• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.220-227
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• 2010

Puerariae radix (PR) is a popular natural herb and a traditional food in Asia, which has antithrombotic and anti-allergic properties and stimulates estrogenic activity. One of the major side effects of cisplatin is nephrotoxicity, leading to acute renal failure. Recent study has suggested a role of ROS and p53 in renal cell injury by cisplatin. We studied that protective effects of PR on cisplatin-induced apoptosis in rat mesangial cell. Rat mesangial cell was preincubated with PR (50, 100, 150 and 200 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$) for 12 hr and then treated with 30 ${\mu}M$ cisplatin for 24 hr. Protective effect of PR on cisplatin-induced apoptosis in ECV304 cells was determined using MTT assay, FDA-PI staining, flow cytometric analysis, caspase-3 activity assay, ROS assay and western blot. Our results showed that PR inhibited in cisplatin-induced apoptosis and ROS production in ECV304 cells. Moreover, PR reduced ERK, p38 and JNK activation that increased in cisplatin-treated rat mesangial cell. Furthermore, activation of p53 by cisplatin in rat mesangial cell was inhibited by PR treatment. These results suggest that protective effect of PR on cisplatin-induced apoptosis in rat mesangial cell may be associated with reduction of ERK, p38, JNK, p53 activation.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 1980

Phytolaccae Radix (PR), Brunella Herba (BH), Akebiae Lignum (AL) and Atractylis Rhizoma (AR) are some of the diuretic agents used in Chinese medicine and folk remedy. Water or methanol extracts of them (100mg/kg) were intravenously injected to rabbits in order to re-evaluate the effects on renal function. PR water extract elicited moderate diuresis while water extracts of BH, AL and methanol extract of AR had antidiuretic effects. Influence of PR on renal hemodynamics and $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in rabbit kidney were observed in vivo and in vitro. The results were as follows: 1) Clearances of inulin and p-aminohippuric acid increased significantly after 15 minutes following the administration of PR water extract, but Na+ reabsorption rate was not changed. 2) The increase of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in renal cortex, outer and inner medulla was observed at 15 minutes after PR water fraction was given intravenously, and the change was most prominent in cortical area. 3) More than 50% of decrease in $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in renal tissues was observed with PR water fraction $(10^{-2}g/ml)$ in vitro experiments. However, the inhibition of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity was reversed with lower concentrations $(10^{-4}g/ml,\;10^{-6}g/ml)$ of PR water fraction in outer and inner medullary zone. These results suggest the diuretic effect of PR is due to improved renal hemodynamics, and contradictory reults concerning $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity require further investigation.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.1269-1284
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• 2021

Objectives: Phragmitis Rhizoma is the fresh or dried rhizome of Phragmites communis Trin., which has been prescribed in traditional Korean medicine to relieve fever and vomiting and to nourish the body fluids. Recently, the protective effect of Phragmitis Rhizoma extract or its components on myelotoxicity and inflammatory responses have been reported, but no study has yet been conducted on oxidative stress. Methods: The present study investigated whether an ethanol extract of Phragmitis Rhizoma (PR) could protect against cellular damage induced by oxidative stress in Chang liver cells. Results: Pretreatment with PR significantly suppressed the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced reduction of Chang cell viability and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby deferring apoptosis. PR also markedly inhibited H₂O₂-induced comet tail formation and phospho-γH2AX expression, suggesting that PR protected against oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage. PR also effectively prevented the inhibition of ATP synthesis in H₂O₂-treated Chang cells by inhibiting the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating that PR maintains energy metabolism through preservation of mitochondrial function while eliminating ROS generated by H₂O₂. Immunoblotting results indicated that PR attenuated the H₂O₂-induced downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax expression. Conclusions: PR protects against oxidative injury in Chang liver cells by regulating energy homeostasis via ROS generation blockade, which is at least partly mediated through inactivation of the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.179-191
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• 2004

