• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2015

본 연구는 scopoletin 식이 보충이 알코올로 인해 유발되는 인슐린저항성과 항산화방어계에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 하였다. 실험동물은 4주령의 수컷 SD계 흰쥐에게 총 열량의 36%에 해당하는 알코올을 액체식이 형태로 8주간 공급하였으며, scopoletin은 알코올 액체식이 리터당 0.01 g과 0.05 g 두 수준으로 첨가하였다. 정상군은 알코올대조군과 동량의 에너지를 섭취하도록 하였다. 8주간의 알코올 급여는 공복 시 혈당 변화를 일으키지 않았으나 혈청 인슐린 함량을 증가시켰으며, 이는 인슐린저항성과 내당능 장애를 유발하였다. 그러나 scopoletin 저농도와 고농도 급여군 모두 인슐린 함량, 인슐린저항성 지표 및 내당능을 효과적으로 개선하는 것으로 나타났다. 알코올대조군은 p-PI3K의 단백질 발현을 유의적으로 낮추어 glucokinase 유전자 발현과 활성을 억제한 반면, 당신생 효소인 glucose-6-phosphatase의 유전자 발현과 활성을 유의적으로 높였다. 그러나 scopoletin 급여에 의하여 이들 변화는 완화되었다. 다른 당신생 효소인 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase의 유전자 발현과 활성에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또한 scopoletin 급여군 모두 간조직의 aldehyde dehydrogenase의 활성은 알코올 대조군에 비해 증가된 반면, cytochrome P450 2E1 활성은 억제되었다. 또한 알코올로 인하여 낮아진 간조직 중의 항산화 효소(superoxide dismutase, catalase와 glutathione peroxidase)의 유전자 발현과 활성을 높임으로써 과산화수소 및 지질과산화물의 함량을 낮추었다. 이와 같이 0.001%의 scopoletin 급여량에서도 당대사의 유전자 변화를 통하여 만성 알코올로 유도되는 인슐린저항성을 개선하였으며, 알코올대사계 활성 및 항산화방어계 효소의 유전자 발현을 증가함으로써 알코올로 인한 과산화수소와 지질과산화물 생성을 개선하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.150.1-150.1
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• 2014

Showerhead is used as a main part in the semiconductor equipment. The face plate flatness should remain constant and the cleaning performance must be gained to keep the uniformity level of etching or deposition in chemical vapor deposition process. High operating temperature or long period of thermal loading could lead the showerhead to be deformed thermally. In some case, the thermal deformation appears very sensitive to showerhead performance. This paper describes the methods for robust design using computational fluid dynamics. To reveal the influence of the post distribution on flow pattern in the showerhead cavity, numerical simulation was performed for several post distributions. The flow structure appears similar to an impinging flow near a centered baffle in showerhead cavity. We took the structure as an index to estimate diffusion path. A robust design to reduce the thermal deformation of showerhead can be achieved using post number increase without ill effect on flow. To prevent the showerhead deformation by heat loading, its face plate thickness was determined additionally using numerical simulation. The face plate has thousands of impinging holes. The design key is to keep pressure drop distribution on the showerhead face plate with the holes. This study reads the methodology to apply to a showerhead hole design. A Hagen-Poiseuille equation gives the pressure drop in a fluid flowing through such hole. The assumptions of the equation are the fluid is viscous-incompressible and the flow is laminar fully developed in a through hole. An equation can be expressed with radius R and length L related to the volume flow rate Q from the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, $Q={\pi}R4{\Delta}p/8{\mu}L$, where ${\mu}$ is the viscosity and ${\Delta}p$ is the pressure drop. In present case, each hole has steps at both the inlet and the outlet, and the fluid appears compressible. So we simplify the equation as $Q=C(R,L){\Delta}p$. A series of performance curves for a through hole with geometric parameters were obtained using two-dimensional numerical simulation. We obtained a relation between the hole diameter and hole length from the test cases to determine hole diameter at fixed hole length. A numerical simulation has been performed as a tool for enhancing showerhead robust design from flow structure. Geometric parameters for the design were post distribution and face plate thickness. The reinforced showerhead has been installed and its effective deposition profile is being shown in factory.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.108-109
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• 2013

