• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.346-349
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• 2008

To investigate whether aqueous extract from Aconitum koreanum (AEAK) effects in the process of melanin synthesis, the expression of tyrosinase-related proteins (TRPs) by immunohistochemical methods were performed in ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiated skin of guinea pig. The irradiation of UVB (60 mJ/day) was performed for 3 days and treated with AEAK for 15 days. About the color evaluation, the visual scores of UV B irradiated guinea pig with AEAK treatment were slightly lower than those in the UV B alone irradiated ones. At day 15 after UVB exposure, immunohistochemical analysis for TRPs expression were performed. The intensive expression of tyrosinase was mainly observed over epidermis with skin appendage and in the cells of dermis. Slight increase of these reaction was induced in response to UVB in the spinous and granular layer of epidermis, but similar expression in the AEAK treated guinea pig as normal one. The TRP-1 and TRP-2 expression were not detected in the skin of normal guinea pig. But intensive expression for TRP-1 and TRP-2, especially TRP-2, induced by UV B irradiation in the cells of dermis. These expressions were decreased in the AEAK treated guniea pig. Collectively, these results suggest that AEAK has a potential to inhibit synthesis through regulation of TRPs expression in the skin of guinea pig, but better understanding the function of AEAK, more research should be done in the effects of AEAK on the function of TRPs in melanogesis.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.4_spc
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• pp.755-774
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• 2024

The main objective of this study was to present data on the current situation and future trends of pig meat production in the European Union-27 (EU). Pig production has played an important social and economic role for centuries in many states of the EU. In 2022, pig meat production in the EU reached 23 M tons, which represented 21% of total production worldwide. The two key reasons that justify such amount of pork produced, are the acceptance and high consumption of the meat by the local population and the high quality of the meat produced which facilitated pork export. However, current data show a reduction in pork production for the last three years, as a consequence of a series of events that include i) problems with the chain of ingredients supply, ii) uncontrolled increase in African Swine Fever (ASF) outbreaks, iii) fast recovery of pig production in China, iv) increasing concerns by the rural population on the high cost to meet future requirements of the EU legislation on farm management, environmental sustainability and animal welfare, v) increased cost of all inputs involved in pig production and vi) limited interest of the new farmer generation to work on the pig sector. Consequently, pork production is expected to decrease in the EU for the next years, although sales will be maintained at a relative high level because pork is the meat preferred by local consumers in most EU countries. In order to maintain the favourable position of the pork industry in the near future, strategies to implement include: i) maintain the quality of the meat destinated to export markets, ii) improve the control of outbreaks of ASF and other swine diseases, iii) implementation of technological innovations to improve working conditions making more attractive to work in the pork sector of the food chain to the new generation of farmers and workers.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.223-230
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• 1994

A practical study on a drying and fermentation system equipped with a stirring machine operated mechanically, of pig manure was conducted to prove the efficiency of and practicability to an ordinary pig farm. The type of the drying bed was a round-shaped (r=3m) concrete structure and the stirring machine was adopted to stir and transfer dried pig manure to the fermentation tank. The dried pig manure was put into a fermentation tank ($V=18m^3$), which was aerated from pipe lines installed at the bottom. While water content of pig manure passing through a drying bed was remarkably reduced than before drying, the drying efficiency of this system decreased in winter. However, the temperature of pig manure piled up in the fermentation room in winter reached over $60^{\circ}C$ and excess water of pig manure was removed during the fermentation process. The reduction rate of water content of pig manure, to which dried pig manure was added as bulking material on the drying bed, was 52.1%, but when dried without bulking material it was only 19.7%. Although the content of $P_2O_5$ of dried pig manure was slightly higher than that of fresh pig manure, progressive changes in chemical composition between fresh and dried pig manure made no great difference. Among the contents of minerals of fresh and dried pig manure, CaO was the highest and the rest were in the decreasing order of $K_2O$, MgO, and $Na_2O$. Population density of E. coli and Streptococci of dried pig manure was reduced by 142 and 236 times that of fresh pig manure, respectively. The installation cost of this drying and fermentation system was 4,185,630 won (approximately 5,232 US $) and operating cost per year was 190,000 won (237.5US $) on the basis of self-labor condition.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.33-40
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• 1978

