• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제68권4호
• /
• pp.218-225
• /
• 2010

Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a useful technique to recover lower airway fluid and cells involved in many respiratory diseases. Miliary tuberculosis is potentially lethal, but the clinical manifestations are nonspecific and typical radiologic findings may not be seen until late in the course of disease. In addition, invasive procedures are often needed to confirm disease diagnosis. This study analyzed the cells and the T-lymphocyte subset in BAL fluid from patients with miliary tuberculosis to determine specific characteristics of BAL fluid that may help in the diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis, using a less invasive procedure. Methods: On a retrospective basis, we enrolled 20 miliary tuberculosis patients; 12 patients were male and the mean patient age was $40.5{\pm}16.2$ years. We analyzed differential cell counts of BAL fluid and the T-lymphocyte subset of BAL fluid. Results: Total cells and lymphocytes were increased in number in the BAL fluid. The percentage of CD4+ Tlymphocytes and the CD4/CD8 ratio in BAL fluid were significantly decreased and the percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes was relatively higher. These findings were more prominent in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the HIV-infected patients, the proportion of lymphocytes was significantly higher in BAL fluid than in peripheral blood. There were no significant differences between the BAL fluid and the peripheral blood T-lymphocytes subpopulation. Conclusion: BAL fluid in patients with miliary tuberculosis demonstrated lymphocytosis, a lower percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, a higher percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio. These findings were more significant in HIV-infected subjects.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.209-215
• /
• 2004

본 시험은 고에너지 수준의 사료를 급여한 돼지의 사양성적, 돈육의 도체 특성, 일반성분, 이화학적 특성 및 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 80$\pm$3 kg의 삼원교잡종 120두를 공시하여 비육돈 사료 변화의 영양소 수준에 따라 저에너지 DE 3,290 kcal/kg, CP 14.5%, Lysine 0.70%, Ca 0.78로 배합한 사료를 38일간 급여하였고, 고에너지 DE 3,350 kcal/kg, CP 15.0%, Lysine 0.10%, Ca 0.78%로 배합한 사료를 27일간 급여하였다. 저에너지와 고에너지 사료를 급여한 돼지의 종료체중이 101 kg내외에 도달했을 때 도축하여 시험에 공시하였다. 고에너지 사료를 급여한 돼지가 일당 증체량이 높았고, 사료섭취량과 사료요구율은 낮았다(p<0.05). 도체특성과 일반성분은 차이를 보이지 않았다 이화학적 특성 중 고에너지 사료를 급여한 돈육의 가열 감량과 황색도는 저에너지 사료를 급여한 돈육에 비해 현저히 높게 나타내었다(p<0.05). 지방산 조성에서는 저에너지와 고예너지 사료를 급여한 돈육에서 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상에서 고에너지 사료를 27일간 급여한 돼지는 저에너지 사료를 38일간 급여한 돼지에 비해 성장률이 향상되었고, 돼지의 도체 특성, 물리적 특성 및 지방산 조성에는 미치지 않았지만 돈육의 가열 감량과 황색도가 높았다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.153-160
• /
• 1984

The purpose of this study was to observe the tensile and bonding strength of the joined amalgam restoration. Amalgam alloys of fine-cut (F-type), spherical (S-type), and dispersed type (D-type) were selected in this study, and all specimens were divided into three groups according to the condensation methods as follows. Group I : the control group which condense the same kinds of mixed amalgam into the whole part of the mold respectively. Group II : the group which condense a mix of amalgam into one half of the mold, and then condense a new mix of amalgam into the rest half of the mold 15 minutes later. Group III : the group which condense a mixed amalgam into one half of the mold, and then condense a new mix of amalgam into the rest half of the mold 7 days later. All specimens were stored in incubator at $37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for seven days with immersing in saline solution before testing. The tensile and bonding strength of them were measured with Instron Universal Testing machine. The results were as follows: 1. In Group I, the order of tensile strength was F-type, S-type, and D-type. 2. In case of bonding of S-type + S-type, the difference of the bonding strength between Group II and III was not significant. (P> 0.05) 3. The bonding strength of F-type + S-type of Group II was marked the highest in value, and the lowest bonding strength was showed in bonded D-type + D-type of Group III. 4. In case of bonding with the different kinds of amalgam alloy in Group II, the specimen bonded to F-type was marked the highest bonding strength, and the specimen bonded with F-type was marked the lowest one. In Group II, the bonding strength of the specimens bonded with the same kinds of amalgam alloy was presented as the same order as that of Group I. 5. In Group III, the specimen connected with D-type marked the lowest bonding strength of all specimens. In Group III, the bonding strength of the specimens connected with the same kinds of amalgam alloy was the order of S-type + S-type, F-type + F-type, and D-type + D-type.

