• Title/Summary/Keyword: PLC

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Two-Way Hybrid Power-Line and Wireless Amplify-and-Forward Relay Communication Systems

  • Asiedu, Derek Kwaku Pobi;Ahiadormey, Roger Kwao;Shin, Suho;Lee, Kyoung-Jae
    • Journal of Advanced Information Technology and Convergence
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.25-37
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    • 2019
  • Power-line communication (PLC) has influenced smart grid development. In addition, PLC has also been instrumental in current research on internet-of-things (IoT). Due to the implementation of PLC in smart grid and IoT environments, strides have been made in PLC and its combination with the wireless system to form a hybrid communication system. Also, PLC has evolved from a single-input-single-output (SISO) configuration to multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration system, and from a point-to-point communication system to cooperative communication systems. In this work, we extend a MIMO wireless two-way amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative communication system to a hybrid PLC and wireless (PLC/W) system configuration. We then maximize the weighted sum-rate for the hybrid PLC/W by optimizing the precoders at each node within the hybrid PLC/W system. The sum-rate problem was found to be non-convex, therefore, an iterative algorithm is used to find the optimal precoders that locally maximize the system sum-rate. For our simulation results, we compare our proposed hybrid PLC/W configuration to a PLC only and wireless only configuration at each node. Due to an improvement in system diversity, the hybrid PLC/W configuration outperformed the PLC only and wireless only system configurations in all simulation results presented in this paper.

Phospholipase C-β3 Mediates the Thrombin-induced Ca2+ Response in Glial Cells

  • Hwang, Jong-Ik;Shin, Kum-Joo;Oh, Yong-Seok;Choi, Jung-Woong;Lee, Zee-Won;Kim, Daesoo;Ha, Kwon-Soo;Shin, Hee-Sup;Ryu, Sung Ho;Suh, Pann-Ghill
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.375-381
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    • 2005
  • Phospholipase C-${\beta}$ (PLC-${\beta}$) hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and generates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in response to activation of various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Using glial cells from knock-out mice lacking either PLC-${\beta}1$ [PLC-${\beta}1$ (-/-)] or PLC-${\beta}3$ [PLC-${\beta}3$ (-/-)], we examined which isotype of PLC-${\beta}$ participated in the cellular signaling events triggered by thrombin. Generation of inositol phosphates (IPs) was enhanced by thrombin in PLC-${\beta}1$ (-/-) cells, but was negligible in PLC-${\beta}3$ (-/-) cells. Expression of PLC-${\beta}3$ in PLC-${\beta}3$ (-/-) cells resulted in an increase in pertussis toxin (PTx)-sensitive IPs in response to thrombin as well as to PAR1-specific peptide, while expression of PLC-${\beta}1$ in PLC-${\beta}1$ (-/-) cells did not have any effect on IP generation. The thrombin-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase was delayed and attenuated in PLC-${\beta}3$ (-/-) cells, but normal in PLC-${\beta}1$ (-/-) cells. Pertussis toxin evoked a delayed $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase in PLC-${\beta}3$ (-/-) cells as well as in PLC-${\beta}1$ (-/-) cells. These results suggest that activation of PLC-${\beta}3$ by pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins is responsible for the transient $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase in response to thrombin, whereas the delayed $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase may be due to activation of some other PLC, such as PLC-${\beta}4$, acting via PTx-insensitive G proteins.

Activation of Phospholipase Cγ by Nitric Oxide in Choriocarcinoma Cell Line, BeWo Cells (Choriocarcinoma 세포주 BeWo 세포에서 nitric oxide에 의한 phospholipase Cγ 의 활성)

  • 차문석;곽종영
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.13 no.6
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    • pp.849-855
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    • 2003
  • Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role as a signaling molecule in the proliferation of placenta trophoblasts. In this study, we investigated the effect of NO on the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) in BeWo cells, choriocar-cinoma cell line. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an agent to produce NO spontaneously in cells, alone increased $[^3H]$ thymidine incorporation of BeWo cells, indicating NO stimulates proliferation of the cells. NO-induced proliferation of BeWo cells was blocked by U73122, an inhibitor of PLC, suggesting that NO-induced PLC activation is involved in the cell proliferation. NO also stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in BeWo cells, indicated by increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in Western blotting using anti-phospho-ERK1/2 antibody. NO-induced phos-phorylation of ERK1/2 was not abrogated by U73122. $PLC\gamma_1$l but not$PLC\gamma_2$ was tyrosine phosphorylated by SNP in immunoprecipitation assay using anti-$PLC\gamma_1$/$PLC\gamma_2$ antibodies, and SNP-induced phosphorylation of $PLC\gamma_1$ was abrogated by pre-treatment of cells with genistein and PD98059, indicating that NO induced-phosphorylation of $PLC\gamma_1$ is mediated by ERK. These results suggest that NO stimulates the proliferation of BeWo cells through ERK and $PLC\gamma_1$.