Mitochondria play key roles in the production of cell's energy. Their dominant function is the synthesis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate (Pi) through the oxidative phosphorylation. Evaluation of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity has become increasingly important since mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been implicated in numerous diseases including cancer and diabetes mellitus. Mitochondrial functions have been monitored via oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and more importantly via ATP synthesis since ATP synthesis is the most essential function of mitochondria. Various analytical methods have been employed to investigate ATP synthesis in mitochondria, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), bioluminescence technique, and pH measurement. However, most of these methods are based on destructive analysis or indirect monitoring through the enzymatic reaction. Infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) is one of the useful techniques for real-time, label-free, and direct monitoring of biological reactions [1,2]. However, the strong water absorption requires very short path length in the order of several micrometers. Transmission measurements with thin path length are not suitable for mitochondrial assays because solution handlings necessary for evaluating mitochondrial toxicity, such as rapid mixing of drugs and oxygen supply, are difficult in such a narrow space. On the other hand, IRAS in the multiple internal reflection (MIR) geometry provides an ideal optical configuration to combine solution handling and aqueous-phase measurement. We have recently reportedon a real-time monitoring of drug-induced necrotic and apoptotic cell death using MIR-IRAS [3,4]. Clear discrimination between viable and damaged cells has been demonstrated, showing a promise as a label-free and real-time detection for cell-based assays. In the present study, we have applied our MIR-IRAS system to mitochondria-based assays by monitoring ATP synthesis in isolated mitochondria from rat livers. Mitochondrial ATP synthesis and hydrolysis were in situ monitored with MIR-IRAS, while dissolved oxygen level and solution pH were simultaneously monitored with O2 and pH electrodes, respectively. It is demonstrated that ATP synthesis and hydrolysis can be monitored by the IR spectral changes in phosphate groups in adenine nucleotides and MIR-IRAS is useful for evaluating time-dependent drug effects of mitochondrial toxicants.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.674-682
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• 1988

