• 한국환경생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생물학회 2002년도 학술대회
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• pp.154-162
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• 2002

인간이나 환경에 해로운 영향을 주는 지속성 유기오염물질의 독성을 동물플랑크톤 중 요각류를 대상으로 실험하였다. 실험에 사용된 요각류는 장목만에서 주로 가을에 많은 출현을 보인 Acartia erythraea와 늦가을부터 그 다음해 봄까지 우점하는 A. omorli였다. 지속성 유기오염물에 대한 요각류의 독성을 평가하기 위해 3가지의 실험을 실시하였다. 광양만에서 주로 나타나는 5가지 PAHs에 대한 A. omorli 48h-LC50을 구하였고, 온도에 따른 Benzo(a)pyrene과 TBT의 독성의 변화를 Brine shrimp(Artemia)를 이용해 실험하였으며, PAHs 중에서 독성이 강한 Benso(a)Pyrene에 노출된 먹이를 섭취한 Acartia erythraea와 A. omorli의 egg Production, hatching rate, fecal Pellet의 변화를 측정하였다. A. omorli의 48h-LC50으로 조사된 결과 Fluoranthene과 Benzo(a)pyrene의 독성이 강하게 나타난다. 온도실험에서는 동일한 유해물질을 가지고 실험을 하더라도 온도의 변화에 따라 급격한 독성의 차이가 나타날 수 있고, 유해물질간에도 온도에 따라서 나타나는 독성에 대한 특성이 다르게 나타났다. Benzo(a)Pyrene에 노출된 먹이는 요각류의 egg Production, hatching rate, fecal Pellet에 영향을 미치고 있으며, 특히 농도와 실험시간에 따른 부정적 영향들을 보였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.991-994
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding mealworm pellets on protein digestibility and fecal composition of companion canines. The canine breeds used in the specification test were Maltese (average weight 2.0 kg) and Poodle (average weight 2.5 kg), with a total of six canines, three of each breed, without discriminating between males or females. The control feed for the two canines was based on 100 g of commercially available general feed, to which the dogs were allowed to adapt for approximately 3 d. Ony on Day 0 of the experiments, dogs were fed twice, in the morning and afternoon. One day later, the treated group was 80 g of regular feed with 20 g of mealworm pellets added, and the dog was fed for 1 to 7 d in the same manner as the control group. The addition of mealworm pellets increased the protein digestibility in both canine breeds, however, the differences were no significances (p>0.05). Based on the normal stool score of 3, no remarkable changes were observed in stool score from Days 1 to 6, showing that the canines had adapted to the mealworm pellet feed. In particular, on Day 7, feeding mealworm pellet appeared to affect the fecal properties differently between the two breeds. This difference can be owing to differences in the intestinal environment and digestion and absorption ability between the two breeds. Consequently, using mealworm pellets improved the protein digestibility of canines as well as maintained normal fecal properties.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.160-172
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• 2020

2014년 춘계에 독도 주변해역에서 전례없이 높은 개체수를 나타낸 야광충의 섭식특성을 이해하고자 야광충 식포 내 먹이생물의 조성과 출현량을 분석하였다. 출현 야광충 개체수는 4,328~17,791 inds.m^-3이었고, 야광충 식포 내 먹이생물 출현율은 평균 32%(24~50%)이었다. 관찰된 먹이생물의 조성은 분변립, 원생생물, 꽃가루, 규조류, 와편모조류, 요각류, 어란, 그리고 치자어로서 매우 다양하였고, 분변립의 출현율이 가장 높았다(43%). 원생생물(19%)과 꽃가루가 18%를 차지한 반면, 규조류와 와편모조류가 각각 7%와 4%를 나타냈다. 식포 내의 출현율을 근거로 분변립, 원생생물과 꽃가루가 어란, 규조류, 와편모조류 그리고 치자어에 비해 더 선호된 것으로 여겨졌다. 본 연구결과는 연구기간에 독도 주변해역에서 출현한 높은 개체수의 야광충이 기존에 알려진 먹이생물 규조류보다 다른 먹이생물과 관련이 높음을 의미하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.88-93
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• 2007