1) The authors studied the effect of increasing age on the contraction and relaxation mechanism in the ureteral smooth muscle of the guinea pig. 2) Two to three week old, three month old, and two to three year old guinea pig ureters were used and the consistent amplitude of contratile responses were induced by using train stimulation. 3) After mounting the specimens in Tyrode's solution containing 2.6mM $Ca^{++}$, the ureter was stimulated, of which amplitude was initial contraction and next continuously superfused with $Ca^{++}$-free Tyrod's solution. When the contractile response stopped by electrical field stimulation, the muscle specimens was superfused with Tyrode's solution 0.25mM $Ca^{++}$ for 15min and stimulated with the same parameters. Thereafter, the contraction of $Ca^{++}$ in the solution was increased step by step up to 2.7mM. 4) The ureters of 2-3 week old guinea pigs needed less $Ca^{++}$ for the recovery of contractile response than those of three month and two to three year old did. In 2.7mM $Ca^{++}$, the ureters of 2-3 week and 3 month old guinea pigs recovered the contractile response of over 90% but those of 2-3 year old recovered the contractility of 77.2%. 5) Isoproterenol inhibited in dose dependent manner from $10^{-7}$ to $10^{-5}\;M$ ureteral contractility of both 2-3 week and 2-3 year old guinea pigs. The inhibition of the old ureter by isoproterenol was significantly less (P<0.025) than that of the younger ureter. However theophylline showed the strong inhibition independent of the function of age. 6) Dibutyryl cyclic AMP showed dose-dependent inhibition of the contraction of ureters of 2-3 week old guinea pigs but there was shown no inhibition in the old ureters. Further, the content of endogenous cyclic AMP in the two week old ureter was higher by 73% than that of 17 month old ureter. Cyclic GMP contents was not much different between two groups. 7) The ureteral smooth muscle of the younger guinea pig had more efficiency than that of the older animals in the mobilization and storage of calcium which concerned itself in the contraction and relaxation mechanism.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 2011

This study was undertaken to find out the effect of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD) on cold shock and membrane cholesterol quantity of sperm during the freezing process in miniature pigs. For this study, semen ejaculated from PWG M-type miniature pig was diluted that freezing solution (with egg yolk group) and m-Modena B (without egg yolk group) treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 mM MBCD before freezing process. The diluted semen was monitored sperm ability at room temperature, after cooled until $5^{\circ}C$ and after forzen-thawed for cold shock test of spermatozoa. Also, membrane cholesterol of sperm was extracted by folch solution at the same time sperm ability was assessed for viability and acrosomal status. The membrane cholesterol quantity was measured by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method. The result, viability and acrosome integrity in semen diluted without egg yolk groups were decreased at all temperature range by increasing of MBCD concentration. In particular, sperm of egg yolk group was showed that significantly higher viability and lower acrosome damage when treated with 5 mM MBCD (p<0.05). The results of TLC experiment, cholesterol amounts were increased with MBCD cocentration in egg yolk, and decreased with MBCD concentration in m-Modena B. In cryopreservation efficiency, there was no significant difference at viability, and acrosomal state of sperm in 5 mM MBCD concentration was significantly lower in acrosome damage than other groups (p<0.05). Therefore, the addition MBCD in egg yolk was protected spermatozoa from cold shock injury. This protective effect of MBCD may be due to addition of sperm membrane cholesterol.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2004

This study was carried out to examine the effects of development media and those change on in vitro development (IVD) of porcine oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. Putative embryos, which were matured in vitro in modified NCSU-23 (mNCSU-23) supplemented with 10％ porcine follicular fluid (pFF) and were fertilized in mTBM, were developed in vitro as the experimental scheme. The results are as follows. When porcine putative embryos were cultured in vitro in NCSU-23 or CZB/Pig-MEM, the percentage of oocytes cleaved was not different between two systems, but the percentage of blastocysts in NCSU-23 was significantly higher than in CZB/Pig-MEM (P<0.05). And when porcine putative embryos were cultured in vitro in NCSU-23 during 7 days with or without changing media at day 5, which was supplement with or without 10％ fetal bovine serum(FBS), the percentage of oocytes cleaved, blastocysts at day 6, and the cell number of ICM, TE and total of blastocysts at day 7 were not different among three treatments. As a result of this study, it is supposed that NCSU-23 be more favorable, to develop porcine embryos derived from IVM/IVF, than CZB/Pig-MEM, but that demonstration on the effects of changing medium with fresh one stand in need of the more experiments.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.479-486
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of the inhibitory action of carbon monoxide (CO) on contraction, by measuring cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ level $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ and ionic currents in guinea-pig ileum. CO (10%) inhibited 40 mM KCl-induced contraction and this effect was blocked by ODQ $(1\;{\mu}M),$ a soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor. CO inhibited the 40 mM KCl-induced contraction without changing $[Ca^{2+}]_i.$ Cumulative addition of KCl induced a graded increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ and muscle tension. In the presence of CO, cumulative addition of KCl induced smaller contraction than in the absence of CO. On the other hand, the increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ induced by cumulative addition of KCl was only slightly decreased in the presence of CO, and the $[Ca^{2+}]_i-tension$ relationship shifted downwards. Using the patch clamp technique with a holding potential of -60 mV, we found that CO had little effect on the peak Ba currents $(I_{Ba})$ when voltage was stepped from -60 mV to 0 mV. In addition, CO showed no effect on the depolarization-activated outward $K^+$ currents in the all potential ranges. We conclude that CO inhibits smooth muscle contraction mainly by decreasing the $Ca^{2+}$ sensitivity of contractile elements via a cGMP-dependent pathway, not by involving L-type $Ca^{2+}$ and outward-potassium currents in guinea-pig ileum.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2011

