• 미생물학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.97-130
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• 1979

Many industrial processes those employ bacteria are subjected to phage infestations. In L-glutamic acid fermentions using acetic acid, the phage infestations of the organisms have been recently recognized. In efforts to elucidate the sources of phage contamination involved in the abnormal fermentation, a series of study was conducted to isolate the phages both from the contents of abnormally fermented tanks and the soil or sewage samples from the surroundings of a fermentation factory, to define major charateristics of the phage isolates, and finally to determine the correlation between the phage isolates and temperate phages originating from the miscellaneous bacterial species isolated from the soil or sewage samples. The results are summarized as follows; 1) All phages were isolated from the irregular fermentation tanks and soil or sewage samples, and they were designated as phage PR-1, PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-6, and PR-7, in the order of isolation. These PR-series phages were proved to be highly specific for the variant strains of Br. lactofermentum only, namely, phage PR-1 and PR-2 for Br. lactofermentum No. 468-5 and phage PR-3~PR-7 for Br. lactofemrentum No. 2256. By cross-neutralization test, the 7 phagescould be subdivided into 3 groups, i. e., phage PR-I and PR-2 the first, phage PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-6 the second, and the phage PR-7 the third. 2) The 7 phages were virulent under the experimental conditions. They produced plaques with clear and relatively sharp margins without distinct halo. The mean sizes of plaques were 1.5mm in diameter for phage PR-1 and PR-2, and 1. Omm for phages PR-3~PR-7. Double layer technique modified by Hongo and described by Adams, was applied to assay of the PR-series phages. The factors influencing the plaques were as follows;young age cells of host bacteria cultured for 3-6 hours represented the largest number and size, optimum was pH 7.0, incubation temperature was $30^{\circ}C$, and agar concentration and amount of overlayer medium were 0.6% and 0.2ml, respectively. 3) PR-series phages were stable in 0.05M tris buffer and 0.1M ammonium acetate buffer solution. The addition of $5{\times}10^{-3}M$ magnesium ion effectively increased the stability. Thermostability experiments indicated that PR-series phages were stable at the teinperture between $50^{\circ}{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ in nutrient medium, $45^{\circ}{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ in buffer solution. However, the phages mere completely inactivated at 603C and 65$^{\circ}$C within 10 minutes. The phages were stable at the range of pH6~9 in nutrient medium and of pH 8-9 in buffer solution, respectively. Exposure of the phages to UV for 25, 60 and 100 seconds resulted in the complete loss of infectivily, respectively. 4) Electron microscopy showed that PR-series phage particles exhibited rather similar morphology, differing in the size All of PR-series phages had a multilateral head and had a simple long tiil about three to five times long as compared with head. By the size, phage PR-1 and PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, and PR-6 and PR-7 were classified into same groups, respectively. The head and tail size of phage PR-1, PR-5, PR-5(T) and PR-7 were 85nm, 74nm and 235nm and 350mm, and 72nm and 210nm, respectively. 5) Nucleic acids of PR-series phages were double stranded DNA. The G+C contents of phage PR-1, PR-5 and PR-7 were 56.1, 52.9 and 53.7, respectively. The values of G+C contents derived from the $T_m$ were in agreement with the chemically determined values. 6) PR-series phages effectively adsorbed on their host bacteria at the rate of more than 90% during 5 min. K value for phage PR-1, PR-5 and PR-7 were calculated to be $6{\times}10^9 ml$ per minute, respectiveky. The pH of the medium did effect adsorption rate, but both temperature and age of host cells did not. Generally, optimum adsorption condition of phages seemed to be almost same as optimum growth conditions of host bacteria. 7) In one-step growth experiments, the latent periods at $30^{\circ}C$ for PR-1, and PR-7 were about 70, 50 and 55 min, respectively. The corresponding average burst size was 200, 70 and 90, respectively. Lpsis period according to the multiplicity of infection and a phage series. In case of m. o. i. 100, strain No. 2256 (PR-5) and No. 468-5(PR-1) failed to grow and turbidity decreased after 50 and 70min, respectively. 8) In the lysate of a plaque purified phage PR-5 infected bacteria, there observed 2 types ofphage particles, i. e., phage PR-5 and PR-5 (T) of similar morphology but differing at the length of phage tail, and phage tail like particles. The phage taillike particles could be divided into 4 types by the length. Induction experiments of Br. lactofermentum with UV irradiation, mitomycin C or bacitracin treatment produced neither phage PR-5 (T) or phage tail-like particles. 9) No lysis occured when the growth of 7 strains of miscellaneous bacteria, isolated from soil and sewage samples, were inoculated with either phage PR-5 (T) or phage tail-like particles the inoculation of phage PR-5 pellet resulted in the growth inhibition of the orgainsms in the spot test. The lysates obtained from 3 miscellaneous soil derived bacteria following mitomycin C treatment the growth of Br. lactofermentum, but did not lyze the bacterium.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2005