등줄숭어의 알, 근육 및 내장 지질의 지질 조성과 각 지질 분획의 알콜 및 지방산 조성을 조사하였다. 지질 함량은 알에 18.5%로 제일 많았고, 내장에는 8.5%, 근육에는 4.4%로 제일 적었다. 알의 지질 조성은 매우 특이하여 왁스 에스텔이 63.1%로 제일 많았으나, 트리글리세리드는 9.9%에 지나지 않았다. 이에 반하여 근육 지질의 경우는 트리글리세리드가 66.1%로 제일 많이 검출되었으나, 왁스 에스텔은 거의 존재하지 않았다. 내장 지질에도 왁스 에스텔이 32.8%나 검출되었다. 알콜 조성을 보면 세칠알콜(C16 : 0)이 알과 내장 왁스 에스텔의 중요한 성분으로 각각 53.0%, 61.7%였으며, 그 다음으로 주요한 알콜은 알의 경우는 올레알콜(C18 : 1), 팔미토올레알콜(C16 : 1) 및 스테아르알콜(C18 : 0)이, 내장의 경우는 펜타데카놀(C15 : 0), 스테아르알콜 이였다. 또 두 왁스 에스텔에는 C15 : 0, C15 : 1, C17 : 0, C17 : 1, C19 : 0 및 C19 : 1과 같은 기수 알콜도 상당량 함유되어 있었다. 알과 내장의 왁스 에스텔의 지방산 조성은 팔미토올레산, 올레산 및 ???l타데카모노엔산과 같은 모노엔산이(49.7-56.6%)로 제일 많았으며 아이코 사펜타엔산도 상당히 함유(12.2%, 10.1%)되어 있었다. 또 알의 트리글리세리드의 지방산 조성을 보면 고도 불포화지방산 함량(28.4%)은 근육, 내장의 그것보다(19.4%, 19.2%)보다 훨씬 높았으나, 스테아르산, 팔미트산과 같은 포화지방산 함량은 근육, 내장의 그것보다 약간 낮았다. 알의 인지질의 지방산 조성은 근육의 그것과 비슷하여 고도 불포화지방산이 약 50%로 내장의 34.2% 보다 훨씬 높았다. 근육에 있어서 유리지방산 조성이 인지질의 지방산 조성과 흡사한 것으로 보아, 이 유리지방산은 인지질의 가수분해물로 생각된다.. 젓갈의 pH도 숙성기간중 서서히 증가되었다.13{\sim}126Kcal/mol$로 감소하였으며, 동결속도 $-0.5^{\circ}C/min$하에서 동결에 필요한 최소 활성화에너지는 126Kcal/mol, 최대 활성화에너지는 270Kca1/mo1 이었다.$C_{22:6}$ 등이었다. 제품저장중 품질안정성에 대해 검토한 결과 진공포장함으로서 저장중 지질산패, 갈변 등 품질저하를 억제시킬 수 있었다.>가 20mM, $Na_2SO_3{\cdot}7H_2O$가 15mM 그리고 $NaHSO_3$가 25mM로 나타났다., 수원(水原)19호(號)와 제천옥(堤川玉)에서는 linoleic acid가 가장 높게 나타났다. 8) 당지질(糖脂質)의 구성지질성분(構成脂質成分)은 MGS, MGC 그리고 MGDG를 함유(含有)하며, MGS와 MGC는 진주옥(晋州玉)에서 가장 높은 반면에, 횡성옥(橫城玉)과 제천옥(堤川玉)에서는 가장 낮게 나타났다. 9) 총지질(脂質)의 지방산조성(脂肪酸組成)은 oleic, palmitic, linoleic그리고 heptadecanoic acid가 주성분(主成分)을이루고, 진주옥(晋州玉)에서 oleic acid가 가장 높은 반면에 heptadecanoic acid는 가장 낮게 나타났고, 제천옥(堤川玉)에서는 이와 반대(反對) 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 10) 순지질(燐脂質)의 구성지질성분(構成脂質成分)은 PI 및 PC를 함유(舍有)하며, 횡성옥(橫城玉)과 황옥(黃玉) 3호(號)에서 PI가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 11) 순지질(燐脂質)의 지방산조성(脂肪酸組成)은 palmitic, heptadecanoic 그리고 oleic acid가 주성분(主成分)을 이루고, 횡성옥(橫城玉)에서 oleic acid가 가장 높은 반면에, heptadecanoic acid는 가장 낮게 나타났다..I.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.181-186
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• 2011

Spermatozoa sorted by flow cytometry have been successfully used to produce offspring in domestic animals and are commercially available for cattle. Also sheath fluid is the important environment for viability of sex-sorted sperm in flow cytometry. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-Ethanesulfonic acid) has any effect on the viability in sex-sorted Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) sperm. In this study, the semen was collected from Hanwoo of Hoengseong Livestock Cooperation by artificial vagina method then pooled and subjected to cryopreservation in straws. Sperm were cultured for 0, 30, 60 and 120 min with 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mM of HEPES added to the sheath fluid and incubated at 4, 20 and 38$^{\circ}C$, respectively. For the cytometric analysis the frozen-thawed semen was extended with 5 mM HEPES extender to final concentration ($2{\times}10^7$ spermatozoa) at 4, 20 and 37$^{\circ}C$. Sperm viability was assessed with SYBR-14 and propidium iodide (PI) staining. This study shows that the viability of sperm was decreased with prolongation of incubation time in all of test. But the viability of sperm which were treated with 38$^{\circ}C$ was gently decreased than that of treated with other temperature. The viability of the control was sharply decreased (p<0.05) than all of the HEPES treatment group at 60 to 120 min in 38$^{\circ}C$. X-sexed sperm was more sensitive than Y-sexed sperm to temperature during f10w cytometry (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the sheath fluid with 5 mM HEPES has effect on maintenance of viability after sperm sexing at 37$^{\circ}C$ in Hanwoo.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.225-234
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• 1971

