• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.385-390
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• 2009

This survey was conducted to monitor the total sugar, sodium, and artificial sweetener contents of light meals from the school zone in Gwangju, from November, 2008 to April, 2009. A total of 100 samples were tested. HPLC/ELSD was used for the determination of total sugar contents and AAS for sodium contents. Total sugar amounts were the sum of both mono-and disaccharide according to nutritional information standard defined by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. The results were as follows by the form of total sugar content(sodium content): $5.7\;{\pm}\;1.9%$($4.6\;{\pm}\;1.6\;mg/g$) for Tteokbokki, $7.6\;{\pm}\;5.1%$($5.4\;{\pm}\;2.7\;mg/g$) for Chicken(skewed), $15.4\;{\pm}\;3.2%$($3.0\;{\pm}\;0.9\;mg/g$) for Bun(fish-shaped), $0.6\;{\pm}\;0.3%$($3.7\;{\pm}\;1.0\;mg/g$) for Sundae, $0.9\;{\pm}\;0.3%$($7.4\;{\pm}\;1.4\;mg/g$) for Oden(with broth), $20.5\;{\pm}\;6.2%$($2.9\;{\pm}\;0.6\;mg/g$) for Waffle, $6.8\;{\pm}\;2.2%$($4.7\;{\pm}\;1.0\;mg/g$) for Hotdog, $14.2\;{\pm}\;2.8%$($3.1\;{\pm}\;1.6\;mg/g$) for Hotteok, $6.6\;{\pm}\;2.1%$($3.9\;{\pm}\;0.6\;mg/g$) for Toast, $10.1\;{\pm}\;3.7%$($2.3\;{\pm}\;0.7\;mg/g$) for Fry(sweet potato), $1.6\;{\pm}\;0.7%$($4.0\;{\pm}\;0.7\;mg/g$) for Fry(etc), and $9.3\;{\pm}\;2.4%$($4.0\;{\pm}\;0.6\;mg/g$) for Doughnut. In addition, sodium saccharin, one of the artificial sweeteners, was tested. Among 60 samples from February to April, 2009, 11 samples had sodium saccharin(6.7~101.0 mg/kg).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 1972