• IUGG한국위원회:학술대회논문집
• /
• IUGG한국위원회 2003년도 정기총회 및 학술발표회
• /
• pp.20-20
• /
• 2003

In the summers of 1997 and 1998 and in February of 2000 we made 570 measurements of the ambient geomagnetic field 120 cm above the pavement surface of State Route 130, south of Pahoa, the island of Hawaii using a three-component fluxgate magnetometer. We measured at every 15.2 m (50 feet) interval covering a distance of 6, 310 m (20, 704 ft) where both historic and pre-historic highly magnetic basalt flows underlie. We also collected 197 core samples from eight road cuts, 489 specimens of which were subject to AF demagnetizations at 5 - 10 mT level up to a maximum field of 60 mT. We observed significant inclination anomalies ranging from a minimum of $31^{\circ}$ to a maximum $40^{\circ}$ where a uniform inclination value of $36.7^{\circ}$ (International Geomagnetic Reference Field, IGRF) was expected. Since the mean of the observed inclinations is approximately $35^{\circ}$ we assume that the study area is slightly affected by the magnetic terrain effect to a systematically shallower inclinations for being located in the regionally sloping surface of the southern side of the island (Baag, et al., 1995). We observed inclination anomalies showing wider (spacial) wavelength (160 - 600 m) and higher amplitudes in the historic lava flows area than in the northern pre-historic flows. Our observations imply that preexisting inclination anomalies such as those that we observed would have been interpreted as paleosecular variation (PSV). These inclination anomalies can best be attributed to concealed underground highly magnetic dikes, channel type lava flows, on-and-off hydrothermal activities through fissure-like openings, etc. Both the within- and between-site dispersions of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) are largest (up to ${\pm}7^{\circ}$) above the flows of 1955, while the area of pre-historic flows in the northern part of the study area exhibit the smallest dispersion. Nevertheless, mean inclinations of each historic flow of 1955 and 1790 are almost identical to that of the corresponding present field, whereas mean of NRM (after AF demagnetization) inclinations for each of the four pre-historic lava flow units is twelve to thirteen degrees lower than the present field inclination. We observed three cases of very large inclination variations from within a single flow, the best fitting curves of which are linear, second and third order polynomials each from within a single flow, whereas no present field variations are observed. This phenomena can be attributed to the notion that local magnetic anomalies on the surface of an active volcano are not permanent, but are transient. Therefore we believe that local magnetic anomalies of an active volcano may be constantly modified due to on going subsurface injections and circulations of hot material and also due to wide spacial and temporal distribution of highly magnetic basaltic flows that will constantly modify the topography which will in turn modify the local ambient geomagnetic field (Baag, et al., 1995). Our observations bring into question the general reliability of PSV data inferred from volcanic rocks, because on-going various geologic and geophysical activities associated with active volcano would continuously deflect and modify the ambient geomagnetic field.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.141-149
• /
• 2018

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of multi-enzyme on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.1% multi-enzyme (Multi; mixture of ${\beta}-mannanase$, xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Measurements were growth performance, morphology of ileum, apparent ileal digestibility and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and energy of weaned pigs. There were no significant differences on growth performance during overall experimental period. No differences were found for the morphology of ileum and nutrient digestibility between CON and Multi groups. Therefore, the results in the current study indicated that multi-enzyme supplementation in diets had no effects on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권9호
• /
• pp.1373-1380
• /
• 2019

Objective: This study ascertained effects of cactus pear in association with different roughage in the diet of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows on intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, ingestive behavior and performance. Methods: Eight cows with $72{\pm}11$ days of lactation were used. The experimental design was simultaneous in two $4{\times}4$ Latin squares. Four experimental diets were used: Diet 1, sorghum silage as exclusive roughage; Diet 2, sorghum silage associated with cactus pear in a proportion of 50% of the roughage (dry matter basis); Diet 3, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo) as exclusive roughage; Diet 4, elephant grass associated with cactus pear in a proportion of 50% of the roughage. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 75:25. Results: Dry matter intake (p = 0.01) was higher with sorghum silage. There were differences in dry matter intake (p = 0.01), crude protein (p<0.01), ether extract (p = 0.01), non-fibrous carbohydrates (p<0.01) and total digestible nutrients (p = 0.01) among the diets. Cactus pear in the diet reduced water intake by 44.52% (p<0.01). The nitrogen balance was 59.71% and 27.49% lower in animals treated with exclusive sorghum silage and sorghum silage associated with cactus pear in relation to diets with elephant grass and elephant grass associated with cactus pear, respectively (p<0.01). The diets did not influence the milk production (p = 0.70), 3.5% fat corrected milk production (p = 0.72) or feed efficiency (p = 0.61). Conclusion: The association of cactus pear with sorghum or elephant grass silage does not alter milk production, reduces the intake of dry matter and water and improves the digestibility of nutrients.