피복율 가을 조성 시(2001. 9. 4)의 피복율은 롤잔디의 경우 KB100, KB80+PR20 처리구 모두 1.5개월(2001. 10. 20)이 경과하면 $100\%$의 피복율을 나타내었으며, 파종의 경우는 초종의 혼합비율에 따라 피복율이 차이를 보였는데 PR100 처리구가 다른 처리구에 비하여 가장 높은 피복율을 보였으며 다음으로 KB70+PR 30, KB80+PR20, KB100처리구 순으로 나타났다. 휴면기를 거친 후의 피복율은 PR100 처리구가 가장 높게 나타났으며 파종 후 7개월 (2002. 5. 5)만에 $100\%$ 피복되었다. KB100, KB80+PR20, KB70+PR30처리구들은 처리구간의 피복율에 차이가 거의 없었으며 공히 7.5개월(2002. 5. 20)만에 $100\%$ 피복율을 나타내었다. 봄 조성시(2002. 4. 11)의 조성속도는 모든 처리구가 가을 조성(2001. 9. 4)시 보다 빨랐다. 봄조성시의 피복율은 롤잔디의 경우 KB100, KB80+PR20 처리구 모두 조성 1개월(2002. 5.11) 후 1$100\%$ 피복율을 나타내었으며 파종의 경우는 $100\%$ 피복되는데 소요되는 기간은 PR100 처리구의 경우 3개월(2002. 7, 12)로 가장 빠른 조성을 보였으며 다음으로 KB80+PR2O, KB70+PR30 처리구가 3.5개월(2002. 7. 26)이 소요되었으며 KB100 처리구는 4개월(2002. 8. 9)이 소요되었다. 봄 파종시기별 피복율 4월, 5월, 6월에 각각 파종하여 파종시기별, 초종혼합비율에 따른 한지형 잔디의 피복율을 조사한 결과, 파종시기에 따른 피복율은 모든 초종혼합비에서 4월 파종이 가장 높은 피복율을 나타내었으며 다음으로 5월, 6월 순으로 나타났다. 4월 파종과 5월 파종간의 피복율 차는 상대적으로 낮았으나 6월 파종은 4월, 5월에 비하여 피복율 차이가 크게 나타났다. 초종혼합비 율에 따른 피복율은 4월 5월 파종의 경우는 Perennial ryegrass의 혼합비가 높을수록 피복율이 높았으나 6월 파종의 경우는 KB100, KB80 : PR20, KB70 : PR30, KB50 : PR5O의 혼합구는 Perennial ryegrass의 혼합비가 높을수록 피복율이 낮은 경향을 보였으며 PR 100 구는 이들 혼합구보다 약간 높은 피복율을 보였다. 봄 파종시기별, 초종혼합 비율에 따른 개체수 2002년 4월 1일 파종 후 2002년 7월 5일(조성 후 95일)에 초종혼합비율에 따른 개체수 및 총직립 경수를 조사한 결과, KB100:PR0, KB80 :PR20, KB70:PR30, KB50:PR50, PR100:KB0 처리구의 $1m^2$ 당 개체 수는 각각 16,600개, 6,700개, 4,900개, 3,300개, 12,400개였으며 총직립경 수는 각각 33,200개, 22,800개, 18,000개, 15,000개, 62,000개였다. 개체 수는 KB100:PR0처리구가 가장 높았고, 다음은 PR100:KB0처리구였으며 혼합처리구의 경우는 Kentucky bluegrass 혼합비 율이 높을수록 높았다. 총직립경 수는 PR100:KB0 처리구가 KB100:PR0 처리구보다 오히려 높았으며 혼합 처리구의 경우는 개체수와 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 혼합처리구의 경우 초종별 개체수의 비율은 KB80:PR20는 87:13, KB70:PR30는 78:22, KB50:PR50은 48:52의 비율로 나타났다. 조성시기의 기상과 피복율과의 상관관계 2001년 가을과 2002년 봄의 일일평균기온을 비교하여 보면 가을(9월, 10월, 11월) 3개월간의 일일평균기온은 $13.0^{\circ}C$였으며, 봄(4월, 5월, 6월) 3개월간의 일일평균기온은 $17.3^{\circ}C$로 봄철이 가을철 보다 $4.5^{\circ}C$ 높게 나타났다. 조성시기에 따른 한지형 잔디의 피복율 결과에서 봄철이 가을철보다 조성속도가 빠른 것은 일일평균 기온이 피복율에 영향을 미치는 요인중의 하나로 작용하였다. 2001년 가을과 2002년 봄의 일조시간을 비교하여 보면 가을(9월, 10월, 11월) 3개월간의 평균일조시간은 277시간 이였으며, 봄(4월, 5월, 6월) 3개월간은 301.2시간으로 봄철의 일조시간이 가을철보다 월 94.2시간 많은 것으로 조사되었다. 봄철, 가을철의 강수량은 봄철이 95mm/월, 가을철이 27.3mm/월로 봄철이 가을철보다 약 3배정도 높게 나타났으나 강수량이 많은 봄철에 잔디피복율이 높은 점으로 보아 강수량이 많을수록 잔디생육에 부정적인 영향을 미쳤다고 보기는 어렵다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to find the effect of Phragmitis Rhizoma (PR) herbal-acupuncture solution on the inflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion in human mast cell (HMC) and human alveolar epithelial cell 549 (A549) lines. Methods: Histamine levels in HMC after PR herbal-acupuncture solution treatment were measured with ELISA. Other cytokines and chemokines levels such as interleukin 8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (Ccl5, RANTES) in A549 were measured with flow cytometry CBA system. Results: In the PR herbal-acupuncture solution treatment group, the expression of histamine, IL-8, MPC-1, Ccl5, and RANTES decreased significantly. Conclusions: The results support that PR herbal-acupuncture solution had a suppressive effect on cytokine-induced inflammation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.889-894
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• 1997