Development of PLC by using micro controller for the distributed fire alarm system (마이크로 콘트롤러를 이용한 분산형 방재 시스템용 중계기 개발)

  • Han, Kyong-Ho;Lee, Ki-Sik;Hwang, Seok-Yong;Kim, Jong-Chol
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 1996.07b
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    • pp.1243-1247
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    • 1996
  • In this paper, a small PLC system is designed and developed for the distributed building control and fire control system. It uses 8031, a 8-bit micro controller from Intel Inc. The size of the PLC is $7cm{\times}8cm$ and the PLC can accept 4 sensor inputs and drive 4 relay outputs, which operates at 24V. Multiple access of PLC by one host computer is implemented by assigning a unique 10 to each PLC, which ranges from 0 to 126. The operation starts by sending a command packet from host computer to a PLC and the PLC of the same 10 fetches the command packet by comparing the first byte of the command packet with its own 10. The PLC is programmed to perform a various functions and the function is selected by the content of the command byte, which is the second byte of the command packet. The third byte, which is the last byte, is a checksum byte. The checksum byte is the sum of the first byte and the second byte and is used to detect the communication error. Depending on the content of the command byte, PLC performs the desired function and returns the response packet back to the host computer. The response packet is also a three-byte packet, 10 byte, response byte and checksum byte. For the independent operation of PLC without being controlled by the host computer, variable length RULE data packet is sent to PLC. In case the communication line is broken, the PLC perform the independent operation by referencing the RULE data. The applicable areas are; building automation system, distributed factory automation, measurement of temperature of toxic or dangerous area.

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System Model-driven Conversion from PLC-based Systems to RTOS-based Systems (시스템 모델을 통한 PLC 기반 시스템의 RTOS 기반 시스템으로의 변환)

  • Kim, Je-Wung;Lim, Sung-Soo
    • Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.13-26
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    • 2009
  • In this raper, We propose the alternative solution, RTOS-based system to replace the PLC 4hat has used the automation system for industrial processes. RTOS-based system is constructed the PC and RTOS as hardware and software. It overcomes the limit of PLC and guarantees the stability and reliability. Also, PC has better performance and cheaper than PLC when operating and constructing the system. For many manufactures, these benefits alone are all the reason they need to switch from PLC-based system to RTOS-based system. To use the RTOS-based System, the PLC program needs the conversion to the RTOS task. And how to transform is the most important issue. So, we propose conversion method through the system model. The system model defines the operation of each module as the task after the system divided into module. Because the system divided into modules can control, the performance and the functionality of system improve, and the system can deal with a problem easily when repairing and changing.

Development of PLC Communication Line Test Simulator (PLC 통신 선로 시험 시뮬레이터 개발)

  • ku, Jayl
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.54 no.4
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    • pp.122-128
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    • 2017
  • In order to simplify the wiring of construction heavy equipment, researches on PLC(Power Line Communication)-CAN(Controller Area Network) communication module are actively proceeding. Even if a PLC-CAN communication module is developed, a simulator capable of judging whether the PLC-CAN communication module is operating normally is needed. In this paper, we designed and developed a simulator that can measure the status of PLC-CAN communication module. We analyzed the characteristics of the power line communication frequency band by analyzing the characteristics of the power line and compared the noise characteristics with the passenger car in order to characterize the heavy equipment noise.

