• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 1991

After dividing 372 Korean people of 47 different family names into 307 people of 28 indigenous family name groups and 65 people of 19 immigrated family name groups and investigating Pr. Db, Pa gene frequency of each family name groups based on phenotype of parotid saliva character the author have got following conclusions. 1. The gene frequencies of indigenous family name groups were Pr1=0.686, Pr2=0.314, Pr gene frequencies of immigrated family name groups were Pr1=0.7, Pr2=0.3. 2. The gene frequencies of indigenous family name groups were Db==0.021, Db-=0.979, Pr gene frequencies of immigrated family name groups were Db+=0.023, Db-=0.977. 3. The gene frequencies of indigenous family name groups were Pa+=0.248, Pa-=0.752, Pr gene frequencies of immigrated family name groups were Pa+=0.206, Pa-=0.794. 4. The Pr gene frequencies of immigrated family name groups were in the middle of those of Chinese people and indigenous people groups. 5. There was no significant difference of Db gene frequencies between indigenous and immigrated family name groups. 6. Pa gene frequencies of immigrated family name groups were similar to those of Chinese people.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.91-104
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• 1991

After alkaline slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 3.3'-DMB staining of parotid saliva from 48 peoples in Ullung-do and 35 peoples in Jawall-do, the author have got following conclusions. 1. The gene frequencies of Proline-rich protein in Ullung-do were Pr1 =0.719, Pr2=0.281 2. The gene frequencies of Proline-rich protein in Jawall-do were Pr1=0.671, Pr2=0.329 3. The gene frequencies of Double band protein in Ullung-do were Db+=0.087, Db-=0.913 4. The gene frequencies of Double band protein in Jawall-do were Db+=0.0.106, Db-=0.0.894 5. The gene frequencies of Pa protein in Ullung-do were Pa+=0.179, Pa-=0.821 6. The gene frequencies of Pa protein in Jawall-do were Pa+=0.167, Pa-=0.833 7. The gene frequencies of Pr1 of Ullung-do and jawall-do were lower than those of Pr1 in Seoul and Onyang, but similar to those of Pr1 in kangnung and Cheju. 8. The gene frequencies of Db- of Ullung-do and Jawall-do were much higher than those of Db+ in Japanese, Chinese and other populations in Korean.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2005

Beauveria bassiana F-101, which has high toxicity toward Acantholyda parki as well as Thecodiplosis japonensis, was an isolate to develop an alternative control system against the major forest pests. Up to now, in B. bassiana, only one pr1 gene has been isolated and characterized. Therefore, we here reported the identification of a pr1-like gene, which would be a factor of toxicity from B. bassiana F-101. The oligonucleotides for the amplification of the pr1-like gene, were chosen based on the conserved regions of the subtilisin family enzymes, pr1 genes of B. bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, and proteinase K of Tritirachium album. The cloned PCR fragment had 1111 bp including 52 bp intron. The deduced Pr1-like peptide showed a low identity with Pr1s of entomopathogenic fungi such as B. bassiana Pr1 (BbPr1) and M. anisopliae Pr1 (MaPr1) as well as the proteinase K of T. album (TaPrK). Instead, the deduced peptide had a substantially high amino acid sequence identity $(>65\%)$ with the serine proteases of Magnaporthe grisea (MgSPM1) and Podospora anserina (PaPspA). These results, therefore, appear to suggest that the putative Pr1-like peptide of B. bassiana F-101 belongs to the subtilisin-like serine protease family and may be a novel gene.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1635-1640
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate developmental gene expression of antimicrobial peptide PR-39 and effect of zinc oxide on gene regulation of PR-39 in piglets using semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. In experiment 1, fifteen female Tai-Hu pigs (a local breed in China) in five groups, each of three pigs at 1, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days of age were used to determine effect of age and weaning on mRNA expression of PR-39. In experiment 2, nine groups of pigs (total seventy-two female 36 days-age weanling Tai-Hu piglets) were assigned to three treatments (${ZnO}_0$, ${ZnO}_{100}$ and ${ZnO}_{3000}$). The feeding experimental period lasted 15 days. After feeding experiment, nine pigs with three animals in each treatment were chosen to determine the effect of ZnO on PR-39 mRNA expression of pigs. The results showed that PR-39 mRNA levels increased steadily in postnatal day 1-28 (preweaning), and weaning significantly decreased PR-39 mRNA expression of piglets (p<0.05). ${ZnO}_{3000}$ (3,000 mg zinc/kg diet) significantly increased PR-39 mRNA expression (p<0.05) when piglets were feed ${ZnO}_{3000}$ diet for 15 days. ${ZnO}_{100}$ (100 mg zinc/kg diet) also increased PR-39 gene expression, but the result was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The result was in accordance with the effect of ${ZnO}_{3000}$ and ${ZnO}_{100}$ on weight gain of piglets and prevention of diarrhea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.255-261
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• 2001

Vitis vinifera thaumatin-like protein (VVTL1) is a fruit-specific and ripening-related protein in grape. In order to isolate VVTL1-homolog gene and fruit-specific promoter from Campbell cultivar, we isolated a genomic clone containing VVTL1-homolog gene from grape genomic library through plaque hybridization. VVTL1-homolog gene has an intronless genomic structure, which the pattern is matched with those of other PR5 genes such as osmotin and osmotin-like protein genes. Transcription start site was determined by primer extension analysis. The promoter region of VVTL1-homolog gene contains a sequence or structure, especially the location and number of TCA box and ABRE (abscisic acid-responsive element), distinct from other reported plant PR5 genes, though with several known functional elements such as a TATA box and CAAT box. These results suggested that VVTL1-homolog gene may be regulated by a plant hormone, abscisic acid, and one or several stresses such osmotic pressure and pathogen infection. The isolation of fruit-specific promoter may be helpful to breed a genetically modified grape with valuable phenotype or materials in fruits.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.288-292
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• 2005

