• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.421-429
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• 2005

Purpose: It has been postulated that dopamine release in the striatum underlies the reinforcing properties of nicotine. Substantial evidence in the animal studies demonstrates that nicotine interacts with dopaminergic neuron and regulates the activation of the dopaminergic system. The aim of this study was to visualize the dopamine release by smoking in human brain using PET scan with $[^{11}C]raclopride$. Materials and Methods: Five male non-smokers or ex-smokers with an abstinence period longer than 1 year (mean age of $24.4{\pm}1.7$ years) were enrolled in this study $[^{11}C]raclopride$, a dopamine D2 receptor radioligand, was administrated with bolus-plus-constant infusion. Dynamic PET was performed during 120 minutes ($3{\times}20s,\;2{\times}60s,\;2{\times}120s,\;1{\times}180s\;and\;22{\times}300s$). following the 50 minute-scanning, subjects smoked a cigarette containing 1 mg of nicotine while in the scanner. Blood samples for the measurement of plasma nicotine level were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minute after smoking. Regions for striatal structures were drawn on the coronal summed PET images guided with co-registered MRI. Binding potential, calculated as (striatal-cerebellar)/cerebellar activity, was measured under equilibrium condition at baseline and smoking session. Results: The mean decrease in binding potential of $[^{11}C]raclopride$ between the baseline and smoking in caudate head, anterior putamen and ventral striatum was 4.7%, 4.0% and 7.8%, respectively. This indicated the striatal dopamine release by smoking. Of these, the reduction in binding potential in the ventral striatum was significantly correlated with the cumulated plasma level of the nicotine (Spearman's rho=0.9, p=0.04). Conclusion: These data demonstrate that in vivo imaging with $[^{11}C]raclopride$ PET could measure nicotine-induced dopamine release in the human brain, which has a significant positive correlation with the amount or nicotine administered bt smoking.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.10
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• pp.1090-1102
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• 2009

Purpose:To evaluate current feeding practices and maternal nutritional knowledge on complementary feeding. Methods:Mothers of babies aged 9-15 months who visited pediatric clinics of 14 general hospitals between September and December 2008 were asked to fill questionnaires. Data from 1,078 questionnaires were analyzed. Results:Complementary food was introduced at 4-7 months in 89% of babies. Home-made rice gruel was the first complementary food in 93% cases. Spoons were used for initial feeding in 97% cases. At 6-7 months, <50% of babies were fed meat (beef, 43%). Less than 12-month-old babies were fed salty foods such as salted laver (35%) or bean-paste soup (51%) and cow's milk (11%). The following were the maternal sources of information on complementary feeding: books/magazines (58%), friends (30%), internet web sites (29%), relatives (14%), and hospitals (4%). Compared to the 1993 survey, the incidence of complementary food introduction before 4 months (0.4% vs. 21%) and initial use of commercial food (7% vs. 39%) had decreased. Moreover, spoons were increasingly used for initial feeding (97% vs. 57%). The average maternal nutritional knowledge score was 7.5/10. Less percentage of mothers agreed with the following suggestions: bottle formula weaning before 15-18 months (68%), no commercial baby drinks as complementary food (67%), considering formula (or cow's milk) better than soy milk (65%), and feeding minced meat from 6-7 months (57%). Conclusion:Complementary feeding practices have considerably improved since the last decade. Pediatricians should advise timely introduction of appropriate complementary foods and monitor diverse information sources on complementary feeding.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.68
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• pp.23-73
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• 2005

