• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of light intensity on the growth and biomass production of Pinus thunbergii seedlings. The experiment was performed under five different light intensities such as 100, 50, 30, 10, and 25 of the natural full sun light intensity for 2 year in the field condition. The seedling showed the highest height and root collar diameter growth under natural full sun light. The height growth of the seedling under 50% of light intensity showed 96.4% of the control seedling in the first year, and 88.9% in the second year, and the root collar diameter growth showed 94.1% in the first year 77.6% in the second year. Height and root collar diameter growth was markedly reduced below 30% of relative light intensity, and the reduction rate of root collar diameter growth was higher than that of height growth. All the tested seedlings died under 2% of relative light intensity in the second year. Biomass production was also reduced by decreasing of relative light intensity, the reduction rate of root biomass production in both first and second years was higher than that of leaf or shoot biomass production. The lowest reduction was observed at the shoot in the first year, and at the leaves in the second year The highest T/R ratio was recorded by 3.55 in the seedling under 50% of relative light intesity in the first year, and by 4.88 under 10% of relative light intensity in the second year.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.576-587
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• 2012

As being actual physiognomical vegetation on Daegwang sand dune in Imjado, the widest area is occupied by Pinus thunbergii community planted as windbreak forest whereas those communities such as Robinia pseudoacacia community, Elymus mollis community, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii - Elymus mollis community, Carex kobomugi community, Ischaemum antephoroides community, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community, Phragmites communis community, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii - Calamagrostis epigeios community occupy as band shape or patch. According to the result of the data collected and analyzed based on phytosociological method regarding 74 plots of survey area, the species composition of Daegwang sand dune vegetation is classified total 10 vegetation units comprises 7 communities and 5 groups. The 7 communities are classified into Pinus thunbergii community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, Rosa rugosa var. rugosa community, Ischaemum antephoroides community, Carex kobomugi community, Calamagrostis epigeios community, and the sub-units of Pinus thunbergii communities are classified into 3 groups of Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum group, Elymus mollis group, Pinus thunbergii topical group and the sub-units of Calamagrostis epigeios communities are classified into 2 groups of Phragmites communis group, Calamagrostis epigeios tipical group. The zonation of vegetation from coastal line indicated with the order of Elymus mollis - Carex kobomugi, Carex pumila, Lathyrus japonicus - Calystegia soldanella - Vitex rotundifolia, Lathyrus japonicus, Ischaemum antephoroides - Rosa rugosa var. rugosa. According to the analysis result of longitudinal section, it was found to be those types with wide width herbaceous vegetation of foredune, smooth slope of foredune, lots of dune ridges with no structure were less vulnerable to erosion of sand dune and advantageous to its recovery.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.717-724
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to analyze environment in the forest and growth characteristics for investigating the characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia distribution in a Pinus thunbergii forest at the coast. As a result of analyzing inhibitory factors of Robinia pseudoacacia distribution in a Pinus thunbergii forest at the coast, it is considered that the salt level included in a sea wind is supposed to be the primary factor of the slow growth for Robinia pseudoacacia since brown leaves, wilting and early leaf fall have appeared in the 0m spot from the artificial dune which has the high salt level. However, the soil properties and light environment hardly have a effect on the growth of Robinia pseudoacacia because there is no difference among planting places. Also, the growth ring of the horizontal root in 2year individuals 0.1~0.2m away from the dune have been formed for 1 year only as a consequence of analyzing growth rings of Robinia pseudoacacia growing on the coast. It can be infered that the nourishment of the horizontal root from individuals growing on the coast have been provided for the first 1 year only. It is estimated that, in case of the nearby areas on the coast, it is not enough to provided nourishment to the horizontal root due to obstructing the growth of new individuals by a sea wind, so the growth of the horizontal root would be hampered. Therefore, it is considered that impedient Robinia pseudoacacia distribution in a Pinus thunbergii forest at the coast is caused by making no growth of new horizontal roots and newborn individuals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.23-33
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• 2009

Vegetation structure of Seokseong fortress in Buyeo-Gun was investigated to suggest a desirable management proposal. Communities by phytosociological method were classified into Pinus rigida-Pinus densiflora community and Quercus variabilis community. The importance value of Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Pinus thunbergii, and Quercus acutissima were 127.06, 70.29, 69.63, 12.39 and 8.57. According to breast diameter analysis results, it is expected that the importance value of Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, and Quercus variabilis will be continuously increased. It should be prepared that vegetation management plan over the castle wall should be considered before the repair or restoration of castle wall. Vegetation management around castle wall should be carried out according to the mid or long-term plan and it would be needed to consider the gradual changes from planted Pinus rigida to the historical vegetation of Pinus densiflora.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 2000

