• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.136-146
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• 2002

Land application of manure compost is considered one of the widely-used animal waste management practices. Many livestock farms adopt composting for their animal waste disposal and apply the compost to crop fields. While standard rates have been established based on researches with respect to land application of manure compost recently, there have been few discussions on water quality impact of the application. Water quality impact should be taken into account in land applications of manure compost. In this study, management practices were proposed based on the investigation of water quality of leachate from manure compost under rainfall simulation, field studies, and monitoring runoff water quality from farm fields after land application of animal waste. The concentrations of major water quality parameters of the leachate were significantly high, whereas those of runoff from soils after tillage for soil incorporation, were not affected by the application based on a series of experiments. Runoff water from farm fields after land application also showed high concentrations of pollutants. Appropriate management practices should be employed to minimize pollutant loading from manure applied fields. Proposed major management practices include 1) application of recommended amounts, 2) proper tillage for complete soil and manure incorporation, 3) field management to prevent excessive soil erosion, 4) complete diversion of inflow into the field from outside, 5) implementation of vegetative buffer strips near boundaries, and 6) prevention of direct discharge of runoff water front fields Into streams.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.438-447
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• 2012

Objective: The objective of this study was to suggest a method through which load duration curve was used to assess the achievement of water quality targets in accordance with the criteria for pollutant load depending on flow rate variation. Methods: The stage-discharge curve and flow duration curve of Jungnang Stream were deduced. Using water quality targets and measurement of the stream, the flow duration curve was also drawn. Based on these, the feasibility of achievement of water quality targets in respect to flow rate was assessed. Results: In terms of the load duration curve of the stream, it was observed that excess of criteria for concentrations of $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$ and SS frequently occurred. On the other hand, when the flow rate was low, the concentrations of T-N and T-P exceeded the criteria. Conclusions: Through the load duration curve, the overall water quality of Jungnang Stream was understood. When the flow rate is high, management of point source of $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$ and SS is needed to achieve water quality targets for Jungnang Stream. On the other hand, when the flow rate is low, the management of non-point source T-N and T-P is necessary to attain the water quality goal.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 2007

For effective watershed management, we must understand the complex and dynamic relationships of land uses and water quality. Despite numerous studies investigated the relationships between water quality and land use, there are increasing concerns on the geographical variation and lack of spatial integrations in previous studies. We investigated the relationships between land use and water quality characteristics in the Hwa-Sung estuarine reservoir watershed in Korea, which has spatially integrated land uses. The spatial variations of these relationships were also examined using zonal analysis. Water quality parameter were correlated positively with residential and forest and negatively with paddy and upland especially during base flow in the near buffer zone. During storm flow, correlation between land use and water quality was less apparent. Population and livestock density was correlated well to water quality parameter than just number of population and livestock. Relationships across zones, distinguished by distances from streams, were inconsistent and erratic, suggesting that the relationships between remote land uses and water quality may be affected more significantly by sub-basin characteristics than by the land use itself. The watersheds studied are mainly non-urban and their land uses are similar to typical watershed of other estuarine reservoirs, therefore, the correlation developed in this study might be helpful to manage other watersheds of estuarine reservoir. This methodology could be applied to other areas where the watershed characteristics are not significantly different from the study area.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.860-870
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• 2010

Long term monthly monitoring data showed that the water quality of streams flowing into Lake Paldang has been improved by various strategy for water. However, the effect of quality on Lake Paldang is still insufficient because of nonpoint source from watershed. In order to evaluate quantifying methods for pollution source and make a suggestion on improvements, Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was constructed by using data set from the water quality and streamflow monitoring network in the Kyoungan watershed for Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Load duration curve (LDC) based on the result of the Kyoungan watershed SWMM indicated that the water quality criterion on $BOD_5$ was often exceeded in up-stream than down-stream. From flowrate-load correlation curve, SS load significantly increased as streamflow increases. 75.3% of streamflow and 62.1% of $BOD_5$ loads is discharged especially in the zone of high flows, but monitoring data set didn't provide proper information about the conditions and the patterns associated with storm events. Therefore, it is necessary to acquire representative data set for comparing hydrograph and pollutograph through monitoring experimental watershed and to establish methods for quantifying point and nonpoint source pollutant loads.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.903-909
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was evaluated on the applicability of Load Duration Curve Method (LDC Method) using HSPF watershed model and sampling data for efficient TMDLs in Korea. The LDC Method was used for assessment pollutant characteristics in watershed and water quality variation in each water flow level. Load Duration Curve is applied for judge the level of impaired water-body and can be estimated the impaired level by pollutant, such as BOD, T-N, and T-P in this study depending on variation of stream flow. As a result, BOD, T-P was usually exceed the standard value at low flow and dry hydrologic period. Improvement of effluent concentration from WWTP and riparian buffer protection zone are effective to improve the water quality. T-N showed the worst condition at mid-range hydrologic period and moist hydrologic period. Therefore, soil erosion control program and BMPs for non-point source pollution control is effective for recovery the water quality, which can be useful method for management of water quality in the plan of recovery water quality spontaneously. Applicability of LDC Method was evaluated in the Nakbon A watershed. However, we need to consider more detailed and accumulated data set such as accurate GIS data and detail pollution data, and WWTP discharge water quality data for accurate evaluation of watershed. Overall, The LDC Method is adequate for evaluation of watersheds characteristics, and its application is recommended for watershed management and TMDL Implementation.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.792-802
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to construct the watershed management system with link of the non-point sources model and to estimate delivery ratio duration curves for various pollutants. For the total water pollution load management system, non-point source model should be performed with the study of the characteristic about non-point sources and loadings of non-point source and the allotment of pollutant in each area. In this study, daily flow rates and delivered pollutant loads of Nakdong river basin are simulated with modified TANK model and minimum variance unbiased estimator and SWAT model. Based on the simulation results, flow duration curves, load duration curves, and delivery ratio duration curves have been established. Then GIS analysis is performed to obtain several hydrological geomorphic characteristics such as watershed area, stream length, watershed slope and runoff curve number. As a result, the SWAT simulation results show good agreements in terms of discharge, BOD, TN, TP but for more exact simulation should be kept studying about variables and parameters which are needed for simulation. And as a result of the characteristic discharges, pollutants loading with the runoff and delivery ratios, non-point sources effects were higher than point sources effects in the small-scale test bed of Nakdong river basin.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.6 no.1 s.11
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• pp.75-90
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• 1998