With the advance of civilization and steadily increasing population rivalry and competition for the use of the sewage, culverts, farm irrigation and control of various types of flood discharge have developed and will be come more and more keen in the future. The author has tried to calculated a formula that could adjust these conflicts and bring about proper solutions for many problems arising in connection with these conditions. The purpose of this study is to find out effective sewage, culvert, drainage, farm irrigation, flood discharge and other engineering needs in the Taegu area. If demands expand further a new formula will have to be calculated. For the above the author estimated methods of control for the probable expected rainfall using a formula based on data collected over a long period of time. The formula is determined on the basis of the maximum daily rainfall data from 1921 to 1971 in the Taegu area. 1. Iwai methods shows a highly significant correlation among the variations of Hazen, Thomas, Gumbel methods and logarithmic normal distribution. 2. This study obtained the following major formula: ${\log}(x-2.6)=0.241{\xi}+1.92049{\cdots}{\cdots}$(I.M) by using the relation $F(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}{\int}_{-{\infty}}^{\xi}e^{-{\xi}^2}d{\xi}$. ${\xi}=a{\log}_{10}\(\frac{x+b}{x_0+b}\)$ ($-b<x<{\infty}$) ${\log}(x_0+b)=2.0448$ $\frac{1}{a}=\sqrt{\frac{2N}{N-1}}S_x=0.1954$. $b=\frac{1}{m}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{m}b_s=-2.6$ $S_x=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits^N_{i=1}\{{\log}(x_i+b)\}^2-\{{\log}(x_0+b)\}^2}=0.169$ This formule may be advantageously applicable to the estimation of flood discharge, sewage, culverts and drainage in the Taegu area. Notation for general terms has been denoted by the following. Other notations for general terms was used as needed. $W_{(x)}$ : probability of occurranec, $W_{(x)}=\int_{x}^{\infty}f_{(n)}dx$ $S_{(x)}$ : probability of noneoccurrance. $S_{(x)}=\int_{-\infty}^{x}f_(x)dx=1-W_{(x)}$ T : Return period $T=\frac{1}{nW_{(x)}}$ or $T=\frac{1}{nS_{(x)}}$ $W_n$ : Hazen plot $W_n=\frac{2n-1}{2N}$ $F_n=1-W_x=1-\(\frac{2n-1}{2N}\)$ n : Number of observation (annual maximum series) P : Probability $P=\frac{N!}{{t!}(N-t)}F{_i}^{N-t}(1-F_i)^t$ $F_n$ : Thomas plot $F_n=\(1-\frac{n}{N+1}\)$ N : Total number of sample size $X_l$ : $X_s$ : maximum, minumum value of total number of sample size.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권14호
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• pp.6073-6080
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• 2015

Background: Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 (MDA-7)/interleukin-24 (IL-24), a unique tumor suppressor gene, has killing activity in a broad spectrum of cancer cells. Herein, plasmids producing mda-7 proteins fused to different RGD peptides (full RGD4C and shortened RGD, tRGD) were evaluated for apoptosis induction with a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Hep-G2. The study aim was to improve the apoptosis potency of mda-7 by tethering to RGD peptides. Materials and Methods: Three plasmids including mda-7, mda-7-RGD and mda-7-tRGD genes beside a control vector were transfected into Hep-G2 cells. After 72 hours incubation, cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. In addition, the rate of apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry using PI/annexin staining. To detect early events in apoptosis, 18 hours after transfection, expression of the BAX gene was quantified by real time PCR. Modeling of proteins was also performed to extrapolate possible consequences of RGD modification on their structures and subsequent attachment to receptors. Results and Conclusions: In MTT assays, while all mda-7 forms showed measurable inhibition of proliferation, unmodified mda-7 protein exhibited most significant effect compared to control plasmid (P<0.001). Again, flow cytometry analysis showed a significant apoptosis induction by simple mda-7 gene but not for those RGD-fused mda-7 proteins. These findings were also supported by expression analysis of BAX gene (P<0.001). Protein modelling analysis revealed that tethering RGD at the end of IL-24/Mda7 disrupt attachment to cognate receptor, IL-20R1/IL-20R2. In conclusion, fusion of RGD4C and shortened RGD peptides to carboxyl terminal of mda7, not only reduce apoptosis property in vitro but also disrupt receptor attachment as demonstrated by protein modelling.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2020

