• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.148-159
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to validate the effect of improvement such measures as fence installation or planting of bush and herbaceous plants taken from Pinus densiflora forest in Solbat Neighborhood Park in Seoul, which was damaged by stamping. The study was conducted in 2005 and 2010 in order to analyze changes in planting types, planting structure of Pinus densiflora forest, soil hardness, cross-sectional structure of soil, and physicochemical characteristics of soil. It was also measured by the growth of the branches and the diameter of Pinus densiflora, comparing before and after the improvement to study the effect of restoring Pinus densiflora forest damaged by stamping. When it comes to a change in planting type, Pinus densiflora forest without underlay was reduced from 48.5% in 2005 to 6.8% in 2010. Pinus densiflora forest with bush and herbaceous plants was increased dramatically from 7.4% to 46.8%. Regarding planting structure, in most area of the subject site, Pinus densiflora forest without under layer was transformed into the one with bush and herbaceous plants including Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron schippenbachii, Hemerocallis fulva, Aceriphyllum rossii, Hosta plantaginea growing in a wide area. The soil in the Solbat Neighborhood Park was very stiff with soil hardness of $54.8kg/cm^2$ in average. After the improvement efforts made in the Park in 2010, the soil hardness was mostly less than $4kg/cm^2$, being in a good condition with little influence on the growth of plants. When it comes to the cross-sectional structure of soil, litter layer didn't exist in 2005 because of stamping and the organic matter layer was only 1.0cm thick, which provided an unfavorable condition for plant growth. However, after improvement, litter layer was formed up to 3.0cm and thickness of the organic matter layer also went up to 1.5~8.0cm in 2010 because the damage from stamping was reduced. Concerning the physicochemical characteristic of soil, in 2005 soil showed pH 5.76~6.70, organic matter content 7.15~10.55%, and available phosphorus 9.38~26.47mg/kg, having no big problems as a soil environment for growth of Pinus densiflora. 15 trees of Pinus densiflora were selected to see branch growth and it was found that the branches tended to grow better after improvement. 70 trees of Pinus densiflora from various grades of soil hardness also were selected to identify changes of diameter growth. In most cases, it was analyzed that Pinus densiflora grew better after improvement. After conducting this study, it was validated that such measures as fence installation or planting of bush and herbaceous plants to restore Pinus densiflora Forest damaged by stamping were effective in improving growth of Pinus densiflora.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2003

The existing geotextile reinforced soil wall methods have a demerit in terms of esthetic view because concrete panel or block are used as wall facing of the methods. If grass planting walls could be used in reinforced soil slope or wall methods, efficiency of the methods would be increased with maximization of advantage of the methods. In this study, some possible methods in which grass planting wall is used as wall facing are devised. A series of laboratory model tests were performed to investigate the behavior of newly devised methods in order to compare with the results of each others. As a major result, it was found that this kinds of grass wall facing methods could be accepted as a new construction method even in the sense of stability.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.98-106
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• 2010

This study focuses on the appropriate planting soil for Vitex rotundifolia by planting soil. Different soil depth levels were achieved at 15cm and 25cm in the green roof module system that was created with woody materials for a $500{\times}500{\times}300mm$ area. The soil mixture ratio was $S_{10}$, $L_{10}$, $S_7L_3$, $S_5L_5$, $P_7P_1L_2$, $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ and $P_4P_4L_2$. This study was carried out over five months between April and September, 2006. The amount of soil moisture tends to decrease according to the planting soil. For the experimental items $S_{10}$, $S_7L_3$ and $S_5L_5$, the amount of soil moisture tends to decrease rapidly. However, for the experimental items $P_7P_1L_2$, $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ and $P_4P_4L_2$, conditions containing perlite and peat moss, the amount of moisture tends to decrease more gradually. As a result, the use of soil-improving amending for the afforestation planting of roofs with a low level of management is need. After experimenting with the ratio of soil mixture for Vitex rotundifolia, the planting soil for experimental item $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ and $P_4P_4L_2$ appeared excellent. For experimental item $S_{10}$, the growth of Vitex rotundifolia seemed to be weaker than that of others, because of the low levels of moisture and organic matter in the soil. For experimental item $L_{10}$, there appeared to be a low level of growth, even when the levels of moisture and organic matter were high. This may have occurred because of the low level of soil pH and the excessive amount of exchangeable cation. At the depth of 25cm, the growth of Vitex rotundifolia is vigorous overall. For experimental item at 15cm, Vitex rotundifolia was able to survive for 14 days without any rainfall and Vitex rotundifolia was better in amended soil, $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ and $P_4P_4L_2$, than natural soil, SL.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1689-1699
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• 2016