Beauveria bassiana F-101, which has high toxicity toward Acantholyda parki as well as Thecodiplosis japonensis, was an isolate to develop an alternative control system against the major forest pests. Up to now, in B. bassiana, only one pr1 gene has been isolated and characterized. Therefore, we here reported the identification of a pr1-like gene, which would be a factor of toxicity from B. bassiana F-101. The oligonucleotides for the amplification of the pr1-like gene, were chosen based on the conserved regions of the subtilisin family enzymes, pr1 genes of B. bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, and proteinase K of Tritirachium album. The cloned PCR fragment had 1111 bp including 52 bp intron. The deduced Pr1-like peptide showed a low identity with Pr1s of entomopathogenic fungi such as B. bassiana Pr1 (BbPr1) and M. anisopliae Pr1 (MaPr1) as well as the proteinase K of T. album (TaPrK). Instead, the deduced peptide had a substantially high amino acid sequence identity $(>65\%)$ with the serine proteases of Magnaporthe grisea (MgSPM1) and Podospora anserina (PaPspA). These results, therefore, appear to suggest that the putative Pr1-like peptide of B. bassiana F-101 belongs to the subtilisin-like serine protease family and may be a novel gene.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.98-104
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• 1993

$[({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)RuCl_2]_2$ (1)과 1당량의 포스핀을 반응시켜 새로운 상자기성 루테늄(Ⅲ) 착물 $({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)RuCl_2(PR_3) (PR_3 = PMe_3,\;PEt_3,\;PiPr_3,\;PCy_3,\;PMe_2Ph,\;PMePh_2,\;PPh_3,\;P(p-C_6H_4CH_3)_3$, DPPE, DPPB, Py) (2a∼2k)를 합성하였다. 자기화율의 측정으로 부터 얻어진 착물 (2a∼2k)의 유효자기모멘트값(${\mu}_{eff} = 1.65∼2.07 B.M.$)은 분자내 짝을 이루지 않는 전자가 1개 있는 전자배치의 경우와 일치하였다. 디클로로루테늄(Ⅲ) 착물 ({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)RuCl_2(PR_3)$ (2) 는 (ⅰ)아세톤 용매 중에서 KBr과 반응하여 디브로모루테늄(Ⅲ) 착물 $({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)RuBr_2(PR_3) (PR_3 = PPh_3)$로 전환되었고, (ⅱ) 디에틸에테르 용매 중에서 Na/Hg과 반응하여 비스(포스핀) 유도체 $({eta}^5-C_5Me_5)RuCl(PR_3)_2 (PR_3 = PMe_3,\;PMePh_2)$로 환원되었으며, (iii) CO와 반응하여 카르보닐 유도체$({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)RuCl(PR_3)(CO) (PR_3 = PMe_3,\;PPh_3)$를 생성하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.454-457
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• 2004