표고버섯 추출액을 10, 20 및 40%로 30일간 음용수에 섞어 실험동물에 투여하고 실험 28-30일에 loperamide(4 mg/kg/day, s.c.)로 변비를 유도한 뒤 표고버섯 추출액의 변비 예방효과를 측정하였다. Loperamide를 단독 투여한 군은 정상 대조군과 비교하여 변의 개수 및 중량이 유의적으로 감소하였으며 원위 결장 내 변잔류의 증가 및 cecocolonic segment의 무게가 증가하였다. 표고버섯 추출액 및 loperamide를 투여한 군은 loperamide를 단독 투여한 군과 비교하여 변의 개수 및 중량이 유의적으로 증가하였으며 원위 결장 내 잔류 변 및 cecocolonic segment의 무게도 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 표고버섯 추출액이 in vivo에서 변비 개선효과가 있음을 보여준다. 변의 수분함량은 실험군 간의 유의한 차이가 없었지만 loperamide에 의한 변비 유발 시 감소하는 경향이 있었으며, 표고버섯 추출액 투여군에서는 변의 수분함량 감소가 다소 완화되었다. 한편, 혈 중 WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, PLT, MCV, MCH, MCHC치 및 혈청 ALT, AST, ALP, BUN 및 creatinine 수치는 정상 대조군, loperamide 처리군 및 표고버섯 추출액 처리군 사이에서 차이가 없었다. In vitro 실험결과, 회장 적출 절편에 표고버섯 추출액 동결건조물(0.5 mg/mL)을 전 처리 시 loperamide에 의한 장력과 진폭 억제가 부분적으로 차단되었으며, atropine에 의해 유도된 진폭의 억제도 효과적으로 차단되었다. 이러한 결과는 표고버섯 추출물의 변비 개선효과가 장의 운동성 촉진과 관련이 있음을 시사한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.672-678
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• 2012

Colitis and constipation are the most common intestinal complaints worldwide. This study examined the beneficial effects of sea cucumber powder for TNBS-induced colitis in ICR mice(n=6/group) and loperamide-induced constipation in rats(n=8/group). Animals were divided into normal and four dried see cucumber treated groups that were named Nor, Con(0 mg/kg), GI(30 mg/kg), GII(100 mg/kg) and GIII(300 mg/kg). In order to induce colitis and constipation, 5% TNBS was injected into distal colon and loperamide (2 mg/kg, twice a day, peroral) was treated for 5 day in the four experimental groups but not the normal group. Gross finding score was decreased tendency by oral administration of sea cucumber in colitis-induced animal model, but colonic weight was not different. Excreted fecal pellet number, weight and water content were increased in the sea cucumber-treated group compared to the non-treated group. The fecal pellet number was reduced within distal colon of the sea cucumber-treated groups. Interestingly, intestinal transit length was increased compared to the non-treated group. Our results demonstrated that colitis and constipation were improved by sea cucumber treatment in the animal models. Specifically, gross finding score in TNBS-induced colitis model was improved by sea cucumber. After animals being fed sea cucumber, excreted fecal number, weight, water contents, and fecal number within distal colon and colonic transit length also get better in loperamide-induced constipation model.

• Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.669-675
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• 2018

Background/Aims Functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are common gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and these patients frequently overlap. Trimebutine has been known to be effective in controlling FD co-existing diarrhea-dominant IBS, however its effect on overlap syndrome (OS) patients has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated the effect of trimebutine on the model of OS in guinea pigs. Methods Male guinea pigs were used to evaluate the effects of trimebutine in corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) induced OS model. Different doses (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) of trimebutine were administered orally and incubated for 1 hour. The next treatment of $10{\mu}g/kg$ of CRF was intraperitoneally injected and stabilized for 30 minutes. Subsequently, intragastric 3 mL charcoal mix was administered, incubated for 10 minutes and the upper GI transit analyzed. Colonic transits were assessed after the same order and concentrations of trimebutine and CRF treatment by fecal pellet output assay. Results Different concentrations (1, 3, and $10{\mu}g/kg$) of rat/human CRF peptides was tested to establish the OS model in guinea pigs. CRF $10{\mu}g/kg$ was the most effective dose in the experimental OS model of guinea pigs. Trimebutine (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) treatment significantly reversed the upper and lower GI transit of CRF induced OS model. Trimebutine significantly increased upper GI transit while it reduced fecal pellet output in the CRF induced OS model. Conclusions Trimebutine has been demonstrated to be effective on both upper and lower GI motor function in peripheral CRF induced OS model. Therefore, trimebutine might be an effective drug for the treatment of OS between FD and IBS patients.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.583-589
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• 2016

