• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.360-366
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• 2000

$Sr_xBi_{2.4}Ta_2O_9$ (SBT) thin films of 150 nm thickness were prepared using LSMCD (Liquid Source Misted Chemical Deposition) process with variation of the Sr/Ta mole ratio of 0.35~0.65, and their crystalline phase, microstructure, ferroelectric properties and leakage current characteristics were investigated. Ferroelectric characteristics of the LSMCD-derived SBT films were optimized at the Sr/Ta moleratio of 0.425. The remanent polarization (2Pr) and coercive field (Ec) of the SBT film with the Sr/Ta mole ratio of 0.425 were measured as 15.01 $\mu$C/$ \textrm{cm}^2$ and 41 kV/cm at an applied voltage of $\pm$5 V respectively. LSMCD-derived SBT films with the Sr/Ta mole ratio of 0.35~0.5 exhibited leakage current densities lower than $10^{-5} A/\textrm{cm}^2$ at an applied field of 100 kV/cm, and excellent fatigue-free characteristics of the remanent polarization decrement less than 1% after $10^{10}$ switching cycles at$\pm$5 V.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.114-124
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• 2022

The Saemangeum has a dry surface characteristic with a low moisture content ratio due to the saline and silt soil, so the vegetation cover is low compared to other areas. In areas with low vegetation cover, wind erosion has a high probability of scattering dust. If the vegetation cover is increased by cultivating crops that can withstand the Saemangeum reclaimed environment, scattering dust can be reduced by reducing the flow rate at the bottom. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of suppressing the generation of fine dust and scattering dust by cultivating winter forage crops on the Saemangeum reclaimed land. While growing 0.5 ha of barley and 0.5 ha of triticale in Saemangeum reclaimed land, the concentration of fine dust was monitored according to agricultural work and growth stage. Changes in the concentrations of PM-10, PM-2.5, and PM-1.0 were monitored on the leeward, the windward and centering on the crop field. As a result of monitoring, PM-1.0 had little effect on crop cultivation. the concentration of PM-10 and PM-2.5 increased according to tillage and harvesting, and tillage had a higher increasing the concentration of PM-10 and PM-2.5 than that of harvesting. According to the growth stage of crops, the effect of suppressing scattering dust was shown, and the effect of suppressing scattering dust was higher in the heading stage than in the seedling stage. So, it was found that there was an effect of suppressing scattering dust other than the effect of land covering. Through this study, it was possible to know about the generation and suppression effect of scattering dust according to crop cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.281-293
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• 1997

Dietary fiber(DF) intake of teenagers was estimated and the major food sources of fiber were analyzed using three-day food records and data from 365 middle school students in urban, rural and fishing areas. Mean dwily DF intake of males was 9.2$\pm$3.9g in urban, 10.4$\pm$5.4g in rural, and 7.9$\pm$4.0g in fishing areas and the intake of female was 10.6$\pm$5.1g in urban, 10.6$\pm$5.2g in rural, and 7.7$\pm$3.3g in fishing areas. When related to energy intake, female consumed more DF(5.7$\pm$2.5g/1000㎉, 7.0$\pm$3.5g/1000㎉, 4.6$\pm$2.2g/1000㎉, in urban, and rural, fishing areas respectively) than males(4.2$\pm$1.3g/1000㎉, 4.6$\pm$1.5g/1000㎉, 4.4$\pm$2.0g/1000㎉ in urban, rural, fishing respectively). Mean crude fiber(CF) intake of males was 4.1$\pm$1.7g, 4.5$\pm$2.4g, 3.7$\pm$2.4g, and female's intake was 4.7$\pm$1.9g, 4.8$\pm$2.2g, 3.7$\pm$1.9g in urban, rural, and fishing areas respectively. The mean DF : CF ratio for the subjects was 2.2-2.6, indicating that the DF intake is 2-3 times that of CF intakes. The intakes of the two measures of fiber were highly correlated(r=0.7781) . The major food sources for DF were cereals, vegetables and fruits and the percentage contributions of the food groups to the DF intake were 27-37$\%$, 22-30$\%$, and 11.5-19.7$\%$ respectively. The present study indicates that the DF intake of teenagers is considerably lower than the recommended level and they need to consume more DF than that indicated by the present levels. The importance of nutrition education on health and dietary pattern should also be emphasized among teenagers.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2008