Purpose of study; The purpose of this study is specifically classified as two parts. The one is to attempt the chronological annals of Quaternary topographic surface through the study over the formation process of alluvial surfaces in our country, setting forth the alluvial surfaces lower-parts of Han River area, as the basic deposit, and comparing it to the marginal landform surfaces. The other is to attempt the classification of micro morphology based on the and condition premising the land use as a link for the regional development in the lower-parts of Han river area. Reasons why selected the Lower-parts of Han river area as study objects: 1. The change of river course in this area is very serve both in vertical and horizontal sides. With a situation it is very easy to know about the old geography related to the formation process of topography. 2. The component materials of gravel, sand, silt and clay are deposited in this area. Making it the available data, it is possible to consider about not oかy the formation process of topography but alsoon the development history to some extent. 3. The earthen vessel, a fossil shell fish, bone, cnarcoal and sea-weed are included in the alluvial deposition in this area. These can be also valuable data related to the chronological annals. 4. The bottom set conglometate beds is also included in the alluvial deposits. This can be also valuable data related to the research of geomorphological development. 5. Around of this area the medium landform surface, lower landform surface, pediment and basin, are existed, and these enable the comparison between the erosion surfaces and the alluvial surfaces. Approach : 1. Referring to the change of river beds, I have calculated the vertical and horizontal differences comparing the topographic map published in 1916 with that published in 1966 and through the field work 2. In classifying the landform, I have applied the method of micro morphological classification in accordance with the synthetic index based upon the land conditions, and furthermore used the classification method comparing the topographic map published in 1916 and in that of 1966. 3. I have accorded this classification with the classification by mapping through appliying the method of classification in the development history for the field work making the component materials as the available data. 4. I have used the component materials, which were picked up form the outcrop of 10 places and bored at 5 places, as the available data. 5. I have referred to Hydrological survey data of the ministry of Construction (since 1916) on the overflow of Han-river, and used geologic map of Seoul metropolitan area. Survey Data, and general map published in 1916 by the Japanese Army Survbey Dept., and map published in 1966 by the Construction Research Laboratory and ROK Army Survey Dept., respectively. Conclusion: 1. Classification of Morphology: I have added the historical consideration for development, making the component materials and fossil as the data, to the typical consideration in accordance with the map of summit level, reliefe and slope distribution. In connection with the erosion surface, I have divided into three classification such as high, medium and low-,level landform surfaces which were classified as high and low level landform surfaces in past. furthermore I have divided the low level landform surface two parts, namely upper-parts(200-300m) and bellow-parts(${\pm}100m$). Accordingly, we can recognize the three-parts of erosion surface including the medium level landform surface (500-600m) in this area. (see table 22). In condition with the alluvial surfaces I have classified as two landform surfaces (old and new) which was regarded as one face in past. Meamwhile, under the premise of land use, the synthetic, micro morphological classification based upon the land condition is as per the draw No. 19-1. This is the quite new method of classification which was at first attempted in this country. 2. I have learned that the change of river was most severe at seeing the river meandering rate from Dangjung-ni to Nanjido. As you seee the table and the vertical and horizontal change of river beds is justly proportionable to the river meandering rate. 3. It can be learned at seeing the analysis of component materials of alluvial deposits that the component from each other by areas, however, in the deposits relationship upper stream, and between upper parts and below parts I couldn't always find out the regular ones. 4. Having earthern vessel, shell bone, fossil charcoal and and seaweeds includen in the component materials such as gravel, clay, sand and silt in Dukso and Songpa deposits area. I have become to attempt the compilation of chronicle as yon see in the table 22. 5. In according to hearing of basemen excavation, the bottom set conglomerate beds of Dukso beds of Dukso-beds is 7m and Songpa-beds is 10m. In according to information of dredger it is approx. 20m in the down stream. 6. Making these two beds as the standard beds, I have compared it to other beds. 7 The coarse sand beds which is covering the clay-beds of Dukso-beds and Nanjidobeds is shown the existence of so-called erosion period which formed the gap among the alluvial deposits of stratum. The former has been proved by the sorting, bedding and roundness which was supplied by the main stream and later by the branch stream, respectively. 8. If the clay-beds of Dukeo-bed and Songpa-bed is called as being transgressive overlap, by the Eustatic movement after glacial age, the bottom set conglomerate beds shall be called as being regressive overlap at the holocene. This has the closest relationship with the basin formation movement of Seoul besides the Eustatic movement. 9. The silt-beds which is the main component of deposits of flood plain, is regarded as being deposited at the Holocene in the comb ceramic and plain pottery ages. This has the closest relationship with the change of river course and river beds.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.524-530
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• 2008