This study was undertaken to find out the effect of cholesterol and serum albumin on sperm ability and lipid peroxidation levels period to the liquid storage of miniature pig sperm. Ejaculated semen from miniature pigs was collected by gloved-hand method into a pre-warmed ($37^{\circ}C$) thermos bottle, and extended with Modena solution {with and without BSA, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (-cholesterol) and cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (+cholesterol)}. Each semen was assessed for viability (SYBR-14/PI staining) and acrosome intactness, intensity and capacitation status by chlorotetracycline (CTC) staining at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days of storage. At for the effects of cholesterol and serum albumin on lipid peroxidation, semen were incubated with $H_2O_2$ ($10\;{\mu}M$), and lipid peroxidation level were measured by flow cytometry using the lipid peroxidation reporter probe $C_{11}-BODIPY^{581/591}$. The result, lipid peroxidation level in sperm added with cholesterol were lower in $10\;{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ compared to the added sperm with serum albumin. Also, added cholesterol to sperm had significant (p<0.05) higher viability when storage for 7 and 10 days and lower when 10 days of storage percentage of acrosome-reacted sperm (AR pattern) in acrosome state as say result compared to other treated groups. In conclusion, role of cholesterol during lipid storage in miniature pig spermatozoa was protected boar spermatozoa from lipid peroxidation prior to lipid storage. Addition serum albumin during lipid storage in sperm may be induce sperm membrane damage by lipid peroxidation. Therefore, addition of cholesterol to miniature pig sperm will be lead to extension of liquid storage periods.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.98-108
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• 2007

In order to use food wastes for the source of fermented feed for pigs, this study was aimed to produce better culture inoculum by the aeration and addition of pig' s blood meal as sub nutrient. For the preparation of inoculum as bacterial strain, Lactobacillus brevis isolated from pig intestine, and a yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae from strawberries were used. Molasses and whey were used as main ingredients for the culture solution as well as yeast extract and other ingredients as sub nutrients. As the experimental result, aeration showed a positive effect to enhance viable cell count or retarding death phase. Although sub nutrient yeast extracts were replaced with pig's blood meal, fermentation characteristics were almost similar to that of yeast extract. When the inoculum was stored at room temperature, L. brevis and S. cerevisiae maintained the viable cell concentration of approximately 8 log cfu/mL for 1 week. 2 Days after the culture solution was mixed with food waste, the number of unwanted bacteria had rapidly increased, but E.coli was not detected for 5 days.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.401-404
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• 2015

A sandwich ELISA (sELISA) to detect pork in processed foods was developed using goat anti-pig IgG antibodies. From the sELISA standard curve, the detection range of pork was $3-1,000{\mu}g/mL$. The cross-reactivity between the pig IgG antibodies, pork, and other meats (beef, chicken, fish, and crustaceas) was 100, 0.18, and 0%, respectively. When pork was heated for 10 min, the mean assay recoveries of pig-IgG were 79-32% at $60-70^{\circ}C$ and less than 0.11% at $80^{\circ}C$ or higher. When pork was spiked into cream soup, weaning food, fish paste, and sauce, the mean assay recoveries were 8.8, 45, 36, and 39%, respectively. In 12 commercial processed foods, the assay results coincided qualitatively with the food labels on the packages.