The vegetation of Maemul, Somaemul and Eoyu islets in Tongyeong-si was investigated from September, 1996 through August, 1997. In order to analyze the vegetation of this islets, synthesis table, actual vegetation map were prepared. The predominant species of the islets was Camellia japonica. and the vegetation in this study area was classfied into 4 communties (included 1 afforestation) and 7 subcommunities 1 . Camellia japonica community 1) Typical subcommunity 2) Machilus thunbergii subcommunity 3) Castanopsis cuspidata var, thunbergii subcommunity 4) Ligustrum obtusifolium subcommunity 5) Carpinus coreana subcommunity 6) Selaginella tamariscina subcommunity 7) Pinus thunbergii subcommunity 2. Pinus thunbergii community 3. Alnus firma afforestation 4. Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens community.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

Despite it has been mentioned that the successful restoration in landscape level was achieved in the Young-il soil erosion control project, quantitative evaluation of restored plant communities (Alnus firma as introduced species and Pinus thunbergii as native species) was hardly founded. Light availability, litter and woody debris cover, and forest structure and composition were determined for 500 m² band-quadrat in three forest types. Abiotic factors of Q. serrata stands, as reference forest, and A. firma stands were similar but not for P. thunbergii stands. There were no significant difference on mean stem density (stems ha^-1, H = 3.6, p = 0.162), and the mean basal area of each stand had marginal significance (m² ha^-1, H = 5.7, p = 0.058) among stands as total basal area was higher with the order of A. firma (21.4 m² ha^-1), P. thunbergii (19.8 m² ha^-1) and Q. serrata (16.2 m² ha^-1). Restoration of vegetation structure was more effective in fast-growing and N-fixing A. firma, as introduced species plantation. However, result of MRPP, NMS ordination and ISPAN for herbaceous layer, not for tree and shrub species composition, indicated that restoration of ground vegetation was likely influenced highly from local environment. Propagule availability from landscape context such as connectedness to natural vegetation and management practices in restored isolated stands are available explanations for restoration effects and gaps between restored plantations and secondary oak forest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2015

This study was performed to compare the effects of different drainage layers on tree growth at the exposed sites of Saemangeum sea dike. 4 types of drainage layers including control(dredged soil), specially prepared bark, gravel, and wood chip were set in 150~165cm depth of soil. Pinus thunbergii and Celtis sinensis were planted after 9 months of soil treatment. Electrical conductivity(EC) of soil in all treated plots were decreased under $4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, and NaCl(%) was decreased under 0.05% after 1 year from soil treatment. Soil moisture at the 120cm depth of the bark treated plot was higher than that of the 180cm soil depth, below the drainage layer. It is considered that vertical mobility of water was inhibited. Organic matter(OM) at the 120cm soil depth increased at bark and wood chip treated plots. Survival rates after 4 years of P. thunbergii and C. sinensis were 100% in all treatments. The height of P. thunbergii was not significantly different among the treatments while the height of C. sinensis was significantly different among the treatments and it was highest at the bark treated plot.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.243-255
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• 1991

The vegetation of haenam peninsula(126 30e.l. and 34 30n.l ) was investigated from July, 1990 to 1991. the units of vegetatin were classified by the phytosociological method of broun- blanquet's. the forest vegetation was classified into 7 communities, sasa borealis-quercus acuta, cinnamomum japonicum, camellia japonica, rhododendron mucronulatum-pinus thunbergii, pinus densiflora community, torreya nucifera, chamaecyparis obtusa afforestatio, and the actual vegetation map was drawn in 1 : 50,00 scaie.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 2007