The effect of lxeris sonchifolia H.(godulbaegi) on lipid metabolism were studied in S. D. rats. Twenty four rats were divided into four groups and fed diets containing 1 % cholesterol, 0.25% sodium cholate, 10% coconut oil and 5% lard(control group)f for 3 weeks. An experimental diet group was added with 5% leaf(PL group) or root powder(PR group) of godulbaegi. The lipid components and enzyme activites of serum and liver were assayed. The concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid were significantly lower in the PL and PR groups than in the control group. The levels of HDL-cholesterol were not significant but showed somewhat higher values in the PL and PR groups compaired with the control. The activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transminase(GPT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) were significantly lower in the PL and PR groups compaired with the control. In view of these results Godulbaegi is expected to be an effective food in preventing and improving the hyperlipidemic state.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.176-199
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• 2000

This study is to identify factors affecting public relations(PR) activities through newspapers among hospitals. 53 acute hospitals with more than fill beds were surveyed by telephone interview, and hospital-related articles on 4 major daily newspapers were searched in KINDS(Korea Intergrated Newspapers Database System). Hospitals' PR scores were evaluated by weighting the directoin and the number of hospitals mentioned in an articles. The scores were analysed as the outcome of PR activities by some general characteristics. The mean of PR score was 4.64, most hospitals(22, 41.5%) fell on the group scored more than 0 and less than 5. Hospitals with score under zero were 7(13.2%) and the hospitals scored over 20 point were 3(5.8%). The number of beds and area, two general characteristics of hospitals, had decisive effect on PR activities. Analysis showed hospitals over 1000 beds scored 17.06 point and this group accounted for the highest. Hospitals from 600 to 799 beds scored 2.86, with 800 to 999beds scored 1.93 and with 500 to 599 beds scored 0.59. Along with area, hospitals in Seoul scored 11.50 point, in Kyong-Ki and Incheon scored 1.50 and in the other areas scored -0.23 point. Department for PR and the number of workers in PR activities made hospitals active in PR. Hospitals with PR department scored 7.05 point, without PR department scored 0.98. Hospitals with workers who is whole responsibility over 5 scored 13.67, from 3 to 4 scored 6.54, from 1 to 2 scored 1.02, and the hospitals without workers who is whole responsibility scored 0.53. Among the characteristics related with PR activities, the assignment of a report in individual hospital had significant effect on the outcome of PR. Hospitals with assigned reporters scored 8.31 point, without them scored 1.89. Finally, the factors affecting PR score were identified by multiple regression analysis. The number of beds and the area(Seoul) were significantly associated with the score in positive direction.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2004