• 대한신경집중치료학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.93-101
• /
• 2018

Background: At most centers, general anesthesia (GA) has been preferred for endovascular treatment (EVT) of ruptured intracranial aneurysms (RIAs). In this study, we analyzed procedural results, clinical outcomes, and follow-up angiographic findings for patients undergoing EVT for RIA under local anesthesia (LA) with conscious sedation (CS). Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 308 consecutive patients who underwent EVT for RIAs at a single institution between June 2009 and February 2017. EVT under LA with CS was considered for all patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, regardless of Hunt and Hess (HH) scale score. Results: EVT was performed for 320 aneurysms in 308 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhages. The mean patient age was $55.5{\pm}12.6$ years. Moderate (III) and poor (IV, V) HH grades were observed in 75 (24.4%) and 77 patients (25%), respectively. Complete occlusion immediately after EVT was achieved for 270 (84.4%) of 320 aneurysms. Thromboembolic complications and intraprocedural ruptures occurred in 25 (7.8%) and 14 cases (4.3%), respectively. The morbidity rate at discharge (as defined by a modified Rankin scale score of 3 or greater) was 27.3% (84/308), while the mortality rate was 11.7% (36/308). Follow-up angiographic results were available for 210 (68.1%) of 308 patients. Recanalization was observed in 64 (29.3%) of 218 aneurysms in 210 patients. Conclusion: Based on our experience, EVT for RIAs under LA with CS was feasible, regardless of the clinical grade of the subarachnoid hemorrhage. Complication rates and follow-up angiographic results were also comparable to those observed when GA was used to perform the procedure.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.28-34
• /
• 2023

Nitrogen fertilizers applied to agricultural lands for crop cultivation can be volatilized as ammonia. The released ammonia can catalyze the formation of ultrafine dust (particulate matter, PM2.5), classified as a short-lived climate change pollutant, in the atmosphere. Currently, one of the prominent methods for fertilizer application in agricultural lands is soil surface application, which comprises spraying the fertilizers onto the soil surface, followed by mixing the fertilizers with the soil. Owing to the low nitrogen absorption rate of crops, when nitrogen fertilizers are applied in this manner, they can be lost from land surfaces through volatilization. Therefore, investigating a new fertilization method to reduce ammonia emissions and increase the fertilizer utilization efficiency of crops is necessary. In this study, to develop a method for reducing ammonia emissions from nitrogen fertilizers applied to soil surfaces, deep fertilization was conducted using a newly developed deep fertilization device, and ammonia emissions from barley, garlic, and onion fields were examined. Conventional fertilization (surface application) and deep fertilization (soil depth of 25 cm) were conducted for analysis. The fertilization rate was 100% of the standard fertilization rate used for barley, and deep fertilization of N, P, and K fertilizers was implemented. Ammonia emissions were collected using a wind tunnel chamber, and quantified subsequently susing the indole-phenol blue method. Ammonia emissions released from the basal fertilizer application persisted for approximately 58 d, beginning from approximately 3 d after fertilization in conventional treatments; however, ammonia was not released from deep fertilization. Moreover, barley, garlic, and onion yields were higher in the deep fertilization treatment than in the conventional fertilization treatment. In conclusion, a new fertilization method was identified as an alternative to the current approach of spraying fertilizers on the soil surface. This new method, which involves injecting nitrogen fertilizers at a soil depth of 25 cm, has the potential to reduce ammonia emissions and increase the yields of barley, garlic, and onion.

