• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 1999

Geranyllinalool, a polyisoprenoid compound, was found to block the early biosynthetic pathway of sphingolipids in LLC-PKl cells. Sphinganine, an intermediate in sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway, was abruptly accumulated in LLC-PKl cells at $2{\;}{\mu}M$ of fumonisin B1(FB1), a specific inhibitor of sphinganine N-acyltransferase, for 24 hr. Geranyllinalool lowered the $B_1(FB_1)$, a specific inhibitor of sphinganine N-acyltransferase, for 24 hr. Geranyllinalool lowered th FB1 and $50{\;}\mu$M geranyllinalool. l-Cy-closerine, an inhibitor of serine-palmitoyl transferase, was used as a positive control to evaluate the inhibitory effect of geranyllinalool. These results suggest that geranyllinalool may inhibit the serine-palmitoyl transferase, the first enzyme in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, resulting in the altered regulation of sphingolipid metabolism.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1995

[1] Show that ∫$\_$0/$\^$1/ [∫$\_$0/$\^$1/ f($\chi$,y)dy] d$\chi$ = ∫$\_$0/$\^$1/[∫$\_$0/$\^$1/ f($\chi$,y)d$\chi$] Counterexample: If pk denotes the k-th prime number, let S(pk) = (equation omitted), let S = ∪$\_$k=1/$\^$$\infty$/ S(pk), and let Q = [0, 1]${\times}$[0, 1]. Define f on Q as follows; f($\chi$, y) = 0 ($\chi$, y)$\in$S, f($\chi$, y) = 1 ($\chi$, y)$\in$Q - S.(omitted)

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.53-60
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• 2021

Many standard methods are used for secret text files and secrete short messages cryptography, these methods are efficient when the text to be encrypted is small, and the efficiency will rapidly decrease when increasing the text size, also these methods sometimes have a low level of security, this level will depend on the PK length and sometimes it may be hacked. In this paper, a new method will be introduced to improve the data protection level by using a changeable secrete speech file to generate PK. Highly Secure Data Encryption (HSDE) method will be implemented and tested for data quality levels to ensure that the HSDE destroys the data in the encryption phase, and recover the original data in the decryption phase. Some standard methods of data cryptography will be implemented; comparisons will be done to justify the enhancements provided by the proposed method.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 2012

In order to investigate the ethanol fermentation properties of alcohol yeasts a laboratorial strain (CEN.PK2-1D) and two industrial alcohol yeasts (JHS100 and JHS200) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were cultured in a pure YP medium with 300 g/L glucose and cassava hydrolysate. Spot assay and cell viability tests showed that both the JHS100 and JHS200 strains exhibited higher ethanol tolerance than the CEN.PK2-1D strain. The JHS100 strain demonstrated the highest cell growth, glucose consumption and ethanol production. In particular, an anaerobic batch fermentation of the JHS100 strain using cassava hydrolysate with 250 g/L glucose resulted in a 106.1 g/L ethanol concentration, 0.42 g/g ethanol yield and 3.15 g/L-hr ethanol productivity, which were 53%, 13%, 53% higher than the corresponding values for the CEN.PK2-1D strain. By changing the pure YP medium to cassava hydrolysate, 19% and 17% decreases in ethanol yield and productivity for the CEN.PK2-1D strain were observed, whereas the cultures of the JHS100 and JHS200 stains showed similar ethanol productivities and only an 8% decrease in ethanol yield. Furthermore, the JHS100 and JHS200 stains produced lower levels of glycerol and acetate byproducts than the CEN.PK2-1D strain. Consequently, the outstanding ethanol fermentation performance of the industrial strains might be owing to rapid cell growth, high ethanol tolerance, low nitrogen requirements and the low formation of by-products.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.237-255
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• 2011

This empirical study is focused on practical application of Range-Based Volatility which is estimated by opening, high, low, closing price of overall asset. Especially proper forecasting period is what I want to know. There is four useful Range-Based Volatility(RV) such as Parkinson(1980; PK), Garman and Klass(1980; GK) Rogers and Satchell(1991; RS), Yang and Zhang(2008; YZ). So, four RV of KOPSI 200 index during 2000.5.22-2009.9.18 was used for empirical test. The emprirical result as follows. First, the best RV which shows the best forecasting performance is PK volatility among PK, GK, RS, YZ volatility. According to estimating period forcasting performance of RV shows delicate difference. PK has better performance in the period with financial crisis of sub-prime mortgage loan. if not, RS is better. Second, almost result shows better performance on forecasting volatility without sub-prime mortgage loan period. so we can say that forecasting performance is lower when historical volatiltiy is comparatively high. Finally, I find that longer estimating period in AR(1) and MA(1) model can reduce forecasting error. More interesting point is that the result shows rapid decrease form 60 days to 90 days and there is no more after 90 days. So, if we forecast the volatility using Range-Based volaility it is better to estimate with 90 trading period or over 90 days.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.191-197
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• 2008

