• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2005

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Asthma-depression and Immunoregulation with PR-HAS(Herbal-acupuncture with Platycodi Radix infusion solution) injection at Joksamni(St36) on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 12 weeks(once a week). The experimental group(OVA-PR-HA) wase treated with concentrations(1%) of PR-HAS at Joksamni(St36) for the later 8 weeks(3times/week). The second experimental group(OVA-Needle prick) was treated with Needle-Prick at Joksamni(St36) for the later 8 weeks(3times/week). Results : 1. The weight and total cells in the mice lung treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 2. Total leukocytes and eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased remarkably compared with those of control group. 3. The sticking of collagen on histological analysis of lung sections, the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 4. The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IgE in BALF, and IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in serum of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 5. The number of $Gr-1^+/CD11b^+\;and\;CD11b^+$ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 6. The numbers of $CCR3^+\;cells,\;CD4^+\;cells\;and\;CD8^+\;cells$ in the lungs, and $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 7. The mRNA expression of ${\beta}-actin,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-5,IL-13 in the mice group treated with PR-HA with RT-PCR decreased significantly compared with those of control group. Conclusion : The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IgE in BALF, and IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in serum of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. The number of $Gr-1^+/CD11b^+\;and\;CD11b^+$ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The numbers of $CCR3^+\;cells,\;CD4^+\;cells\;and\;CD8^+\;cells$ in the lungs, and $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. The mRNA expression of ${\beta}-actin,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in the mice group treated with PR-HA with RT-PCR decreased significantly compared with those of control group. These result suggests that Platycodi Radix Herbal-acupuncture at Joksamni(St36) in C57BL/6mice may be an effictive part to OVA-induced asthma in C57BL/6 mice.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권7호
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• pp.444-449
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• 2009

Different neurodegenerative disorders like prion disease, is caused by protein misfolding conformers. Reverse-transfected cytosolic prion protein (PrP) and PrP expressed in the cytosol have been shown to be neurotoxic. To investigate the possible mechanism of neurotoxicity due to accumulation of PrP in cytosol, a PrP mutant lacking the signal and GPI (CytoPrP) was introduced into the SH-SY5Y cell. MTT and trypan blue assays indicated that the viability of cells expressing CytoPrP was remarkably reduced after treatment of MG-132. Obvious apoptosis phenomena were detected in the cells accumulated with CytoPrP, including loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, increase of caspase-3 activity, more annexin V/PI-double positive-stained cells and reduced Bcl-2 level. Moreover, DNA fragmentation and TUNEL assays also revealed clear evidences of late apoptosis in the cells accumulated CytoPrP. These data suggest that the accumulation of CytoPrP in cytoplasm may trigger cell apoptosis, in which mitochondrial relative apoptosis pathway seems to play critical role.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Peucedani Radix herbal acupuncture(PR-HA) at St36(joksamni) on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 12 weeks(once a week) C57BL/6 mice were injected, inhaled and sprayed with OVA for 12 weeks (3times a week). One of the two experimental groups was just treated with needle-prick on St36 and the other group was treated with 1% concentrations of PR-HAS at St36, for the later 8 weeks (3times /week). Results : 1. The weight and total cells of lung of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 2. Total Leukocytes and Eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 3. Eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with PR-HA in Photomicrographs decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 4. According to Histological analysis of lung sections, it decreased significantly adhension of collagen in PR-HA than those of control group 5. The concentration of IgE, IL-4, IL-5, in BALF and IL-4, IL-5, Il-13 in serum of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 6. The number of Gr-1+/CD11b+, CD11b+, CD3-/CCR3+, CD4+, CD3e+/CD69+ , CD23+B220+ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 7. The cytokine's manifestation of mRNA of the mice group treated with PR-HA with RT-PCR decreased significantly compared with that of control group. Conclusion : We conclude that PR-HA is effective on OVA-induced asthma of C57BL/6 mouse.