In this study, as a method for management of waterquality in stream, we build a database on a environmental information such as a pollution source, a waterquality. And especially, we simulate the BOD concentration which is a index indicate the status of organic pollution in stream. Also This study purposes not only building a database on all sorts of envirnomental data, but also searching, statistic and analysis of the database. The result of this study enables us to see and understand contamination state in stream esaily, so it can help to enhance the attention. Also, we can quickly know study area and the degree of effects when water contamination occurs abruptly. And also, we can compare and know pollution source state and the pollutant load among districts. It is expected to use it as an auxiliary basis when we make a policy about pollutant load reduction, because we can know the extent of the pollution in strean by each a pollution source.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2014

The management of non point sources was marked by the need for clean water environments. It was proposed the fundamentals to promote the reasonable land management in this study. We monitored rainfall events at two non point sources with different crop cultivations such as a sweet potato and a cherry tree for three years. Because the most important factor was rainfall, the rainfall runoff and pollutant loads were generated 100% in the case of rainfall ranges with 50 < rainfall (mm). However the frequency of rainfall runoff was interacted with the crop cultivation and soil characteristics in the case of rainfall ranges such as 30 < rainfall (mm) ${\leq}50^a$ and 10 < rainfall (mm) ${\leq}30^b$. The frequency of rainfall runoff was a : 60% and b : 5% in the cherry tree cultivation with growing significantly and pollutant loads were lower than that of the sweet potato cultivation. Meanwhile the frequency of rainfall runoff was a : 60% and b : 5% in the sweet potato cultivation.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.294-299
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• 2006

The Ministry of Environment in Korea has introduced Total Pollution Load Management System (TPLMS) in major 4 large rivers to protect the water quality from possible pollutants. In order to successfully achieve the TPLMS, the nonpoint source should be controled by applying the best management practices in highly polluted areas. Of the various nonpoint sources, the highways are stormwater intensive landuses because of its high imperviousness and high pollutant mass emissions. The EMC (Event Mean Concentration) is an important parameter to correctly determine the pollutant mass loadings from nonpoint sources. However, it has wide ranges because of various reasons such as first flush phenomenon, rainfall and watershed characteristics. Even though the EMC is closely related to the first flush phenomenon, the relationship have not proven until present. Therefore, in this paper, the dynamic EMC method will be introduced to clearly make the relationship between EMC and first flush phenomenon. Also by applying the dynamic EMC method to monitored data, we found that the highly concentrated stormwater runoff was washed off within 20~50 minutes storm duration. The first flush criteria for economical treatment was also determined to 5~10 mm (mean=7.4 mm) as a cumulative rainfall.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.487-496
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to create soil contamination maps using QGIS (Quantum Geographic Information System) and suggest selection methods for soil pollution sources for preferential investigation in a soil contamination survey. Method: Data from soil contamination surveys over five years in Gyeonggi-do Province, South Korea (2013-2017) were used for making soil contamination maps and analyzing the density of survey points. By analyzing points exceeding the concern level of soil contamination, soil pollutant sources for priority management were identified and selection methods for preferred survey points were suggested through a study of the model area. Results: A soil contamination survey was conducted at 1,478 points over five years, with the largest number of surveys conducted in industrial complex and factory areas. Soil contamination maps for copper, zinc, nickel, lead, arsenic, fluoride, and total petroleum hydrocarbons were made, and most of the survey points were found to be below concern level 1 for soil contamination. The density of the survey points is similar to that of densely populated areas and factory areas. The analysis results of points exceeding the criteria showed that soil pollutant sources for priority management were areas where ore and scrap metals were used and stored, traffic-related facilities areas, industrial complex and factory areas, and areas associated with waste and recycling. According to the study of the model area, the preferred survey points were traffic-related facilities with 15 years or more since their construction and factories with a score of 10 or more for soil contamination risk. Conclusion: Soil contamination surveys should use GIS for even regional distribution of survey points and for the effective selection of preferred survey points. This study may be used as guidelines to select points for a soil contamination survey.