorhynchus mykiss, indicating its closer similarity to E. coioides and other groupers but marked distinction from non-teleost PRLs. PRL mRNA expression was detected mostly in the brain, including the pituitary gland, with little expression in other tissues. While the 5-exon structure of the PRL gene of red-spotted grouper and the exon sizes were conserved, the sizes of the introns, particularly the first intron, were markedly different among the grouper species. To examine whether these differences can be used to distinguish groupers of similar phenotypes, exon-primed intron-crossing analysis was carried out for various commercially important grouper species. The results showed clear differences in size of the amplified fragment encompassing the first intron of the PRL gene, indicating that this method could be used to develop species-specific markers capable of discriminating between grouper species and their hybrids at the molecular level.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.282-290
• /
• 1997

Vitellogenin 합성 메카니즘을 밝히기 위한 연구의 일환으로써, 뱀장어의 간세포배양계를 이용하여 Vg합성에 대한 $E_2$ 및 뇌하수체호르몬들의 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 일반적으로 어류를 비롯한 난생 척추동물들의 Vg은 $E_2$의 자극에 의해 간장에서 합성분비되어 지나 뱀장어 Vg은 $E_2$으로는 충분한 합성은 이루어지지 않았다. 그러나 $E_2$와 GH 및 PRL을 함께 첨가하면 Vg합성이 활발하게 유도되어 지는 것이 관찰되었다. $E_2$ 만으로 Vg이 합성되어지지 않는다면 세포내에 Vg합성 및 $E_2$ 의 활성을 억제하는 내인성 요소들이 있을 것으로 생각되어 세포를 8일간 호르몬 첨가없이 preculture하여 시행하였으나, $E_2$만으로 Vg합성은 유도되어 지지 않고 GH 및 PRL의 도움이 필요했다. 또한 $E_2$ 만으로 10일간 배양하여 장기간 $E_2$ 로 노출시켜 Vg합성에 대한 영향을 조사한 바, 약 10일간의 $E_2$ 노출에 의해 Vg합성은 전기영동상의 확인에 의해 양적으로 다소 증가하는 것이 관찰되었으나 $E_{2}+GH$ 및 $E_{2}+PRL$의 첨가에 비해 현저한 차이를 나타내어 뱀장어의 Vg합성 유도에는 뇌하수체 호르몬들이 직접 관련되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 $E_{2}+GH+PRL$을 함께 첨가하여 6일간 배양하여 Vg이 왕성하게 합성되어 질때에도 계속해서 GH 및 PRL들이 필요한가를 조사하였는데, 3일간 관찰한 결과 Vg의 합성 정도는 GH 및 PRL등의 첨가유무에 커다란 차이를 나타내지 않았다.는 초기균수 $3.4{\times}10^3\;CFU/g$ 및 $3.4{\times}10^4\;CFU/g$에서 각각 $2.8{\times}10^4\;CFU/g$와$9.8{\times}10^5\;CFU/g$로 $1\~1.5-log-unit$가 증가하였다.평가는 0.005였다.5IU/ml의 배지에서는 대조구의 배란율과 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이러한 결과로 $E_2$를 제외한 스테로이드와 HCG는 동자개의 난모세포 성숙과 배란을 in vitro에서 유도할 수 있으며, $17\alpha\;20\alpha\;OHP$와 HCG는 다른 스테로이드에 비해 높은 율의 난모세포 성숙과 배란을 유도하였다.체로 잘 일치하였다. 또한 진해만의 저서동물 군집의 전반적인 계절별 공간분포는 다양도 분석 결과에서도 분명하게 나타나고 있으며, 주로 퇴적물 내의 유기물 함량에 의해 영향을 받고 있음을 알 수 있었다., Chlorella sp., yeast를 rotifer에 먹이로 투여했을 때 $S\;\pi-I$에서 lysine이 가장 높았고, PSB, Chlorellaal sp. 순으로 분석되었다. yeast에서는 검출되지 않았다./TEX>, betaine류$(0.1\~0.9\%)$의 순이었다. 연어 엑스분중의 질소분포 특징은 모든 시료에서 공통적으로 anserine과 creatine이 중요한 함질소 성분으로서 엑스분 질소에 대한 양 성분질소의 비율은 anserine이 평균 $38\%$, creatine이 평균 $31\%$로서 이 두 성분만으로 엑스분질소의 $60.9\~76.5\%$에 달하였다. 분석된 성분에 의한

• 한국정보처리학회논문지
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.971-976
• /
• 2000

In this paper a new method for head gesture recognition is proposed. A the first stage, face image data are transformed into low dimensional vectors by principal component analysis (PCA), which utilizes the high correlation between face pose images. The a self organization map(SM) is trained by the transformed face vectors, in such a that the nodes at similar locations respond to similar poses. A sequence of poses which comprises each model gesture goes through PCA and SOM, and the result is stored in the database. At the recognition stage any sequence of frames goes through the PCA and SOM, and the result is compared with the model gesture stored in the database. To improve robustness of classification, probabilistic relaxation labeling(PRL) is used, which utilizes the contextural information imbedded in the adjacent poses.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.321-327
• /
• 2009