• BMB Reports
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.662-669
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• 2007

Although the function of cellular prion protein (PrP$^C$) and the pathogenesis of prion diseases have been widely described, the mechanisms are not fully clarified. In this study, increases of the portion of non-glycosylated prion protein deposited in the hamster brains infected with scrapie strain 263K were described. To elucidate the pathological role of glycosylation profile of PrP, wild type human PrP (HuPrP) and two genetic engineering generated non-glycosylated PrP mutants (N181Q/N197Q and T183A/T199A) were transiently expressed in human astrocytoma cell line SF126. The results revealed that expressions of non-glycosylated PrP induced significantly more apoptosis cells than that of wild type PrP. It illustrated that Bcl-2 proteins might be involved in the apoptosis pathway of non-glycosylated PrPs. Our data highlights that removal of glycosylation of prion protein provokes cells apoptosis.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2010

Objectives : For the purpose of verifying the anti-depressant effect of Paeoniae Radix Rubra(PR), the expression of corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF), c-Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) was evaluated after performing the Forced Swimming Test(FST). Methods : Spraque-Dawley rats were ingested PR extract(100mg/kg, 400mg/kg, p.o.) for 3 times prior to FST. And the expression of corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF), c-Fos in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in the locus coelureus(LC) and ventral tegmental area(VTA) was measured immunohistochemically after FST. Results : The duration of immobility was significantly decreased in PR 100mg/kg Group and PR 400mg/kg Group, in comparison with the control group (p<0.001). The expression of CRF in the PVN was significantly decreased in PR 400mg/kg Group in comparison of the control group (p<0.05). The expression of c-Fos in the PVN was rather significantly increased in PR 100mg/kg Group in comparison with the control group, while almost no change was demonstrated in PR 400mg/kg Group. The expression of TH was significantly decreased in VTA in comparison with the control group (p<0.05), but the number of expression cells in LC was slightly decreased in case of PR 100mg/kg group while it was increased in case of PR 400mg/kg Group. Conclusion : Judging from the result of the aforementioned tests, Paeoniae Radix Rubra has decreased immobility. In addition, it has also decreased the expression of CRF and the expression of TH in VTA, while the expression of c-Fos and of TH in LC has no significance. Therefore, it is believed that Paeoniae Radix Rubra has an anti-depressant effect by decreased immobility through the reduced expression of CRF and TH in VTA.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2015

옥수수(Zea mays) 원뿌리에서 에틸렌 전구체인 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) 그리고 methyl jasmonate (MeJA)가 통기조직의 발달에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 식물호르몬 처리는 원뿌리의 종단 구성에 영향을 미치므로 control과 호르몬 처리된 뿌리의 비교 가능한 위치를 정할 필요가 있었다. 이를 위하여 원뿌리의 정단을 PR0, 기부를 PR100이라 정의하고 이 두 지점 사이를 길이에 비례하여 PR25, PR50, PR75로 구분하였다. 대조군 뿌리의 PR25와 PR50 부분에서는 통기조직이 관찰되지 않았으며 PR75 부분에서는 드물게 통기조직이 나타나기도 하였다. PR75 부위의 통기조직 면적은 ACC 또는 IAA가 존재할 때 증가하였다. 반면, MeJA는 옥수수 원뿌리가 침수되지 않았을 때와 침수되었을 때 서로 다른 차등 효과를 나타내었다. 뿌리가 침수되지 않았을 때 MeJA는 통기조직의 발달을 억제하였다. 반면, 뿌리를 침수 시키면 통기조직의 면적이 증가하는데 그 면적은 MeJA에 의하여 더욱 증가되었다. 한편, 곁뿌리 원기는 그 주변 피층세포의 통기조직 발달에 수반되는 세포사멸을 억제하는 것으로 알려져 있었다. 곁뿌리 원기에 의해 억제되는 통기조직의 발달은 위에 기술한 바와 같이 통기조직의 발달을 촉진하는 세 가지 호르몬들에 의해서도 회복되지 않았다. 이는 발달하는 곁뿌리 원기가 억제하는 통기조직 발달 조절의 세부 단계는 식물호르몬들이 작용한 이후 단계일 가능성을 보여주는 것이다.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.319-324
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• 1998

Induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against phytophthora blight and pathogenesis-related (PR) protein accumulation by TMV infection in pepper plant (Capsicum annuum cv. Nockwang) were examined to understand the mechanism of the systemic acquired resistance in pepper plant. The zoospore suspension of Phytophthora capsici was inoculated on stem of pepper plant in which TMV-pepper strain had been inoculated on fully expanded upper leaves, and thephytopha blight incidence was examined. Both disease severity and lesion length of phytophthora blight were much smaller in TMV pre-inoculated pepper plant than in uninoculated control plants. The phytophthora blight incidence was decreased about 50% in the TMV pre-inoculated pepper, compared to the uninoculated control plant at 10 days after P. capsici inoculation. Accumulation of PR1 and PR5 proteins in intercellular fluid of TMV-inoculated and uninoculated upper leaves were monitored by immuno-blot with tobacco P1b and PR5a, antibody during induction of SAR. PR1 and PR5 were detected from 24 hours after TMV inoculation in both TMV-inoculated and uninouclated upper leaves, and increased rapidly in TMV-inoculation in uninoculated upper leaves were defoliated. PR5 could be detected upto 20 days after TMV inoculation in uninoculated upper leaves. These results suggest that TMV infection induces SAR against phytophthora blight in pepper plant, and that PR proteins are accumulated very rapidly during induction of SAR and maintained for quite long time in pepper plant.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제9권3호통권21호
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• pp.23-35
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• 2006

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Asthma-depression and Immunoregulation with PR-HAS(Herbal-acupuncture with Platycodi Radix infusion solution) infection at Joksamni(St36) on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 12 weeks(once a week). The experimental group(OVA-PR-HA) was treated with concentrations(1%) of PR-HAS at Joksamni(St36) for the later 8 weeks(3times/week). The second experimental group(OVA-Needle prick) was treated with Needle-Prick at Joksamni(St36) for the later 8 weeks(3times/week). Results : 1. The weight and total cells in the mice lung treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 2. Total leukocytes and eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased remarkably compared with those of control group. 3. The sticking of collagen on histological analysis of lung sections, the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 4. The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IgE in BALF, and IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in serum of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 5. The number of Gr-1+/CD11b+ and CD11b+ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with PR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 6. The numbers of CCR3+ cells, CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells in the lungs, and CD3e+/CD69+ in the lungs of the mice group treated with PA-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 7. The mRNA expression of ${\beta}$-actin, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in the mice group treated with PR-HA with RT-PCR decreased significantly compared with those of control group. Conclusions : These result suggests that Platycodi Radix Herbal-acupuncture at Joksamni(St36) in C57BL/6mice may be an effictive part to OVA-induced asthma in C57BL/6 mice.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2005

Beauveria bassiana F-101, which has high toxicity toward Acantholyda parki as well as Thecodiplosis japonensis, was an isolate to develop an alternative control system against the major forest pests. Up to now, in B. bassiana, only one pr1 gene has been isolated and characterized. Therefore, we here reported the identification of a pr1-like gene, which would be a factor of toxicity from B. bassiana F-101. The oligonucleotides for the amplification of the pr1-like gene, were chosen based on the conserved regions of the subtilisin family enzymes, pr1 genes of B. bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, and proteinase K of Tritirachium album. The cloned PCR fragment had 1111 bp including 52 bp intron. The deduced Pr1-like peptide showed a low identity with Pr1s of entomopathogenic fungi such as B. bassiana Pr1 (BbPr1) and M. anisopliae Pr1 (MaPr1) as well as the proteinase K of T. album (TaPrK). Instead, the deduced peptide had a substantially high amino acid sequence identity $(>65\%)$ with the serine proteases of Magnaporthe grisea (MgSPM1) and Podospora anserina (PaPspA). These results, therefore, appear to suggest that the putative Pr1-like peptide of B. bassiana F-101 belongs to the subtilisin-like serine protease family and may be a novel gene.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.254-264
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• 2019

This paper proposes an indirect current control technique based on a proportional resonant (PR) approach for the seamless mode transfer of utility interactive inverters. Direct-current and voltage hybrid control methods have been used for inverter control under grid-connected and islanded modes. A large bandwidth can be selected due to the structure of single-loop control. However, this results in poor dynamic transients due to sudden changes of the controller during mode changes. Therefore, inverter control based on indirect current is proposed to improve the dynamic transients by consistently controlling the output voltage under all of the operation modes. A PR-based indirect current control topology is used in this study to maintain the load voltage quality under all of the modes. The design processes of the PR-based triple loop are analyzed in detail while considering the system stability and dynamic transients. The mode transfer techniques are described in detail for both sudden unintentional islanding and islanded mode voltage quality improvements. In addition, they are described using the proposed indirect control structure. The proposed method is verified by the PSiM simulations and laboratory-scale VDER-HILS experiments.