부분응답 최대유사 (PRML: partial response maximum likelihood) 검출기법은 수직 자기기록 채널에 적합한 검출기법이다. PRML 시스템에 RLL(Run Length Limited)을 결합하여 저 복잡도 검출기법을 제안하였다. 모의 실험의 결과 R=2/3 변조 부호를 사용한 PR(1,2,3,4,3,2,1)ML과 PR(1,2,3,3,2,1)ML이 각각 K=3, 4에서 가장 우수한 성능을 보였다. 그러나, K=3인 경우 R=2/3 PR(1,1,1,1)ML은 R=2/3 PR(1,2,3,3,2,1)ML에 비해 매우 적은 복잡도를 갖지만 약 1.5dB의 성능열화만을 보이는 것을 알 수 있었다. K=4 일때는 R=1 PR(1,2,,2,1)ML은 R=2/3 PR(1,2,3,4,3,2,1)ML과 비교하여 휠씬 적은 복잡도를 가지면서 2dB이내의 성능 열화를 가짐을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2016

Objectives： Polygonati Rhizoma (PR) has containing the bioactive compounds such as poly sccharide A,B,C, oligosaccharide, amino acid, it has reported to anti-diabetes and hypertension, atherosclerosis. In this study, we were evaluates antioxidant and anti-physical fatigue effects of PR and steamed PR.Methods : The sample was divided into 5 groups-PR0 (PR without steaming process), PR1 (PR with once steaming process), PR3 (PR with third steaming process), PR6 (PR with sixth steaming process), PR9 (PR with ninth steaming process). We measured anti-oxidant activity through contents of polyphenol, flavonoid and DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging capacity. And, anti-physical fatigue effect was evaluated using the swimming test, and the AMPK protein expressions in soleus muscle.Results ： As a result, polyphenol, flavonoid, DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging capacity of PR were increased as steaming times. Anti-physical fatigue effects by swimming test, PR0 have significantly increased, but steamed PR groups were decreased. The AMPK protein expressions of PR0 and PR1 groups were increased comparing with PR3, PR6 and PR9. All groups had effects on decreasing TG, creatine in blood serum, but had no effects on TC in blood serum.Conclusions ： In conclusion, PR with 9 steaming process was more excellent than not-processed PR in anti-oxidant effect such as DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity and contents of polyphenol, flavonoid, but, not-processed PR increased swimming times than processed PR. These results suggest that processed PR has anti-oxidant effect as steaming times, and not-processed PR may be a novel potential anti-physical fatigue agents than processed PR.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1111-1113
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• 2012

The ER-/PR+ breast tumor may be the result of a false ER negative result. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in patient and tumor characteristics of the ER-/PR+ phenotype in an Asian setting. A total of 2629 breast cancer patients were categorized on the basis of their age, ethnicity, tumor hormonal receptor phenotype, grade and histological type. There were 1230 (46.8%) ER+/PR+, 306 (11.6%) ER+/PR-, 122 (4.6%) ER-/PR+ and 972 (37%) ER-/PR-. ER-/PR+ tumors were 2.5 times more likely to be younger than 50 years at diagnosis (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.72-3.67). Compared to ER+/PR+ tumors, the ER-/PR+ phenotype was twice more likely to be associated with grade 3 tumors (OR:2.02; 95%CI: 1.00-4.10). In contrast, compared to ER-/PR- tumors, the ER-/PR+ phenotype was 90% less likely to be associated with a grade 3 tumor (OR: 0.12; 95%CI:0.05-0.26), and more likely to have invasive lobular than invasive ductal histology (OR: 3.66; 95%CI: 1.47-9.11). These results show that the ER-/PR+ phenotype occurs in a younger age group and is associated with intermediate histopathological characteristics compared to ER+/PR+ and ER-/PR- tumors. This may imply that it is a distinct entity and not a technical artifact.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.195-201
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• 1998