Fifteen cases of primiparas and their offsprings (fetal cord) were investigated with regard their serum total, free and esterified cholesterol by means of Liberman Buchard reaction. The serum ${\alpha}-and\;{\beta}-lipoprotein$ were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and the serum atherolipid numbers were calculated on the bases of the serum total cholesterol and ${\beta}-/{\alpha}-$ lipoprotein ratio, with the following conclusion. 1.Total, free and esterified cholesterol are $178.9{\pm}25.3$, $45.1{\pm}12.6$ and $133.7{\pm}20.6\;mg.%$ in the normal control women, $201.5{\pm}29.5,\;58.7{\pm}42.1$ and $157.1{\pm}26.2\;mg.%$ in the maternal blood, showing hypercholesterolemia in the latter as compared to the former. 2. The serum total, free and esterified cholesterol in the cord blood are $94.5{\pm}20.4$, $32.9{\pm}1.5$ and $61.2{\pm}18.9mg.%$, showing hypocholesterolemia as compared to the control women and maternal blood. 3. The serum ${\alpha}-$, $pre-{\beta}$, ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ and chylomicron are $24.2{\pm}4.2$, $17.3{\pm}3.4$, $51.8{\pm}4.8$ and $6.0{\pm}1.6%$ in the normal women, whereas $14.9{\pm}2.1$, $22.2{\pm}5.1$, $58.7{\pm}3.3 and 3.1{\pm}1.2%$ in the maternal serum, $32.4{\pm}8.1$, $28.8{\pm}2.4$, $25.8{\pm}7.0$ and $3.1{\pm}0.9%$ in the cord serum, showing $hyper-{\beta}-lipoproteinemia$ in the former and $hypo-{\beta}-lipoproteinemia$ in the latter. 4. The serum atherolipid number of the normal control women, maternal cord blood are $4.21{\pm}1.24$, $8.02{\pm}1.42$ and $1.12{\pm}0.37$, showing hyperlipemia in the former and hypolipemia in latter. 5. The relative ratio of the serum free and esterified cholestrol of both normal control women and maternal blood is about 1 : 3, while that of the fetal blood about 1 : 2. 6. The relative ratioes of the serum ${\alpha}-and$ ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ in the control women is about 1 : 2, that of materna blood about 1 : 3 and that of the fetal blood about equal magnitude. 7. The serum esterified cholesterol, ${\alpha}-lipoprotein,\;{\beta}-/{\alpha}-lipoprotein$ ratio and atherolipid number fluctuates are proportionally between the maternal and fetal blood, while the serum free, total cholesterol and ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ between the two vary inversely with statistically significant corelations. 8. It is apparent from the above results that the fetal nutritional demand for lipids resulted from hypocholesterolemia and hypo ${\beta}-lipoproteinemia$ seems to be met satisfactorily by maternal hypercholesterolemia and hyper ${\beta}-lipoproteinemia$, which seems to pose a significant maternal-infant nutritional relationship. A brief ciscussion was made on these conciusion in the light of biochemistry and endocrinology.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.637-644
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise and diet control program on nitrogen balance in obese children. The subjects of this study were five obese boys aged from 8 to 12 participating in the control period(C) for 3 days, exercise without energy deficit period(EEN) for one week, and exercise with energy deficit period(EED) far another one week, consecutively. The intensity of the exercise was 60-70% of HRmax and the energy was restricted at 493 kcal/day. Daily mean total energy intake was 2,152 $\pm$ 138kca1, 1,861 $\pm$ 138kca1, and 1,368 $\pm$ 87kca1 for the period C, EEN and EED, respectively. The body weight for EEN and EED decreased compared with the period C by average 1.2 $\pm$ 0.2kg and 1.8 $\pm$ 0.3kg, respectively. Of the body weight loss, the fat mass decreased bur 1.0 $\pm$ 0.3kg and 1.5 $\pm$ 0.5kg and the lean body mass by 0.2 $\pm$ 0.4kg and 0.3 $\pm$ 0.4kg, respectively. Of the daily mean nitrogen consumption was 9.1 $\pm$ 0.7g, 9.1 $\pm$ 0.8g and 7.1 $\pm$ 0.5g, the daily mean nitrogen excretion from feces was 1.3 $\pm$ 0.2g, 0.9 $\pm$ 0.1g and 0.7 $\pm$ 0.1g, and from urine was 6.7 $\pm$ 0.6g, 6.6 $\pm$ 0.5g and 6.7 $\pm$ 0.6g, for the period C, EEN and EED, respectively. Daily mean nitrogen balance excluding nitrogen excretion firm feces and urine indicated + 1.1 $\pm$ 1.0, +1.6 $\pm$ 0.6 and - 0.3 $\pm$ 0.9 for the period C, EEN and EED, respectively. Despite the negative indication during EED, there was no statistical signifiranre. The daily mean creatinine excretion was 0.5 $\pm$ 0.0g, 0.7 $\pm$ 0.1g and 0.6 $\pm$ 0.0g and the creatinine-height index(CHl) was 85.1 $\pm$ 6.7%, 83.8 $\pm$ 6.6% and 81.0 $\pm$ 6.5%, for the period C, EEN and EED, respectively, indicating little significant difference among the periods. Taking above results into consideration, it seems the exercise program conducted for this study did not substantially affect the nitrogen balance of the obese children, and may be used far the body weight control. Howeever, the adequacy of the energy restriction and amount of exercise applied to this study need to be further investigated as the nitrogen balance indicated negative and increasing tendency of the creatinine excretion showed during the EED compared with period C, despite the statistical insignificance.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.6_2
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• pp.1793-1801
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• 2021