The growth conditions of planted trees, invasion of nuisance herbaceous species, competition between species, and effects of erosion control were monitored over five years in a riparian greenspace in Gapyeong County that was established through multilayered and grouped ecological planting. Of 156 trees planted in the upper and middle layers, 5.8% died. This tree death was attributed to poor drainage or aeration in the rooting zone from the clay-added root ball and too deep planting as well as a small-sized root ball and scanty fine roots. Of all the trees, 21.6% grew poorly due to transplant stress in the first year after planting, but they started to grow vigorously in the third year. This good growth was largely associated with soil improvement before planting, selection of appropriate tree species based on growth ground, and control of dryness and invasive climbing plants through surface mulching and multilayered/grouped planting. Mixed planting of fast-growing species as temporary trees was desirable for accelerating planting effect and increasing planting density. Thinning of fast-growing trees was required in the fifth year after planting to avoid considerable competition with target species. To reduce the invasion of herbaceous and climbing plants that oppress normal growth of planted trees, higher density planting of trees (crown opening of about 15%), woodchip mulching to a 10-cm depth, and edge planting 2 m wide were more effective than lower density planting (crown opening of 70%), no surface mulching, and no edge planting, respectively. This reduction effect was especially great during the first three years after planting. Nuisance herbaceous plants rarely invaded higher density planting with woodchip mulching over the five years. Higher density planting or woodchip mulching also showed much greater erosion control through rainfall interception and buffering than lower density planting with no mulching did. Based on these results, desirable planting and management strategies are suggested to improve the functions of riparian greenspaces.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.119-132
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• 2012

The unmanaged abandoned concrete roads are vulnerable toward the issues on soil and water pollution, which requires flexible managing method such as eco-corridor after the process of ecological restoration. Among various alternations of abandoned concrete-paved roads, ecological restoration technique may be the most suitable method in sites including high quality of natural environment. Therefore, as in Young dong province, GyungBu express highway (227.24~229.04km), which is near to Hwang-gan IC, the survey to measure its effect of soil under the paving and water pollution by abandoned concrete roads was discussed. Then, the restoration method of plantings of landscape trees and hydro-seeding methods of artificial soil media was appraised through consecutive monitoring. The soil adequacy analysis shows lower percentage of heavy metal substance in each depth level compared to standard limit stated by the Ministry of Environment, along with low concerns raised after the analysis on heavy metal content of the spilled water on the concrete roads. Meanwhile, Korean Weigela (Weigela subsessilis L.H. Baily) was found to be withered in small-scale landscape trees planting sites. Among the seeding plants. the family of leguminosae, Silene armeria, Dendranthema boreale, Caryopteris incana and Aster yomena show good establishment results. Overall studies on planting of small and large landscape trees, planting method of container plants, planting method of ground cover plants, and germination and development trend of seeding plants of the experimental restoration site on abandoned concrete roads are revealing specific trends in the way landscape woody plants establishment and growth. Finally, this study suggests further studies and survey on varied plant restoration methods on abandoned concrete-roads for developed design guidelines of their methods.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate the growth and nodulation characters of hypernodulating soy-bean mutant, SS2-2, and to know the growth and yield performance of the mutant in infertile soil. Soil fertility was adjusted by mixing the different ratios of soil components including clay, river sand, and horticultural bed, which resulted in fertile and infertile soil. Dry weight, nitrogen concentration, and leaf nitrate reductase of each plant were measured around V6 stage (47 days after planting) and around R3 stage (82 days after planting). There were significant effects of soil fertility and soybean genotype on the total dry weights including root, nodule, stem, leaf, and pod dry weight at V6 and R3 stages. Total dry weight of hypernodulating mutant, SS2-2, was clearly less than that of its wild type, Sinpaldalkong 2. However, nodule development on the roots of SS2-2 was much greater than that of Sinpaldalkong 2, regardless of soil fertility. Though SS2-2 was smaller in plant size than Sinpaldalkong 2, genotypic difference in total nitrogen content was not significant at both V6 and R3 stages because SS2-2 fixed more nitrogen biologically than its wild type in the root nodule. The SS2-2 mutant showed lower plant yield in both infertile and fertile soil. The SS2-2 contained more crude seed protein than Sinpaldalkong 2, and was characterized with reduced top and root growth.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.198-209
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• 2004