Objective : To identify the effects of the water extract of Liriope platyphylla tuber (Liriopis tuber, LT) on the activation of astocytes, we investigated the regulatory effects of LT extract on H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in C6 rat astrocytes. Methods : LT extract was extracted with boiling water. C6 cell line were treated with LT extract at 1, 2, and 3 mg/㎖ or without for 30 min and then stimulated with H₂O₂ at 5 ㎛ for 24 hr. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), catalase, Akt, phospho-Akt (p-Akt) phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), and protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) proteins were determined by Western blot, respectively. GFAP expression was also observed with immunocytochemistry under a fluorescence microscope. Results : LT extract induced cell proliferation in H₂O₂-stimulated C6 cells. LT extract significantly inhibited the expression of GFAP, NF-κB and COX-2 and increased the expression of HO-1 and the phosphorylation of STAT3 in H₂O₂-stimulated C6 cells. LT extract also significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt and decreased the expression of PKCα in a dose-dependent manner in H₂O₂-stimulated C6 cells. Conclusions : LT extract can regulate H₂O₂-induced activation of astrocytes through inhibiting the expression of NF-κB, COX-2 and regulating Akt / HO-1, STAT3 or PKCα signaling pathway.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.617-630
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• 2021

Chemotherapy-induced side effects affect the quality of life and efficacy of treatment of cancer patients. Current approaches for treating the side effects of chemotherapy are poorly effective and may cause numerous harmful side effects. Therefore, developing new and effective drugs derived from natural nontoxic compounds for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced side effects is necessary. Experiments in vivo and in vitro indicate that Panax ginseng (PG) and its ginsenosides are undoubtedly non-toxic and effective options for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced side effects, such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and hematopoietic inhibition. The mechanism focus on anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis, as well as the modulation of signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), P62/keap1/Nrf2, c-jun Nterminal kinase (JNK)/P53/caspase 3, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4)/JNK, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT. Since a systemic review of the effect and mechanism of PG and its ginsenosides on chemotherapy-induced side effects has not yet been published, we provide a comprehensive summarization with this aim and shed light on the future research of PG.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.202-213
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• 2023

PURPOSE. This prospective clinical study was conducted to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the freely detachable zirconia ball- and spring-retained implant prosthesis (BSRP) through a comparative analysis of screw- and cement-retained implant prosthesis (SCRP). MATERIALS AND METHODS. A multi-center, randomized, prospective clinical study evaluating the clinical usefulness of the detachable zirconia ball- and spring-retained implant prostheses was conducted. Sixty-four implant prostheses in 64 patients were examined. Periodic observational studies were conducted at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months after delivery of the implant prosthesis. Factors such as implant success rate, marginal bone resorption, periodontal pocket depth, plaque and bleeding index, and prosthetic complications were evaluated, respectively. RESULTS. During the 1-year observation period, all implants survived without functional problems and clinical mobility, showing a 100% implant success rate. Marginal bone resorption was significantly higher in the SCRP group than in the BSRP group only at the time of implant prosthesis delivery (P = .043). In all observation periods, periodontal pocket depth was slightly higher in the BSRP group than in the SCRP group, but there was no significant difference (P > .05). The modified plaque index (mPI) scores of both groups were moderate. Higher ratio of a score 2 in modified sulcus bleeding index (mBI) was observed in the BSRP group in the 6- and 12-months observation. CONCLUSION. Within the limitations of this study, the newly developed zirconia ball- and spring-retained implant prosthesis could be considered as an applicable and predictable treatment method along with the existing screw- and cement-retained prosthesis.