In this study, the effects of feed containing citrus byproducts on the physicochemical characteristics and palatability of Korean native chickens were investigated. The Korean native chickens used in this study were divided into two groups: T0 (chickens that were not fed citrus byproducts until they were 39 weeks old) and T1 (chickens that were fed citrus byproducts). The feed given to the T1 chickens was the same as that given to the T0 chickens for the first 16 weeks. Between weeks $17{\sim}39$, the feed given to the T1 chickens was prepared by adding 4% of the citrus byproducts to the feed given to the T0 chickens. The chickens used in the experiment were chilled for 2 days after being sacrificed. The feed containing citrus byproducts did not cause any statistically significant differences in the breast and thigh characteristics of lightness ($L^*$ value), redness ($a^*$ value), yellowness ($b^*$ value), water-holding capacity, frozen loss, thawing loss and boiling loss. As for the rheological properties, there was no statistically meaningful difference in the breast/thigh characteristics of springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness between the T0 and T1 chickens. However, hardness and shear force were significantly lower in the T1 chickens than in the T0 chickens (p<0.05). The acid and peroxide values were also lower in the T1 chickens than in the T0 chickens, but the difference was not statistically significant. Antioxidant activity was better in the T1 chickens than in the T0 chickens. Thus, the results of the present study show that consumption of citrus byproducts did not affect the color and smell of raw meat. The palatability of boiled meat was significantly better in the T1 chickens than in the T0 chickens.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.871-876
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate antimicrobial effectiveness of Omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) treated with $ClO_2$ (chlorine dioxide) concentration (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ppm), washing time (30, 60 and 90 sec) and multiple proportion (x1, x2, x3 and x4). The seven groups were divided into control (Omija without washing water treatment), W-T (Omija treated by tap water ($20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) for 30 seconds), $ClO_2$-10 (Omija treated by 10 ppm $ClO_2$), $ClO_2$-15 (Omija treated by 15 ppm $ClO_2$), $ClO_2$-20 (Omija treated by 20 ppm $ClO_2$), $ClO_2$-25 (Omija treated by 25 ppm $ClO_2$), $ClO_2$-30 (Omija treated by 30 ppm $ClO_2$), and then they were detected number of total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold. The rate of inactivation was found, for microorganisms of total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold, to increase with a increase of $ClO_2$ treatment concentration and multiple proportion. No total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold in $ClO_2$-30 sample treated for 30 sec, $ClO_2$-15 treated for 60 sec and $ClO_2$-10 treated for 90 sec were detected, and in $ClO_2$-30 Omija with multiple proportion ${\times}1$ (Omija : 30 ppm $ClO_2$ solution ratio was 1:1 (w/w)), $ClO_2$-20 with ${\times}2$ (Omija : 20 ppm $ClO_2$ solution ratio was 1:2 (w/w)) and $ClO_2$-15 with ${\times}4$ (Omija : 15 ppm $ClO_2$ solution ratio was 1:4 (w/w)) respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate dietary concentrate:forage ratios (C:F) and undegraded dietary protein (UDP) on nitrogen balance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) in lambs. Four Dorper${\times}$thin-tailed Han crossbred castrated lambs with $62.3{\pm}1.9$ kg body weight at 10 months of age were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of two levels of C:F (40:60 and 60:40) and two levels of UDP (35% and 50% of CP), according to a complete $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design. Each experimental period lasted for 19 d. After a 7-d adaptation period, lambs were moved into individual metabolism crates for 12 d including 7 d of adaption and 5 d of metabolism trial. During the metabolism trial, total urine was collected for 24 h and spot urine samples were also collected at different times. Urinary PD was measured using a colorimetric method and creatinine was measured using an automated analyzer. Intake of dry matter (DM) (p<0.01) and organic matter (OM) (p<0.01) increased as the level of UDP decreased. Fecal N was not affected by dietary treatment (p>0.05) while urinary N increased as the level of UDP decreased (p<0.05), but decreased as dietary C:F increased (p<0.05). Nitrogen retention increased as dietary C:F increased (p<0.05). As dietary C:F increased, urinary excretion of PD increased (p<0.05), but was not affected by dietary UDP (p>0.05) or interaction between dietary treatments (p>0.05). Daily excretion of creatinine was not affected by dietary treatments (p<0.05), with an average value of $0.334{\times}0.005$ mmol/kg $BW^{0.75}$. A linear correlation was found between total PD excretion and PDC index ($R^2$ = 0.93). Concentrations of creatinine and PDC index in spot urine were unaffected by sampling time (p>0.05) and a good correlation was found between the PDC index (average value of three times) of spot urine and daily excretion of PD ($R^2$ = 0.88). These results suggest that for animals fed ad libitum, the PDC index in spot urine is effective to predict daily excretion of PD. In order to improve the accuracy of the spot sampling technique, an appropriate lag phase between the time of feeding and sampling should be determined so that the sampling time can coincide with the peak concentration of PD in the urine.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2001

Background : Approximately 10-13% of patients with interstitial lung disease(ILD) die of lung cancer, and patients with ILD have been reported to have a 7 fold higher incidence of lung cancer compared to the normal population. Recently, overexpression of the p53 and p21 proteins were observed in the epithelial cells from pathologic specimens of ILD. Overexpression of these proteins may result from chronic or recurrent DNA damage by unknown causes of inflammation. However, these proteins may also contribute to oncogenesis if other genetic alterations such as K-ras are superimposed. Methods : Immunohistochemical stains for p53 and K-ras proteins were performed with pathologic specimens from 38 cases with ILD(M/F : 27/11, mean agea : $54{\pm}10$ years) and from 10 control subjects. Results : The p53 protein was expressed in 21.1% (8/38 ILD cases) and K-ras protein expression was observed in 65.8% (25/38 ILD cases). However, neither p53 nor the K-ras protein staining was observed in the control subjects. Conclusion : A significant proportion of cases with ILD expressed the p53 and K-ras proteins in their bronchial epithelial cells. These proteins may be potentially oncogenic with the addition of further genetic alterations. However, to clarify the significance of these findings, further studies looking for correlations with the incidence of lung cancer and other genetic changes are needed.