The distributions and content of geometrical isomers of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in dairy foods such as milk, yogurt, and cheese, produced or being sold in the Quebec province of Canada, were investigated by gas chromatographic analysis. The mean contents of total CLA (mg/g fat) were $5.06{\pm}0.74$ in 4 low-fat milk samples, $14.14{\pm}4.95$ in 6 yogurt samples, and $18.22{\pm}7.89$ in 5 natural ripened cheeses. Among the yogurt samples, YY contained the highest content of total CLA ($20.68{\pm}5.17\;mg/g$ fat). Among the cheese samples, Gruyere contained the highest amount of total CLA ($29.86{\pm}0.62$) as well as c-9,t-11 ($22.03{\pm}0.36\;mg/g$ fat), followed by Jarlsberg ($22.76{\pm}0.14$), Provolone ($16.42{\pm}0.52$), Cheddar ($13.83{\pm}0.81$), and Swiss ($8.23{\pm}1.11$). Based on the distribution ratios of CLA isomers in these dairy foods, the c-9,t-11 isomer appeared to be the major CLA isomer in both the low-fat milk ($89.87{\pm}2.39%$) and yogurt ($90.98{\pm}4.42%$). In the cheeses, however, the ratio of c-9,t-11 ($54.86{\pm}13.06%$) was slightly higher than that of c-10,c-12 ($40.81{\pm}13.40%$).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.749-754
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• 2017

Objective : To quantitatively measure the degree of bone flap resorption (BFR) following autologous bone cranioplasty and to investigate factors associated with BFR. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 29 patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy and subsequent autologous bone cranioplasty between April 2005 and October 2014. BFR was defined as : 1) decrement ratio ([the ratio of initial BF size/craniectomy size]-[the ratio of last BF/craniectomy size]) >0.1; and 2) bone flap thinning or geometrical irregularity of bone flap shape on computed tomographic scan or skull plain X-ray. The minimal interval between craniectomy and cranioplasty was one month and the minimal follow-up period was one year. Clinical factors were compared between the BFR and no-BFR groups. Results : The time interval between craniectomy and cranioplasty was $175.7{\pm}258.2$ days and the mean period of follow up was $1364{\pm}886.8$ days. Among the 29 patients (mean age 48.1 years, male : female ratio 20 : 9), BFR occurred in 8 patients (27.6%). In one patient, removal of the bone flap was carried out due to severe BFR. The overall rate of BFR was $0.10{\pm}0.11$ over 3.7 years. Following univariate analysis, younger age ($30.5{\pm}23.2$ vs. $54.9{\pm}13.4$) and longer follow-up period ($2204.5{\pm}897.3$ vs. $1044.1{\pm}655.1$) were significantly associated with BFR (p=0.008 and 0.003, respectively). Conclusion : The degree of BFR following autologous bone cranioplasty was 2.7%/year and was associated with younger age and longer follow-up period.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.4 s.48
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• pp.677-691
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• 1994