From 2015 to June 2020, the backscattering coefficients of 532 and 1064 nm measured using LIDAR and the depolarization ratio at 532 nm were used to separate the backscattering coefficient at 532 nm as three types as PM₁₀, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5 according to particle size. The mass extinction efficiency (MEE) of three types was calculated using the mass concentration measured on the ground. The overall mean values of the calculated MEE were 5.1 ± 2.5, 1.7 ± 3.7, and 9.3 ± 6.3 m²/g in PM₁₀, PM_2.5-10, and PM_2.5, respectively. When the mass concentration of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was low, higher than average MEE was calculated, and it was confirmed that the MEE decreased as the mass concentration increased. When the MEE was calculated for each type according to the mixing degree of Asian dust, PM_2.5-10 was twice at pollution aerosol as high as 2.1 ± 2.8 m²/g, compare to pollution-dominated mixture, dust-dominated mixture, and pure dust of 1.1 ± 1.8, 1.4 ± 3.3, 1.1 ± 1.5 m²/g, respectively. However, PM_2.5 MEE showed similar values irrespective of type: 9.4 ± 6.5, 9.0 ± 5.8, 10.3 ± 7.5, and 9.1 ± 9.0 m²/g. The MEE of PM₁₀ was 5.6 ± 2.9, 4.4 ± 2.0, 3.6 ± 2.9, and 2.8 ± 2.4 m²/g in pollution aerosol (PA), pollution-dominated mixture (PDM), dust-dominated mixture (DDM), and pure dust (PD), respectively, and increased as the dust ratio value decreased. Even if the same type according to the same mass concentration or Asian dust mixture was shown, as the PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio decreased, the MEE of PM_2.5-10 decreased and the MEE of PM_2.5 showed a tendency to increase.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.516-524
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• 1997

Background : Cancer invasion and metastasis require the dissolution of the extracellular matrix in which several proteolytic enzymes are involved. One of these enzymes is the urokinase-type plasminogen activator(u-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitors(PAI-1, PAI-2) also have a possible role in cancer invasion and metastasis by protection of cancer itself from proteolysis by u-PA. It has been reported that the levels of u-PA and plasminogen activator inhibitors in various cancer tissues are significantly higher than those in normal tissues and have significant correlations with tumor size and lymph node involvement. Here, we measured the concentration of plasma u-PA and PAI-1 antigens in the patients with lung cancer and compared the concentration of them with histologic types and staging parameters. Methods : We measured the concentration of plasma u-PA and PAI-1 antigens using commercial ELISA kit in 37 lung cancer patients, 21 benign lung disease patients and 24 age-matched healthy controls, and we compared the concentration of them with histologic types and staging parameters in lung cancer patients. Results : The concentration of u-PA was $1.0{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in controls, $1.0{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in benign lung disease patients and $0.9{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in lung cancer patients. The concentration of PAI-1 was $14.2{\pm}6.7ng/mL$ in controls, $14.9{\pm}6.3ng/mL$ in benign lung disease patients, and $22.1{\pm}9.8ng/mL$ in lung cancer patients. The concentration of PAI-1 in lung cancer patients was higher than those of benign lung disease patients and controls. The concentration of u-PA was $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in squamous cell carcinoma, $0.8{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in adenocarcinoma, 0.9ng/mL in large cell carcinoma, and $1.1{\pm}0.7ng/mL$ in small cell carcinoma. The concentration of PAI-1 was $22.3{\pm}7.2ng/mL$ in squamous cell carcinoma, $22.6{\pm}9.9ng/mL$ in adenocarcinoma, 42 ng/mL in large cell carcinoma, and $16.0{\pm}14.2ng/mL$ in small cell carcinoma. The concentration of u-PA was 0.74ng/mL in stage I, $1.2{\pm}0.6ng/mL$ in stage II, $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in stage IIIA, $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in stage IIIB, and $0.7{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in stage IV. The concentration of PAI-1 was 21.8ng/mL in stage I, $22.7{\pm}8.7ng/mL$ in stage II, $18.4{\pm}4.9ng/mL$ in stage IIIA, $25.3{\pm}9.0ng/mL$ in stage IIIB, and $21.5{\pm}10.8ng/mL$ in stage IV. When we divided T stage into T1-3 and T4, the concentration of u-PA was $0.8{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in T1-3 and $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in T4, and the concentration of PAI-1 was $17.9{\pm}5.6ng/mL$ in T1-3 and $26.1{\pm}9.1ng/mL$ in T4. The concentration of PAI-1 in T4 was significantly higher than that in T1-3. The concentration of u-PA was $0.8{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in M0 and $0.7{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in M1, and the concentration of PAI-1 was $23.6{\pm}8.3ng/mL$ in M0 and $21.5{\pm}10.8ng/mL$ in M1. Conclusions : The plasma levels of PAI-1 in lung cancer were higher than benign lung disease and controls, and the plasma levels of PAI-1 in T4 were significantly higher than T1-3. These findings suggest involvement of PAI-1 with local invasion of lung cancer, but it should be confirmed by the data on comparison with pathological staging and tissue level in lung cancer.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.366-371
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate blood pressure and blood constituents in middle-aged men obesity. All the measurements were taken from 1524(obese 453, control 1071) man's subjects. The body mass index BMI in obese group and control was 26.6$\pm$1.4kg/$m^2$ and 22.2$\pm$1.9kg/$m^2$ respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure in obese group were significantly higher than control(p<0.001). The concentrations of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index in obese group were 202.1$\pm$34.7mg/dl, 210.0$\pm$121.8mg/dl, 43.4$\pm$10.3mg/dl, 116.7$\pm$33.5mg/dl, 3.8$\pm$1.2, respectively. There was significance in the relation between cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and BMI. The frequency of dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia) in obese group was significantly more than control(p<0.001).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.719-734
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• 1993