In order to elucidate the behavior of the fungicide hexaconazole in soil and rice plants, rice plants were grown for 42 days in a microecosystem (pot) containing fresh and 28 day-aged soil residues of $[^{14}C]$hexaconazole. The amount of $^{14}CO_2$ evolved during 28 days of aging was 0.11 % of total $^{14}C$-radioactivity treated and the averaged weekly degradation rate was 0.03%. Mineralization rates for 42 days of rice cultivation on fresh and aged paddy soils were 0.67% of the total $^{14}C$ in case of non-rice planting on aged soil and 1.17% in case of rice planting on aged soil, whereas 1.25% in non-rice planting on fresh soil and 1.72% in case of rice planting on fresh soil, suggesting that the amounts of $^{14}CO_2$ were evolved higher from fresh soils than aged ones and from rice-planting soils than non-planting ones. The amounts of volatiles collected were very low as background levels. Most of $^{14}C$-Radioactivity was remained in soil after 42 days of rice cultivation and $^{14}C$ absorbed through rice roots was distributed more in shoots than roots and translocated into the edge of shoots of rice plants. Amounts of non-extractable $^{14}C$ in soils were higher in rice planted soil than in non-planting soil. The distribution of non-extractable $^{14}C$ was increased in the order of humin>fulvic acid>humic acid. The amounts of $^{14}C$ translocated into rotational crop Chinese cabbage were 2.36 and 3.69% of the total $^{14}C$ in case of rice planted soil containing fresh and aged residues, respectively, suggesting that small amounts of $[^{14}C]$hexaconazole and its metabolite(s) were absorbed and their bound residues were more available than their fresh ones to Chinese cabbage.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.140-146
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• 2009

The garlic, along with the red pepper, is one of the major seasoning vegetables in Korea. Garlic clove planting is one of the most laborious operations. Labor cost is the main source of high production cost of the garlic. Because of the geometrical uniqueness and irregularity of garlic cloves, mechanization of garlic clove planting is very difficult. To overcome price competition against the imported garlic, however, there has been a need of development of a clove metering device and a planting device for the garlic clove planter. Computer simulation, laboratory tests and field tests were conducted to develop a garlic clove planter. This research was conducted to drop garlic cloves into a soil holes through a drum bucket metering system and a rotary type planting system. Followings are the major achievements from this study. 1. The metering device consisted of a drum, a guide, a bucket and a bucket cover. Opening positions of the metering hopper were evaluated at different positions and trajectories of planting hoppers. The simulation showed that the optimum positions of hopper was -15${\sim}$0 mm in the x direction. 2. When the planter was tested under different soil textures and water contents, the best performances were obtained in a upland field with 29.1% water content and a paddy field with 18.3% water content where single clove metering and missing rate were 88.4% and 1.3%, and 90.7% and 2.0%, respectively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.217-223
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• 2008

In this study, a garlic clove planter which is capable of planting holes in soil and planting a clove at the same time was designed and tested for film mulched beds. Planting characteristics of the planter were measured through field experiment. Some characteristics were analyzed with multibody dynamic simulation software. Simulation was performed on opening time of the planting hopper. Measured characteristics were position, angle, and reposition amount of garlic in sowing hole. Experiment results showed that the planted position of garlic in planting was 23.0 mm from the hole wall. The reposition amount of garlic was varied with its position and angle when the planted garlic was pressed by an angled compaction wheel. In case of type II position, the position movement of garlic was larger than type I. Average position movement of type II was 11.5 mm at $20^{\circ}$ of compaction wheel angle. These data suggest that cutting diameter of film opening must be larger than 33 mm to provide enough space for garlic sprouting. Also, simulation results showed that the maximum opening time of the planting hopper was 0.26 second.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2017

In this study, in order to examine the change of soil animals by vegetation restoration types, experimental sites with biotope restoration method, forest topsoil paving method, small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method were applied and the control site was selected. The naturalness of soil animals was analysed by studying the change of soil animals. It was confirmed that the control site has a high level of the naturalness of soil animals as it includes a mixture of fauna sensitive and insensitive to environment distributed widely over the site. The experimental site with biotope restoration method showed a similar level of the naturalness of soil animals as the control site. Furthermore, the naturalness of soil animals in the experimental sites with small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method also showed a progressive restoration although the level of the naturalness of soil animals is lower than the experimental site with the biotope restoration method. Therefore, it is confirmed that the experimental site with biotope restoration method shows a faster recovery of soil animal than other sites. This is because this method uses the portion of topsoil and subsoil that were dug from the intact forest during transplantation.