Some morphological character were surveyed and PR-proteinases were induced and characterized from Lilium formosanum Wallace endeimc to Cheju island . Its flower characters were similar to those of white trumpet lilies(Lilium longiflorum Thunb) although its flowering period was later than that of white trumpet lilies and it hadd a wide range of variation among individuals. Six PR-proteinases(II-2, III-1, III-2, IV-1, IV-2 and V) were induced from bulbs by 2.5mM salicylic acid and almost excreted into the intercellular spaces. These PR-proteinases were strongly activated by Ca 2+, , whereas they were strongly inhibited by Cu2+ Co2+ and Fe2+ . Three PR proteinases(II-2, IV-1 and IV-2) were strongly inhibited by 1, 10 -phenanthroline, indicating that these enzymes are metallo-proteinases. Three PR-proteinases(III-1, III-2 and V) had a high sensitivity to PMSF and required $\beta$-mercaptoethanol for their activities. These results indicate that these proteinases are cysteine proteinases.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.74-83
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• 2015

Objectives: To examine the sex-specific factors associated with being unaware of one's hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity status in a large, HBsAg-positive population of Koreans. Methods: In total, 1197 subjects aged 19 years or older who were HBsAg-positive according to data from the 2007-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. Subjects were considered unaware of their HBsAg seropositivity status if they answered that they had no knowledge of being previously infected by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or diagnosed with HBV hepatitis. Multivariate Poisson regression models with robust variance estimate were used to assess the significance of the variables using weighted frequencies. Results: The majority (77.8%) of HbsAg-positive Korean adults (females, 81.9%; males, 74.6%) were unaware of their HBsAg seropositivity status. We found that sex (female: prevalence ratio [PR] 1.19), household income (low: PR, 1.15), marital status (never married: PR, 1.18), self-rated health (moderate: PR, 1.14; good: PR, 1.12), and alcohol use (at least 2-3 times/wk: PR, 1.21) were associated with being unaware. In females, age (50 to 59 years: PR, 1.29; ${\geq}70$ years: PR, 1.30), household income (low: PR, 1.37; middle-low: PR, 1.24), and marital status (never married: PR, 1.33) were associated with being unaware. In males, self-rated health (moderate: PR, 1.14; good: PR, 1.21) and alcohol use (at least 2-3 times/wk: PR, 1.21) were associated with being unaware. Conclusions: Factors related to the socioeconomic status of females and the health-related behaviors of males were found to be associated with being unaware of one's HBsAg seropositivity status.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.241-248
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• 2007

Cytokinin은 식물의 성장과 발달에 중요한 역할을 하는 필수 호르몬이다. mRNA differential display 방법으로 애기장대 amp1 돌연변이체로부터 cytokinin에 의하여 발현이 유도되는 PR4 유전자를 분리하였다. AtPR4로 명명한 애기장대 PR4 유전자는 212개의 아미노산으로 구성되어 있었으며 분자량은 22,900이고 등전점은 7.89로 추정되었다. Genomic DNA 분석결과, AtPR4는 single copy 유전자인 것으로 나타났다. AtPR4의 mRNA는 cytokinin과 NaCl에 의해서는 발현이 유도되었지만 SA와 JA에 의해서는 발현이 억제되었다. PR 단백질은 내병성 등 생체방어기작에 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서 분리한 애기장대 PR4 유전자는 내병성 목초 품종의 개발에 유용하게 사용될 것으로 사료된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.288-292
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• 2005

Pathogenesis-related protein-1a (PR-1a) is strongly induced in tobacco plants by pathogen attack, exogenous salicylic acid (SA) application and by other developmental processes. In order to develop a rapid screening system for the selection of plant defense-inducing compounds originated from various sources, we have transformed tobacco Samsun NN plants with a chimeric construct consisting of GUS $(\beta-glucuronidase)$. In the $T_1$ generation, three transgenic lines having stable GUS expression were selected for further promoter analysis. Using GUS histochemical assay, we observed strong GUS induction driven by PR-1a promoter in PR1a-GUS transgenic tobacco leaves in response to the exogenous application of SA or benzol (1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), a SA­derivative compound. In addition, GUS expression was maintained locally or systemically in PR1a-GUS transgenic line $\#5\;T_2$ generation) until after 3 days when they were treated with same chemicals. Our results suggested that the PR1a-GUS reporter gene system in tobacco plants may be applicable for the large-scale screening of defense-inducing substances.