• 한국항만경제학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.47-60
• /
• 2023

항만구역 내 선박으로부터 배출되는 온실가스, 미세먼지를 포함한 배기가스에 대한 인벤토리 작성과 관리는 선박 배기가스의 주요 배출물질과 시간 경과에 따른 배출량 수준의 추이를 파악하고, 해양환경과 인간 건강에 미치는 부정적 영향을 줄이는 데 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 우리나라 서남권에 있는 국가관리 무역항인 목포항계 내 입출항하는 선박으로부터 배출되는 배기가스를 산정하는데 있다. 이를 위해 선박자동식별장치(AIS)와 해운항만물류정보시스템 (Port-MIS)의 정량적 데이터를 기반으로 선박의 움직임을 분석한 상향식 접근법(Bottom-up 또는 Activity-based)을 이용하였다. 특히 본 연구에서는 최근 4년간(2019~2022년) 목포항 입출항 실적이 있는 선박의 제원, 선종, 재항시간 등의 데이터를 수집하고, AIS 데이터를 이용하여 항만 내 부두 접근 과정을 분석하여 선박 움직임(cruising, maneuvering)을 결정하는 접근 방식을 제시하였다. 주요 연구결과로 최근 4년간 목포항 항만구역 내에서 선박으로부터 배출된 배기가스는 11,409톤이었으며, 자동차전용선이 5,329톤으로 가장 많았고, 정박 중에는 목포 신항 부두에서 1,835톤의 온실가스와 미세먼지가 배출되었다. 이 연구는 목포항의 선박입출항수, 처리 물동량과 더불어 환경적인 측면에서 정보관리를 위한 데이터로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제38권9호
• /
• pp.1161-1166
• /
• 2009

본 연구에서는 고추씨의 생체 내 항산화작용을 규명하기 위하여 고콜레스테롤 고지방 식이 흰쥐 간조직의 항산화 방어계와 지질과산화에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 실험동물은 체중 150$\pm$10 g 내외의 Sprague-Dawley종 수컷 흰쥐를 사용하였으며, 정상식이 대조군(N), 고지방.고콜레스테롤 공급군(HF), 고지방 고콜레스테롤 공급군에 고추씨파우더 5% 공급군(SA), 10% 공급군(SB) 및 15% 공급군(SC)으로 총 5군으로 나누었다. 식이 및 식수는 자유섭취하게 하였으며 4주간 사육한 후 희생시켰다. 실험기간 동안 체중 증가량은 정상군에 비해 고지방 고콜레스테롤 공급군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으나 고추씨 공급군에서는 정상군 수준이었으며 식이효율도 유사한 경향이었다. 간 조직 중의 항산화 효소계인 SOD 활성은 HF군에 비해 고추씨 공급군에서 다소 증가한 경향이었다. GSHpx의 활성은 정상군에 비해 고지방 콜레스테롤 공급군 모두에서 감소되었으나 SC군에서는 정상군 수준이었다. 또한 catalase 함량은 고지방 고콜레스테롤 공급군에 비해 고추씨파우더를 공급한 군에서 증가되었으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 유리기를 소거하는 지표인 간조직의 superoxide radical 함량을 microsome에서 관찰한 결과는 정상군에 비해 HF군에서 유의적으로 증가되었으나 고추씨파우더를 공급한 모든 군에서 감소되었다. 간조직의 mitochondria에서는 고추씨파우더를 공급한 모든 군에서 유의적으로 감소하였으며 특히 SB, SC군에서는 정상군 수준으로 감소하였다. 간조직의 cytosol에서 $H_2O_2$를 관찰한 결과 고지방 고콜레스테롤군 대조군에 비해 고추씨파우더 공급군에서 감소되었으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 간조직의 mitochondria에서는 정상군에 비해 HF군에서 유의적으로 증가되었으나 SC군에서는 정상군 수준으로 감소되었다. 간조직의 산화적 손상의 지표가 되는 carbonyl가 함량을 microsome에서 측정한 결과는 정상군에 비해 HF군에서 유의적으로 증가되었으나 고추씨파우더를 다량 공급한 두 군에서는 정상군 수준으로 감소되었다. 또한 mitochondria에서 측정한 결과는 HF군에 비해 고추씨파우더를 공급한 군에서 감소하였으나 군 간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 간 조직 중의 과산화지질의 함량을 관찰한 결과는 고지방 고콜레스테롤군에 비해 고추씨파우더를 공급한 모든 군에서 정상군 수준으로 감소하였다. 그리고 혈장에서 측정한 결과도 고추씨파우더를 공급한 군에서 정상군 수준으로 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 고추씨파우더의 항산화 성분이 효과적으로 활성산소종의 소거에 관여함으로써 산화적 손상을 완화시킨 결과로 보인다.