The electrocardiographic(ECG) parameters on the standard limb leads in the normal Korean native cattle have been measured with a 3 channel Electrocardiograph built in a computed analysis. The study was conducted on the animals 98 heads of mean age of 17.7 months. Conduction parameters, waves, intervals and segments have been recorded. The recordings were analyzed as to shape and amplitude of the P and T waves and the components of the QRS complex. Heart rate was recorded by the Electrocardiogram which were a mean of $80.4{\pm}11.6beats/min$. And the younger had a higher heart rate than the older one. Average conduction times in the RP, the QRS complex and the QTc interval recorded $166.7{\pm}23.1msec.$, $79.7{\pm}8.8msec.$ and $395.5{\pm}30.4msec.$, in the P and T wave duration recorded $70.1{\pm}13.5msec.$ and $97.6{\pm}16.9msec.$, and in the PR and ST segment duration recorded $97.9{\pm}23.5msec.$ and $173.9{\pm}40.3msec.$, respectively. The wave forms in each lead observed various types. The amplitudes of wave type showed the highest frequency in each lead that were analyzed as follow : 1. In P wave, amplitudes of the positive type showed the frequency of 65.3%, 82.7% and 52.0% in leads I, II and III that were $103.1{\pm}47.8{\mu}V$, $115.2{\pm}37.3{\mu}V$ and $67.4{\pm}26.9{\mu}V$, and it showed the frequency of 54.1% and 85.7% in the leads aVL and aVF that were $63.7{\pm}23.0{\mu}V$, $88.0{\pm}83.6{\mu}V$, respectively. Average amplitude of the negative type showed the frequency of 78.6% in lead aVR which was $99.3{\pm}38.0{\mu}V$. 2. Average amplitude of the QRS complex were from $362.8{\pm}177.7{\mu}V$ to $532.8{\pm}253.9{\mu}V$(mean of $449.1{\pm}57.2{\mu}V$) that in all leads except lead I were manifested the Low-Voltage QRS complex(below 0.5mV). Average amplitudes of each wave type in the QRS complex aere $-50.2.4{\pm}258.2{\mu}V$ and $-428.6{\pm}195.1{\mu}V$ in the QS groups type that showed a frequency of 66.3%, 70.4% in the leads I and aVL, were $451.1{\pm}20.4.0{\mu}V$, $387.6{\pm}175.8{\mu}V$ and $299.3{\pm}146.5{\mu}V$ in the R groups type that showed a frequency of 48.0%, 53.1% and 34.7% in the leads III, aVR and aVF, and were $-307.5{\pm}180.3{\mu}V$, $201.4{\pm}77.2{\mu}V$ in the QR wave type which showed a frequency of 39.8% in lead II, respectively. 3. In T wave, amplitude of the positive type showed the frequency of 50.0%, 82.7%, 51.0% and 57.1% in leads II, III aVR and aVF which were $214.9{\pm}115.6{\mu}V$, $188.5{\pm}119.3{\mu}V$, $191.0{\pm}93.7{\mu}V$ and $165.7{\pm}91.9{\mu}V$, and the negative type showed a frequecny of 66.3% and 72.5% in leads I and aVL. that were $221.3{\pm}112.5{\mu}V$, $-173.6{\pm}86.7{\mu}V$, respectively. 4. Amplitude of ST segment in leads I, II and III were a mean of $-12.2{\pm}37.2{\mu}V$, $17.5{\pm}42.6{\mu}V$ and $28.3{\pm}40.4{\mu}V$, in leads aVR, aVL and aVF were $-3.9{\pm}32.5{\mu}V$, $-15.9{\pm}35.6{\mu}V$ and $26.2{\pm}37.5{\mu}V$, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.101-102
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• 2004