The purpose of the present study was to examine the pharmacokinetics and lymphatic delivery of the oligopeptide, a model peptide of X antigen epitope peptides, after the intramuscular administration of the peptide-bearing liposomes in rats. $^{14}C$-labelled peptide was used as a tracer to analyze the peptide levels in plasma, bile, urine, tissue homogenates, and lymph nodes (superior cervical nodes, brachial nodes and superior mesenteric nodes). Model peptide rapidly disappeared from the plasma by 30 min (${\alpha}$ phase) after i.v. administration, which was followed by the late disappearance. The apparent plasma half-lives ($t_{1/2({\alpha}),app}$) of the peptide at the ${\alpha}$ phase when administered at a dose of 0.2-1.0 mg/kg were about 5 min. The maximum plasma concentration ($C_{max}$) was $1.52\;{\mu}g/mL$, after the i.m. administration of the peptide at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg. The bioavailability, which was calculated from the time zero to last quantitative time, of the i.m. administered peptide was over 60%. Of the various tissues tested, the peptide was mainly distributed in the kidney after the i.m. administration. The peptide levels in the kidney 3 hr after the i.m. administration were higher than those of maximum plasma concentration ($C_{max}$). The cumulative amounts of the peptide found in the urine 72 hr after the administration of 1.0 mg/kg were 2-folder higher than those in the bile, suggesting that the peptide is mostly excreted in the urine. Moreover, the concentrations of the peptide in the lymph nodes were as high as that of the plasma and the tissues. In conclusion, the peptide concentration in the lymph nodes was maintained by 24 hr after the i.m. administration of the peptide-bearing liposomes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of fermented sesame sauce (FSeS) against hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced oxidative damage in renal proximal tubule LLC-PK1 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical ($^{\bullet}OH$), and $H_2O_2$ scavenging assay was used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of FSeS. To investigate the cytoprotective effect of FSeS against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells, the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and endogenous antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were measured. RESULTS: The ability of FSeS to scavenge DPPH, $^{\bullet}OH$ and $H_2O_2$ was greater than that of FSS and AHSS. FSeS also significantly inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced ($500{\mu}M$) oxidative damage in the LLC-PK1 cells compared to FSS and AHSS (P < 0.05). Following treatment with $100{\mu}g/mL$ of FSeS and FSS to prevent $H_2O_2$-induced oxidation, cell viability increased from 56.7% (control) to 83.7% and 75.6%, respectively. However, AHSS was not able to reduce $H_2O_2$-induced cell damage (viability of the AHSS-treated cells was 54.6%). FSeS more effectively suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced ROS generation and lipid peroxidation compared to FSS and AHSS (P < 0.05). Compared to the other sauces, FSeS also significantly increased cellular CAT, SOD, and GSH-px activities and mRNA expression (P < 0.05). CONCULUSIONS: These results from the present study suggest that FSeS is an effective radical scavenger and protects against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells by reducing ROS levels, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2016

A long-term field experiment under different fertilization treatments had been conducted to explore the effects of rice yield and soil chemical properties from 1978 to 2008 in Suwon, Korea. The paddy was applied eight fertilization treatments which were F0 (no fertilizer), PK (phosphorous and potassium), NK (nitrogen and potassium), NP (nitrogen and phosphorous), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), NPKC (NPK with compost), NPKS (NPK with straw) and NPKL (NPK with lime). Results of 31 years experiment showed that yield index (the ratio of yield in each treatment to NPK) was the lowest in F0 (0.52) and the highest in NPKC (1.18). Yield index was gradually increased in NPKC but decreased in F0 and NK. The yield index of PK, NP, NPKS and NPKL were not changed long-term treatment. Soil acidity of NPKL showed the highest with pH 7.9, and that of other treatments ranged from pH 6.3 to 6.8. Available phosphorous content of soil was increased in all plots by long-term fertilization, was the highest in PK and NPKC. Soil organic matter was higher in NPKC (1.8%) and NPKS (1.8%) than other treatments (1.3~1.4%) in the early experiment, but that was remarkably increased in only NPKC (2.5%) according to annual long-term application. Thus we suggest that annual compost application with optimum NPK could make stable and sustainable rice production.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2012

Recently developed polyketone fiber has various applications in the mechanical rubber goods as reinforcement because of its good mechanical properties. However, its surface is not suitable for good adhesion with the rubber matrix. Thus, a surface modification is essential to obtain the good interfacial adhesion. Plasma treatment, in this study, has been conducted to modify the surface of the polyketone fiber. The morphological changes of the fibers by oxygen plasma treatment were observed by using SEM and AFM. The chemical composition changes of PK fiber surface treated with oxygen plasma were investigated using an XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Finally, the effect of these changes on the interfacial adhesion between fiber and rubber was analyzed by using a microdroplet debonding test. By the plasma treatment, oxygen moieties on the fiber surface increased with processing time and power. The surface RMS roughness increases until the proper processing condition, but a long plasma processing time resulted in a rather reduced roughness because of surface degradation. When the treatment time and power were 60 s and 80 W, respectively, the highest interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was obtained between the PK fiber and natural rubber. However, as the treatment time and power were higher than 60 s and 80 W, respectively, the IFSS decreased because of degradation of the PK fiber surface by severe plasma treatment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2020

Background: Exploring the pharmacokinetic (PK) changes of various active components of single herbs and their combinations is necessary to elucidate the compatibility mechanism. However, the lack of chemical standards and low concentrations of multiple active ingredients in the biological matrix restrict PK studies. Methods: A putative multiple reaction monitoring strategy based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed to extend the PK scopes of quantification without resorting to the use of chemical standards. First, the compounds studied, including components with available reference standard (ARS) and components lacking reference standard (LRS), were preclassified to several groups according to their chemical structures. Herb decoctions were then subjected to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis with appropriate collision energy (CE) in MS² mode. Finally, multiple reaction monitoring transitions transformed from MS² of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used for ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to obtain the mass responses of LRS components. LRS components quantification was further performed by developing an assistive group-dependent semiquantitative method. Results: The developed method was exemplified by the comparative PK process of single herbs Radix Ginseng (RG), Radix Polygala (RP), and their combinations (RG-RP). Significant changes in PK parameters were observed before and after combination. Conclusion: Results indicated that Traditional Chinese Medicine combinations can produce synergistic effects and diminish possible toxic effects, thereby reflecting the advantages of compatibility. The proposed strategy can solve the quantitative problem of LRS and extend the scopes of PK studies.