• 한국산학경영학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.101-123
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• 2004

This study examines empirically the significant changes in tax payments when the consolidated tax return is introduced in the future. We estimate the consolidated tax payments under the eight cases which are classified as such : whether only 100% ownership subsidiaries should be included or 80% and over, whether all subsidiaries should be included or only subsidiaries with loss, and whether unrealized profits from intercompany transactions should be excluded or not. After estimating the consolidated tax payments, we test the difference between the consolidated tax payments and the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries. The results of the test show that the consolidated tax payments are significantly less than the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries. We interpret that the inclusion of the losses of the subsidiaries in the consolidated tax base makes the tax payment decrease. Based on our analysis about 3.8 billion Won per each parent company would decrease due to the introduction of the consolidated tax return. And we find that under the mandatory consolidated tax return system the significant difference between the consolidated and individual tax payment exists except that the only 100% ownership subsidiaries are included and unrealized profits from intercompany transactions are not excluded. However, when the parent companies have the discretion to select the consolidated subsidiaries, the consolidated tax payments are significantly less than the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries regardless of the ownership percentage, inclusion of the loss of the subsidiaries and exclusion of the unrealized profits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.269-276
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the inactivation effects of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) on microorganisms attached to salted Chinese cabbage and food materials of kimchi, such as slice radish and green onion. In addition, changes in microbial and physicochemical quality of manufactured kimchi during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks were investigated. Compared to the untreated control with tap water, total bacterial counts (TBC) of Chinese cabbage, slice radish, and green onion were reduced by 1.75, 1.68, and 1.03 log CFU/g at dipping times of 20 min, 5 min, and 10 min, respectively, upon treatment with 30 ppm SAEW at $40^{\circ}C$. Effect of microbial inhibition was higher in salted Chinese cabbage brined in 10% salt (w/v) of 30 pm SAEW at $40^{\circ}C$ than in untreated control with tap water, as indicated by 1.00 log CFU/g reduction. TBC of kimchi manufactured with materials treated with 30 ppm SAEW at $40^{\circ}C$ was not significantly affected compared to untreated control, although coliforms were remarkably reduced compared to the untreated control. At the beginning of storage (1 weeks), TBC and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts increased by approximately 9 and 7.66~8.18 log CFU/g, respectively, and coliforms were completely eliminated. The pH and acidity of kimchi at 2 weeks were 4.34~4.49 and 0.55~0.66%, respectively, and then slowly decreased. The texture (firmness) of kimchi decreased with storage time, but the difference was not significant. This combined treatment might be considered as a potentially beneficial sanitizing method for improving the quality and safety of kimchi.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of vitamin E on the cadmium contents of bone and on the calcium and phosphorous contents of the blood, urine and feces. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal group and three cadmium poisoned groups. The cadmium poisoned groups consisted of a vitamin E free diet (Cd-0E) group; a 40 mg vitamin E /kg diet (Cd-40E) group; and a 400 mg/kg diet (Cd-400E) group. Experimental animals were maintained on their respective diets for 20 weeks and were simultaneously administered 50 ppm $Cd^{2+}$ dissolved in the drinking water. At the end of the trial, the average hematocrit value in the Cd-0E group was 28.13% lower than in the normal group. However, the average hematocrit value in the Cd-400E group was significantly higher than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. WBC levels in the cadmium-poisoned groups were lower than in the normal group, but Cd-400E group levels were significantly higher than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. The contents of calcium of tibia has no significant difference between normal group and cadmium exposed group at $10^{th}$ week After 20 weeks, the calcium contents of the tibia in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were lower than in the normal group by 25.5% and 22.1 %, respectively, although the calcium contents of the tibia in the Cd-400E group were higher than in the normal group. After 10 weeks, the calcium contents of the femur in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were 19.25% and 15.45% lower than in the normal group, respectively, but the calcium contents of the femur in the Cd-400E group were at the same levels as in the normal group. The levels of calcium in the femur after 20 weeks were similar to the 10-week levels. Calcium levels of the urine in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were 3.92 fold and 2.92 fold higher, respectively, than in the normal group, but levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly lower than in either the Cd-0E group or the Cd-40E group. Calcium levels of the feces in cadmium-poisoned groups were significantly higher than in the normal group, although levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly lower than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. Phosphorous levels of the blood in the Cd-0E group were 17% lower than in the normal group, although levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly higher than in the Cd-0E group. Phosphorous levels of the urine in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were significantly higher than in the normal group, while Cd-400E group levels were found to be at the same level as in the normal group. Cadmium contents of the tibia in the Cd-40E and Cd-400E groups were 13% and 17% lower, respectively, than in the Cd-0E group. Regarding cadmium levels in the femur, only the Cd-400E group achieved lower levels (10% lower) than the Cd-0E group. In conclusion, vitamin E supplementation resulted in a suppression of the release of calcium from bone, and a reduction in the excretion of calcium via the urine and feces, thus having a normalizing effect on calcium metabolism in rats with chronic cadmium poisoning.