Pathogenesis-related protein-1a (PR-1a) is strongly induced in tobacco plants by pathogen attack, exogenous salicylic acid (SA) application and by other developmental processes. In order to develop a rapid screening system for the selection of plant defense-inducing compounds originated from various sources, we have transformed tobacco Samsun NN plants with a chimeric construct consisting of GUS $(\beta-glucuronidase)$. In the $T_1$ generation, three transgenic lines having stable GUS expression were selected for further promoter analysis. Using GUS histochemical assay, we observed strong GUS induction driven by PR-1a promoter in PR1a-GUS transgenic tobacco leaves in response to the exogenous application of SA or benzol (1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), a SA­derivative compound. In addition, GUS expression was maintained locally or systemically in PR1a-GUS transgenic line $\#5\;T_2$ generation) until after 3 days when they were treated with same chemicals. Our results suggested that the PR1a-GUS reporter gene system in tobacco plants may be applicable for the large-scale screening of defense-inducing substances.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.123-131
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• 1981

The purple $(pr^+)$ gene of Drosophila and its associated enzyme, sepiapterin synthase, were employed in a study of the relationship between ontogenic expression and the location of the gene in the genome, Enzyme assays performed at different developmental stages indicate the $T(Y:2)pr^c5, cn/pr^c4 cn$ flies (files in which $pr^+$ has been translocated and which exhibit variegation) have a reduced amount of enzyme activity as compared with both wild-type and $pr^1$ flies. This reduction in activity was not found in larval stages, which suggests that the inactivation process probably occurs in late larval or early pupal stages. Tryptophan pyrrolase, the enzyme system associated with vermilion $(v^+)$, was also examined for activity in different developmental stages of the fly. Genotype carrying a translocated $v^+$ shows a peak of tryptophan pyrrolase activity in late larval stages, whereas, Oregon-R exhibits the lowest activity at this period.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 1995

These experiments were carried out to find genetic polymorphisms of Serum protein like Pre-albumin(Pr), Albumin(Al) and Transferrin(Tf), and establish preservation of pure pedigree in Korean Native Goats(KNG). Their serum was collected and examined from the total of 74 KNG that raised in Tang Jin district, Chungnam-province. They were biochemically analysed by polyacrylamide gel(7.5%) electrophoresis(PAGE) in order to estimate the frequencies of genotypes and alleles existing on each trait locus. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows ; 1. In the serum Pre-albumin(Pr) locus, the frequencies of genotypes for hetero AB and homo BB observed were 55.4%, and 44.6%, respectively. While homo AA was not found in the Pr locus. The frequencies of gene in PrA and PrB were 0.723 and 0.277, respectively. Accordingly, the Pr loci were assumed to be controlled by alleles PrA and PrB. 2. The frequencies of genotypes of homo BB and hetero AB detected in Albumin(Al) locus were 75.7% and 24.3%, respectively. However, AA type was not observed in the Al locus. The gene frequencies of AlA an AlB were 0.879 and 0.121, respectively. Also, the Al loci were considered to be controlled by alleles AlA and AlB. 3. The frequencies of genotypes for hetero AD and homo DD found in Transferrin (Al) locus were 79.7% and 20.3%, respectively. Whereas, homotype AA was not detected in this locus. The gene frequencies of TfA and TfD were 0.399 and 0.601, respectively. Therefore, the serum Tf loci were assumed to be controlled by alleles Tfa and Tfd.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 2007

Cytokinins are essential plant hormones that play crucial roles in various aspects of plant growth and development. By using mRNA differential display, we isolated a cytokinine-inducible cDNA encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) 4 from Arabidopsis amp1 mutant. The full-length PR4 cDNA, designated AtPR4, contains an open reading frame of 212 amino acids with calculated molecular mass of 22,900 Da and isoelectric point (pI) of 7.89. Genomic DNA blotting showed that the Arabidopsis genome has one copy of AtPR4. AtPR4 mRNA was induced by cytokinin and NaCl, but decreased by SA or JA treatment. PR proteins are induced in response to pathogen attack. Thus the AtPR4 gene isolated in this study may be a useful candidate for genetic engineering of forage crops for increased tolerance against pathogen.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.208-214
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• 2014

Wild rice, Oryza grandiglumis shows hyper-resistance response to pathogen infection. In order to identify genes necessary for defense response in plants, we have carried out a subtractive hybridization coupled with a cDNA macroarray. An acidic PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1 (PR1) gene of the wild rice is highly identical to the acidic PR1 genes of different plant species. The OgPR1a cDNA has an apparent single open reading frame with a predicted molecular mass 40,621 Da and an isoelectic point of 5.14. Both in silico analysis and a transient expression assay in onion epidermal cells revealed that the OgPR1a protein could be localized in intercellular space in plants. The OgPR1a mRNA was strongly transcribed by the exogenous treatment with ethylene and jasmonic acid as well as protein phosphatase inhibitors. Additionally, ectopic expression of the OgPR1a conferred disease resistance on Arabidopsis to the bacterial and fungal infections.