To evaluate the validity of serum pepsinogen levels as a screening tool for gastric cancer and adenoma, immunoradiometric assays of serum pepsinogen I level (PG I), II level (PG II) and esphagogastroduodenal endoscopies were done in 757 health examinees. Serum PG I level was higher in subjects with active duodenal ulcer (n=45, $75.2{\pm}34.3{\mu}g/l(mean{\pm}standard\;deviation)$, p<0.01) and gastroduodenal ulcers (n=8, $75.6{\pm}19.8{\mu}g/l$, p<0.05), and was lower in those with gastric adenoma(n=4, $37.7{\pm}37.2{\mu}g/l$, p<0.2) than those with normal, mild gastritis findings or ulcer scars (n=378, $56.6{\pm}24.9{\mu}g/l$. Serum PG II level was higher in subjects with active duodenal ulcer($17.2{\pm}13.8{\mu}g/l$, p<0.2), active gastro-duodenal ulcers ($18.3{\pm}7.4{\mu}g/l$, p<0.2) and gastric carcinoma (n=3, $23.8{\pm}10.9{\mu}g/l$, p<0.05) than those with normal, mild gastritis findings or ulcer scars $(14.5{\pm}7.9{\mu}g/l)$. Serum PG I/PG II ratio was higher in subjects with active duodenal ulcer($5.1{\pm}1.6$, p<0.05) and was lower in those with chronic gastritis(n=107, $4.1{\pm}1.7$, p<0.05), gastric polyp(n=19, $3.9{\pm}1.4$, p<0.2), gastric adenoma(n=4, $2.1{\pm}1.9$, p<0.01) and gastric carcinoma(n=3, $2.7{\pm}1.2$, p<0.1) than those with normal, mild gastritis findings or ulcer scars ($4.5{\pm}1.7$). Serum PG II level increased with age until 6th decade, whereas serum PG I/PG II ratio decreased with age in 378 subjects with normal, mild gastritis findings or ulcer scars. The screening criteria of serum PG I<$70{\mu}g/l$ and PG I/PG II ratio<3.0 for detecting gastric cancer and adenoma gave a positive rate of 15.7%, sensitivity of 57.1% and specificity of 84.7%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.493-500
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• 2017

In this study, data analysis has been conducted by INFINITT program to analyze the effect of signal to noise ratio(SNR) and contrast to noise ratio(CNR) of flow related enhancement(FRE) and computed tomography Angiography(CTA) on cerebrovascular diseases for qualitative evaluations. Based on the cerebrovascular image results achieved from 63 patients (January to April, 2017, at C University Hospital), we have selected 19 patients that performed both FRE-MRA and CTA. From the 19 patients, 2 were excluded due to artifacts from movements in the cerebrovascular image results. For the analysis conditions, we have set the 5 part (anterior cerebral artery, right and left Middle cerebral artery, right and left Posterior cerebral artery) as the interest area to evaluate the SNR and CNR, and the results were validated through Independence t Test. As a result, by averaging the SNR, and CNR values, the corresponding FRE-MRA achieved were: anterior cerebral artery ($1500.73{\pm}12.23/970.43{\pm}14.55$), right middle cerebral artery ($1470.16{\pm}11.46/919.44{\pm}13.29$), left middle cerebral artery ($1457.48{\pm}17.11/903.96{\pm}14.53$), right posterior cerebral artery ($1385.83{\pm}16.52/852.11{\pm}14.58$), left posterior cerebral artery ($1318.52{\pm}13.49/756.21{\pm}10.88$). by averaging the SNR, and CNR values, the corresponding CTA achieved were: anterior cerebral artery ($159.95{\pm}12.23/123.36{\pm}11.78$), right middle cerebral artery ($236.66{\pm}17.52/202.37{\pm}15.20$), left middle cerebral artery ($224.85{\pm}13.45/193.14{\pm}11.88$), right posterior cerebral artery ($183.65{\pm}13.47/151.44{\pm}11.48$), left posterior cerebral artery ($177.7{\pm}16.72/144.71{\pm}11.43$) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, MRA had high SNR and CNR value regardless of the cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage observed in the 5 part of the brain. Although FRE-MRA consumed longer time, it proved to have less side effect of contrast media when compared to the CTA.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.306-318
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the dietary attitudes and nutrient intakes of nurses. A total of 291 nurses working at hospitals in the Kyungnam area participated in the study. The general characteristics and dietary attitudes of the subjects were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire, and nutrient intakes was examined using one-day 24-hour recall method. The results were as follows : 67.7 percent of the subjects were nurses, 32.3% were nursing assistants. Average age of the subjects was 26.9 years old, average nursing experience was 5.7 years, and 70.7% of the subjects graduated from junior college. The rates of shift work (45.4%) and non-shift work (54.6%) were similar, and 91.5% of subjects worked on a three-shift a day schedule. The average nutrition knowledge score was 14.3 $\pm$ 2.5 out of a possible 20 points. Most of the nurses had experienced dietary problems such as skipping meals and overeating. Sixty-eight point three percent of the nurses had breakfast less than 3 times a week, and the main reason for skipping meals was a lack of time. Most of the nurses (74.1%) didn't exercise regularly. The average score on dietary habits was 55.6 out of 100, and most of the subjects belonged to the‘fair’group in terms of dietary habits. Married nurses, and those over 31 years of age, scored significantly higher on dietary habits than unmarried nurses, and those under 25 years of age (p < 0.001), and the scores significantly increased with increasing age. Mean daily carbohydrate and fat intake was 231.5 $\pm$ 66.1 g, 41.1 $\pm$ 18.8 g, and cholesterol and crude fiber intake was 238.2 $\pm$ 184.6 mg, 5.2 $\pm$ 2.0 g. respectively. Compared with the recommended allowances, the energy (1560.0 $\pm$ 448.5 kcal), calcium (453.8 $\pm$ 222.3 mg) iron (10.6 $\pm$ 7.6 mg), vitamin A (658.5 $\pm$ 538.1 R.E) and vitamin B$_2$ (0.96 $\pm$ 0.5 mg) figures were below the Korean RDA, and the protein (65.9 $\pm$ 31.0 g), vitamin B, (1.14 $\pm$ 0.5 mg), vitamin C (143.2 $\pm$ 119.6 mg), niacin (14.4 $\pm$ 6.3 mg) and phosphorus (958.1 $\pm$ 352.1 mg) figures were above the Korean RDA. The average carbohydrate, protein, fat ratio of energy intake was 60：17：23. The intake ratio of Ca and P showed an unbalance of 1：2. The dietary habits had a positive correlation (p < 0.001) with nutrition intake except vitamin A and vitamin C. Therefore, In order to improve overall dietary behavior and nutritional status, systematic nutrition education programs should be developed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.666-670
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• 1995