By using DEM and digital actual vegetation map with MGE GIS software program, topographic features (altitude, slope, latitude, etc.) quantitatively were analysed and their data integrated as the index of climatic conditions (WI, CI, air temperature, etc.) in South Korea. Warmth Index (WI) decreases $5.27^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ with latitudinal $1^{\circ} degree, and $3.41^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ with attitudinal 100 m increase. The relationship between CI and WI values is expressed as a linear regression, $WI=116.01+0.96{\times}CI,\;R^2=0.996$. The distributional peaks of different plant communities along Warmth Index gradient showed the sequence of Abies nephrolepis, Taxus cuspidata, Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora, Q. dentata, C. tschonoskii, Q. serrate, Pinus densiflora, Q. aliena, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima, P. thunbergii, Q. acute, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Camellia japonica, Machilus thunbergii community from lower to higher values. The Quercus mongolica forest occurred frequently on E-NW and SE slope aspect within WI $70{\sim}80^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ optimal range at mesic sites, NW and SE slope than xeric sites S and SW slope. The Q. serrata forest showed the most distributional frequency in NW and W slope aspect within WI $90{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ range, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima forest showed the high frequency of distribution in SE slope in WI $95{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ range. By the slope gradient analysis, five groups were found: 1. Abies nephrolepis, Machilus thunbergii, 2. Taxus cuspidata, Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica, Q. dentata, Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii 3. Pinus densiflora, Q. aliena, Q. acutissima, P. thunbergii, Q. acuta 4. Carpinus laxiflora, Camellia japonica 5. C. tschonoskii from steep slope to gentle slope sequence.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.29-36
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• 2008

This study examined the de-icing agents' stresses on Pinus strobus and Pinus thunbergii by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. The assumption of this study was that photosynthetic efficiency was changed by de-icing agents applied onto highways in winter by altering the concentration of the de-icier, types of de-icer and leaf surface coating liquid application. The practical purpose of this study was to investigate the de-icing gents stresses on Pinus strobus by the highway area where de-icing agents were used frequently and to discover out minimizing stratages to prevent further damages. or this simulation study, a sample plot was established in Bogae-myeon, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do and Pinus strobus and Pinus thunbergii were planted for the examination in April, 2005. Five types of de-icing agents - NaCl, $CaCl_2$, T product(NS40:low cWoride de-icer type), NaCl+$CaCl_2$ and T product+$CaCl_2$ - were selected and the their concentration was altered to 0%, 5%, and 9%. Five types of de-icing agents were applied to both trees treated by a leaf surface coating liquid and trees not treated by leaf surface coating liquid. For the fluorescence analysis, the leaf surface coating liquid, which was diluted by 10 times, was sprkinkled onto the two tree species three days prior to gathering samples. Sample leaves from the two tree species were gathered at 10 o'clock in the morning of mid-August, 2006 and brought to the laboratory within three hours to be dipped in different concentrations (0%, 5%, or 9%) of the five de-icing agents for two minutes. Then the eaves were placed on the filter paper dipped in each solution on a petri dish, sealed with polyethylene film and kept in a growth chamber at $22^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours. Out of the growth chamber, the leaves were treated with a chorophyll fluorescence reaction analyzer for 30 minutes to measure the initial light acceptance rate(Fo), maximum light acceptance ate(Fv/Fm), light acceptance usage(F' q/F' m) and optical electron delivery coefficient(qP). As a result, Pinus strobus' initial light acceptance rate(Fo) decreased as T product and NaCl increased in concentration, and $Cal_2$ did not reduce much with the eaf surface coating liquid application. Maximum light acceptance rate(Fv/Fm) and light acceptance usage(F' q/F' m) decreased sharply as T product and NaCl increased in concentration and NaCl+$CaCl_2$ and T product+$CaCl_2$ did not reduce much with leaf surface coating liquid application. Optical electrons delivery coefficient (qP) decreased as T product increased in concentration on trees without the leaf surface coating liquid application and all other de-icing agents did not show much reduction. As for Pinus thunbergii, the initial light acceptance rate(Fo) decreased as T product increased in concentration, but the maximum light acceptance rate(Fv/Fm) was not reduced much by changes in concentration. light acceptance usage(F' q/F' m) decreased as NaCl increased in concentration and optical electron delivery coefficient(qP) decreased as NaCl increased in concentration in both with and without leaf surface coating liquid application. In conclusion, it was possible to plant Pinus strobus if spraying leaf surface coating liquid or cleaning deicing salt to prevent the damage caused by deicing agents was more economical than replacing the trees. If not, it was better to plant Pinus thunbergii. Another way to decrease the deicing gents stresses of landscape plants would be planting the trees further away from the roads even though it might take longer period to display its planting functions.