The conformations of dicyclopropyl, isopropyl cyclopropyl, and diisopropylcarbenes were optimized using density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d)). We showed that the optimized geometries of carbenes with cyclopropyl groups are fully in accord with those expected for bisected W-shaped conformations, in which the effective hyperconjugation of a cyclopropyl group with singlet carbene can occur. The stabilization energies were evaluated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df, 2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) + ZPE level using an isodesmic equation. The relative stability of carbenes is in the order $(c-Pr)_2$C: > (i-Pr)(c-Pr)C: > $(i-Pr)_2$C:, and a cyclopropyl group stabilizes carbene more than an isopropyl group by nearly 9 kcal/mol. Energies for the decomposition of diazo compounds to carbenes increase in the order $(c-Pr)_2$ < (i-Pr)(c-Pr) < $(i-Pr)_2$ by ~9 kcal/mol each. From a singlettriplet energy gap ($E_{ST}$) calculation, the singlet level is lower than the triplet level and the $E_{ST}$ shows a trend similar to the stabilization energy calculations. For comparison, the optimized geometries and stabilization energies for the corresponding carbocations were also studied at the same level of calculation. The greater changes in geometries and the higher stabilization energies for carbocations compared to carbenes can explain the greater hyperconjugation effect.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2014

Incheon international airport has tried to upgrade its image by hosting lots of international events and inviting celebrities as a honorary ambassador of airport. It is uncomparable to other airports all over the globe for incheon airport to utilize an honorary ambassador to promote airport. The purpose of this paper is to try to find out the PR effect of employing honorary embassador at Incheon airport, which has a positive impact on enhancing the image of Incheon airport. In other words, it should be considered the PR effect of honorary embassador has contributed to upgrading airport image resulting in the commitment of passengers. According to empirical research result, it is proven the attractiveness and trust of honorary embassador has not significantly positive impact on the airport's image. However it is also proven the PR activities of airport authority has a significant impact on the airport's image. Passengers believed the honorary ambassador has a high level of attractiveness and trust but they don't agree causal relationship among attractiveness, trust and airport image. That is, they are not interested in who is the honorary ambassador of airport but in the contents of airport's news article itself. The administrative implication is mentioned in the paper that airport authority should mainly focus on the contents of PR not the figure of the honorary ambassador.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.462-466
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• 1998

The homobimetallic anion, $({\eta}^5-MeCp)Mn(CO)_2Mn(CO)_5-M^+\; (M^+=Na^+, PPN^+$) was disrupted by $PR_3\;(R=C_6H_5,\;C_2H_5,\;OCH_3)$ in THF at various temperatures (r.t. ∼65℃) under the pseudo first order reaction conditions where excess of $PR_3$ was employed under a nitrogen atmosphere. For the reaction involving $PPN^+$ analog, Mn-Mn heterolytic cleavage occurred, leading to $PPN^+Mn(CO)_5^-\; and \;({\eta}^5-MeCp)Mn(CO)_2PR_3$ as products; however, in case of $Na^+\; analog,\; Na^+$ seems to play a novel counter ion effect on the disruption reaction by transferring one terminal CO from the $Mn(CO)_5$ moiety on to the $({\eta}^5-MeCp)Mn(CO)_2$ of the corresponding homobimetallic complex, eventually resulting in $Na^+Mn(CO)_4PR_3^-\;and\;({\eta}^5-MeCp)Mn(CO)_3$. This reaction is of overall first order with respect to [homobimetallic complex] with the activation parameters (ΔH≠=23.0±0.7 kcal/mol, ΔS≠= - 8.7±0.8 e.u. for $Na^+$ analog; ΔH≠=28.8±0.4 kcal/mol, ΔS≠=15.7±0.6 e.u. for $PPN^+$ analog reaction).