A total of and consecutive 87 patients underwent concomitant double mitral and aortic valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical prosthesis between January 1985 and December 1993. They were 44 males and 43 females with the ages ranging from 18 to 59 years[mean$\pm$SD: 40.9$\pm$9.5 years . Fifteen patients[17.2% had a history of previous cardiac valve replacement. There were 2 early deaths[2.3% , and 85 early survivors were followed up for a total of 352.6 patient-years[mean$\pm$SD: 4.1 $\pm$2.6 years . All were anticoagulated with coumadin keeping the target international normalized ratio within the range of 1.5 and 2.5. There was a single late death[late mortality of 0.284%/patient-year . Thromboembolism was the most frequent complication[1.985%/patient-year , and bleeding related to anticoagulation was experienced in one patient [0.284%/patient-year . The incidences of prosthetic valve endocarditis and of paravalvular leak were also low[0.284%/patient-year, respectively . The survival including operative mortality was 96.1%$\pm$2.2% at 10 years. The actuarial probabilities of freedom from thromboembolism and from all events were 77.9%$\pm$11.1% and 72.4%$\pm$10.7%, respectively, at 10 years. There was no structural failure of the prosthesis. Results from a series of clinical studies suggest strongly that the use of lower intensity of anticoagulation therapy lowers the thromboembolic as well as bleeding rates in patients with the ST. Jude Medical prosthesis.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 2001

The binary forsterite($Mg_2SiO_4$)/spinel ($MgAl_2O_4$) system, a possible refractory for industrial applications, is investigated for their density and grain growth the same firing conditions as the each component material between $1400^{\circ}C$ and $1700^{\circ}C$ ($1650^{\circ}C$). The forsterite grain growth exponent is established to be equal to 5 for all compositions within this binary system. Generally; the spinel addition to forsterite inhibited the forsterite grain growth. The activation energies for the forsterite grain growth of the eight compositions(weight ratio of forsterite/spinel) within the binary system are determined to be: 952$\pm$79(95/5), 363$\pm$37(90/10), 219$\pm$21(80/20), 220$\pm$44(70/30), 112$\pm$16(50/50), 112$\pm$23(30/70), 198$\pm$26(10/90), and 121$\pm$12(5/95) KJ/mol. The more forsterite is contained within the binary system, the higher value the activation energy for forsterite grain growth. It is considered that the forsterite grain growth at the higher forsterite compositions are more inhibited by spinel than that of the lower forsterite compositions.