[ $PLC-{\gamma}1$ ] for Differentiating Adenocarcinoma from Reactive Mesothelial Cells in Effusions (체강 삼출액의 진단에 있어서 $PLC-{\gamma}1$ 면역 염색의 유용성)

  • Woo, Yeong-Ju;Kim, Sung-Sook
    • The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.115-119
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    • 1997
  • Cytologic diagnosis of reactive or malignant effusion is sometimes difficult. Especially, differentiation of benign reactive mesothelial cells from malignant cells in body effusion is more difficult. Recently, immunohistochemistry has been used to diagnose difficult cases. Phospholipase $C(PLC)-{\gamma}1$ is one of the isoenzyme of the PLC which plays central role in signal transduction involving cellular growth, differentiation and transformation by phosphorylating many protein component. Increased expression of $PLC-{\gamma}1$ in human breast carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma and stomach cancers are reported. To evaluate the efficacy of positive $PLC-{\gamma}1$ immunostaining in the diagnosis of malignancy in effusions, paraffin-embedded cell blocks of pleural fluid and ascites from 10 patients(5 metastatic adenocarcinomas, and 5 reactive mesothelial cells) were immunostained with a monoclonal antibody to $PLC-{\gamma}1$. $PLC-{\gamma}1$ immuostained all the adenocarcinomas in cell block(5/5) with intense membrane pattern, however, none of the reactive mesothelial proliferations stained with the diagnostic membrane pattern. Thus, our study strongly supports the conclusion that $PLC-{\gamma}1$ immunopositivity is likely to become a useful adjunct for the diagnosis of malignancy in effusions.

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Analysis of Security Weakness and Countermeasure in PLC-based Homenetwork (PLC 홈네트워크의 보안 취약성 및 대응방안 분석)

  • Ju Seong-Ho;Lim Yong-Hun;Park Byung-Seok;Kim Tae-Wan;Kim Young-Hyun;Choi Moon-Seok;Lee Beom-Seok
    • Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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    • 2006.06a
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    • pp.478-480
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    • 2006
  • 고속 PLC 기술의 실현으로 인한 외부 엑세스망과의 연동이 가능해지고, 댁내에서 저속/고속 PLC 기술의 활용으로 생활기기의 제어와 멀티미디어 서비스의 공급이 원활하게 이루어 질 경우 다양한 흠 네트워크 서비스를 제공할 수 있게 된다. 하지만 이러한 PLC 기술 기반의 다양한 서비스들이 PLC 엑세스망 및 홈네트워크를 통해 제공될 경우, 다양한 보안 취약성을 포함하게 된다. 따라서 현재 흠 네트워크에서 제기되고 있는 보안 취약성뿐만 아니라 PLC 기술을 적용할 경우 발생가능한 모든 보안적 문제점을 살펴볼 필요가 있으며, 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 제안되고 있는 보안 서비스 모델을 PLC 기반의 흠 네트워크 보안과 연관하여 최적의 보안시스템을 개발할 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서는 PLC망에서의 보안 취약성을 분석하고 이에 따른 대응방안을 분석하여 PLC기반의 홈네트워크 보급이 활성화될 수 있도록 한다.

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Distributional Patterns of Phospholipase C Isozymes in Heart and Brain of Spontaneously Hypertensive and Normotensive Rats

  • Choi, Ji-Woong;Cho, Young-Jin;Cha, Seok-Ho;Lee, Kweon-Haeng;Lee, Sang-Bok
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.1 no.4
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    • pp.385-392
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    • 1997
  • The phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated intracellular signal transduction pathway is considered to be involved in the regulation of blood pressure. However, little information is available concerning the distributional and functional significance of PLC in the genetic hypertensive rats. As the first step of knowing the role of PLC on hypertension, we investigated the distribution of 6 PLC isozymes $(PLC-{\beta}1,\;-{\beta}3,\;-{\beta}4,\;-{\gamma}1,\;-{\gamma}2\;and\;-{\delta}1)$ in the heart and brain, which are concerned with hypertension, in the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) using the western blotting and immunocytochemistry. The immunoreactivities of PLC isozymes in brain were detected, but there were no distributional and quantitative differences between the WKY and SHR. In the heart, but the immunoreactivities to $PLC-{\beta}1$ and $-{\gamma}2$ in the SHR were higher than those in WKY. In immunocytochemistry to confirm these western blotting data, $PLC-{\beta}1$ and $-{\gamma}2$ were localized in cardiac myocytes and the intensities of immunoreactivity in SHR were stronger than that in WKY. These results suggest that $PLC-{\beta}1$ and $-{\gamma}2$ would have possibility to concern with the establishment of spontaneous hypertension.

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