망간은 정소 독성을 나타내며, 뇌기저핵에 작용하여 혈청 프로락틴의 농도를 증가시킨다. 그리고 혈청 프로락틴 농도 상승에 의한 과프로락틴혈증(hyperprolactinemia)은 정소의 정자 생성을 억제한다. 본 연구에서는 망간의 전신 노출이 흰쥐 정소의 정자 생산과 혈청 프로락틴 농도에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실험동물을 대조군 $(0.0mg/m^3)$과 망간 노출군 (Mn $1.5mg/m^3$)으로 나누고, 노출군은 다시 노출 기간에 따라 4주와 13주 노출군 등 4군으로 분류하였다(n=10). 노출 기간에 따라 실험동물의 체중 변화와 사료 섭취량 등 일반적 소견 관찰, 혈액과 정소의 망간 농도, 정자의 수와 기형 등을 관찰하였다. 그리고 망간 노출에 따른 혈청 프로락틴 농도를 조사하여 망간 노출 조건에 따른 혈청 프로락틴 농도 변화 및 정소 독성을 조사하였다. 망간 노출 4주 및 13주군에서 노출기간에 따라 혈액 및 정소의 망간 농도가 유의하게 증가되었다. 대조군에 비하여 망간 노출군에서 노출기간에 따라 정자의 수가 감소되었으며, small head와 bent tail 등 기형 정자의 빈도는 증가하였다. 혈청 프로락틴의 농도는 망간 투여군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였다. 그러나 실험동물의 체중 변화 및 사료 섭취량은 실험군간에 차이가 없었다. 이러한 결과들로 보아 $1.5mg/m^3$ 농도의 아만성 망간 노출은 흰쥐의 혈청 프로락틴 농도를 증가시키고, 정소 독성의 원인으로 추정된다. 그리고 전신 노출에 의한 망간의 흰쥐 정소 독성의 무유해영향농도(NOAEL)는 $1.5mg/m^3$ 이하로 예측된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.147-153
• /
• 1993

Phenolics as antioxidant were added to linoleic acid to prevent lipid oxidation. Antioxidative effectiveness of them was measured by peroxie value at each 24hour interval in order to compare with 0.02% protocatechuic acid(PRL) and phloroglucinol(PHL) in linloleic acid, contrast tube at 37$^{\circ}C$for 96 hours blowing oxygen into specimen. Perocide values of oxidized linoleic acid, PRL, PHL for 96 hours were 78, 42, 30, From that the effect is more clearly demonstrated by NMR rather than UV and that the effect was dependent on the functional group and geometric molecular structure of phenolics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.422-427
• /
• 1998

The gene and genotypic frequencies of ${\kappa}$-casein (${\kappa}$-CN), ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin (${\beta}$-LG), growth hormone (bGH) and prolactin (bPRL) loci in Korean cattle were investigated using PCR-RFLP analyses. Genomic DNA samples were obtained from 290 cows and 30 AI bulls. In both cows and bulls, the most predominant genotypes of ${\kappa}$-CN, ${\beta}$-LG, bGH and bPRL loci were AB, BB, AA and AA, respecitively. The frequencies of A and B alleles for ${\kappa}$-CN locus were .612 and .388 for cows and .567 and .433 for bulls. The respective frequencies of A and B alleles for ${\beta}$-LG locus were .153 and .847 in cows and .217 and .783 in bulls. The frequencies of A and B alleles for bGH locus were .769 and .231 in cows and .784 and .216 in bulls, respectively. The frequencies of A and B alleles for bPRL locus were .678 and .322 for cows and .767 and .233 for bulls. Differences in frequencies of these alleles were not significant between cows and bulls at all loci examined. If the DNA polymorphisms of these candidate genes are associated with economically important traits, they could serve as genetic markers for genetic improvement in future marker-assisted selection programs in Korean cattle.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.391-399
• /
• 2012

We cloned cDNA-encoding arginine vasotocin (AVT) from the brain of the cinnamon clownfish Amphiprion melanopus, and that was predicted to encode a protein of 153 amino acids. We examined changes in the expression of AVT mRNA in the brain and arginine vasotocin receptor (AVTR) mRNA and osmotic stress transcription factor 1 (OSTF1) mRNA in the gills of the cinnamon clownfish using quantitative real-time PCR in an osmotically changing environment (seawater (35 psu) ${\rightarrow}$ brackish water (BW, 17.5 psu) and BW with prolactin [PRL]). The expression of AVT, AVTR, and OSTF1 mRNA in the brain and gills increased after transfer to BW, and the expression was repressed by PRL treatment. AVT-immunoreactive cells were almost consistently observed in the telencephalon. The plasma $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ levels decreased in BW, but the level of this parameter increased in BW with PRL treatme during salinity change. These results suggest that AVT, AVTR, and OSTF1 play important roles in hormonal regulation in osmoregulation organs, and that PRL improves the hyperosmoregulatory ability of cinnamon clownfish in BW environment.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제44권3호
• /
• pp.225-231
• /
• 2011

Prolactin (PRL) plays an important role in freshwater (FW) osmoregulation by preventing the loss of ions and the uptake of water in fish. Growth hormone (GH) promotes acclimation to seawater (SW) in several teleosts. We acclimated rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss weighting $68.2{\pm}16.6$, $138.3{\pm}24$, and $287.5{\pm}42.1$ g in separate experiments to SW under slow-acclimation (SSW) or acute-acclimation (ASW) conditions, and then examined the PRL and GH mRNA levels using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The PRL mRNA levels in all three experimental groups decreased significantly with both the SSW and ASW treatments, as compared to a control group kept in FW for 30 days. The GH mRNA levels increased with ASW in the largest fish, whereas the levels in the other groups did not change significantly. The mortality rate of the largest fish was lower than for the other groups, whereas the growth rate among the three experimental groups did not differ significantly. The growth rate of the ASW group was highest for the smallest fish. These results suggest that SW acclimation is associated with the gene expression levels of PRL and GH in relatively large rainbow trout. In addition, the fish mortality and growth rate on FW-SW transfer seem to be related to body weight, and the SW acclimation method may be applied to the hatcheries industry.