The observed means and standard divisions of the egg texture per generation in korean native chickens were as follow. The egg shell strength, the egg shell thickness and the egg shell colour were 3.8$\pm$0.2~4.2$\pm$0.1 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 356.4$\pm$4.9~368.8$\pm$6.5${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and 47.0$\pm$1.7~50.0$\pm$3.3％. The regression coefficients were -0.03~0.03 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, -0.84~4.40${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and -0.88~-0.36％ respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.471-474
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• 1995

A total of 20 patients underwent bullectomy in the spontaneous pneumothorax between October 1993 and August 1994. The patients were divided into two groups: Control group; the patients who received with mid-axillary approach[n=10 , Experimental group; the patients who received with video-assisted thoracic surgery [n = 10 . The results were as follows; 1. The total sex distribution was male predominence [M :F=6:1 . Mean age of control group was 31.6$\pm$ 10.1 age and experimental group was 24.3$\pm$ 5.5 age. 2. The operative times were 117.0 $\pm$ 32.6min in control group and 102.5$\pm$ 38.4min in experimental group [not significant . 3. The indwelling period of postoperative chest tube and hospital stay were 4.5$\pm$ 2.6 days and 8.3 $\pm$ 1.8 days in control group, $1.5\pm$ 0.5 days and 3.1 $\pm$ 0.3 days in experimental group[p=0.0018, < 0.0001 . 4. In control group, injection times of pain-killer were 1.7$\pm$ 0.7 times/day at operative day and 0.4$\pm$ 0.6times/day at postoperative 1 day. In experimental group, there were 0.3$\pm$ 0.7times/day at operative day and 0.1 $\pm$ 0.3times/day at postoperative 1 day[p=O.O002 at operative day, not significant at postoperative 1 day .

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.229-235
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• 1994

It is very important to investigate the sanitary chemical conditions of farmwaters used for cattle breeding in the dairy farms. For this purpose we examined pH, KMnO4 consumption, total hardness, chloride, sulfate, NH3-N, NO3-N, fluoride, lead, iron, manganese, cadmium, copper, zinc and chrome in the farmwaters sampled 2 times(spring and summer)in Choongcheongnam and Kangwon Province. The pH of farmwaters in Choongcheongnam and Kangwon Province was 6.49$\pm$0.09, 6.70$\pm$0.06, total hardness 90.21$\pm$7.07, 64.53$\pm$6.38 mg/ι, consumption of KMnO4 4.13$\pm$0.62, 4.34$\pm$0.26mg/ι, NO3-N 6.51$\pm$0.55, 3.61$\pm$0.58 mg/ι, chloride ion 20.51$\pm$1.99, 5.41$\pm$1.36 mg/ι and sulfate ion 6.61$\pm$1.02, 7.28$\pm$1.30 mg/ι, respectively. But NH3-N was scarcely detected. Fluoride, iron, lead, cadmium, zinc, manganese and chrome were not detected from the tested farmwaters. There was high significance between each other in total hardness, NO3-N, chloride ion and sulfate ion. There was regional and seasonal significance in only NO3-N but only regional significance in total hardness and chloride ion.