BACKDROUND/OBJECTIVE: Constipation is a condition that can result from intestinal deformation. Because humans have an upright posture, the effects of gravity can cause this shape deformation. Oligosaccharides are common prebiotics and their effects on bowel health are well known. However, studies of the physiological functionality of a product that contains both lactulose and galactooligosaccharides are insufficient. We investigated the constipation reduction effect of a dual-type oligosaccharide, Dual-Oligo, in loperamide-treated rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: Dual-Oligo consists of galactooligosaccharides (15.80%) and lactulose (51.67%). Animals were randomly divided into four groups, the normal group (normal), control group (control), low concentration of Dual-Oligo (LDO) group, and high concentration of Dual-Oligo (HDO) group. After 7 days of oral administration, fecal pellet amount, fecal weight, watercontent of fecal were measured. Blood chemistry, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), gastrointestinal transit ratio and length and intestinal mucosa were analyzed. RESULTS: Dual-Oligo increased the fecal weight, and water content of feces in rats with loperamide-induced constipation. Gastrointestinal transit ratio and length and area of intestinal mucosa significantly increased after treatment with Dual-Oligoin loperamide-induced rats. A high concentration of Dual-Oligo tended to produce more acetic acid than that observed for the control group, and Dual-Oligo affected the production of total SCFA. Bifidobacteria concentration of cecal contents in the high-concentration oligosaccharide (HDO) and low-concentration oligosaccharide (LDO) groups was similar to the result of the normal group. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that Dual-Oligo is a functional material that is derived from a natural food product and is effective in ameliorating constipation.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.561-570
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• 2017

This study examined the laxative effects of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) fermented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which contains high levels of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds, against loperamide-induced constipation in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a normal group (N) and three experimental groups; loperamide treated group (C), loperamide and LAB-fermented MLE 300 mg/kg treated group (MLEL), and loperamide and LAB-fermented MLE 600 mg/kg treated group (MLEH). After 33 d, fecal pellet amount, fecal weight, water content of fecal, gastrointestinal transit time and length, and serum lipid profiles were measured. Constipation was induced via subcutaneous injection of loperamide (2.0 mg/kg b. w., twice a day) for the final 5 d of the experiment. After loperamide administration, the LAB-fermented MLE groups showed a significantly increase in the fecal pellets number, wet weight, and water content in rats compared with the C group. Moreover, increases in the intestinal length and viable Lactobacillus numbers in the feces were observed in the LAB-fermented MLE groups. The intestinal transit time was shorter in the LAB-fermented MLE groups than in the C group. In addition, the LAB-fermented MLE groups showed a significant decrease in triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and an increase in HDL-cholesterol level. These results indicated that oral administration of LAB-fermented MLE shows laxative effect in loperamide-induced constipated rats.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Poncirus Trifoliata(PT) on improvement of fecal impaction in spinal cord injured(SCI) rats. Methods : Fifteen adult Sprague-Dawley female rats were used weighing 200~250 g. A complete spinal cord transection was performed surgically at the T10 cord level. Experimental groups were assigned into 3 groups: Control(n=5), SCI+vehicle(n=5) and SCI+PT(n=5). PT was administered 100mg/kg in 0.5ml every 24 hours from 1st operation day to 7th day. We measured the body weight and food intake as well as the number and the weight of fecal pellet every morning. After 1 week of operation, whole colon was divided into proximal and distal segments under anesthesia. Each segment of colon was mounted with longitudinal direction in a organ bath. We measured spontaneous contraction and compared the area under the curve in each segments. Enhanced responses were observed by acetylcholine($10^{-6}M$), 40 mM KCl solution, L-NAME($10^{-4}M$). Results : The fecal number and weights were significantly higher in the group of SCI+PT than SCI+vehicle group(p<0.05). In organ bath study, area under the curves of the spontaneous contraction in SCI+vehicle and SCI+PT groups were significantly increased compared to control group. Contractility of distal colon in response to acetylcholine or KCl in SCI+vehicle group was significantly decreased compared to other groups(p<0.05). Conclusions : These results suggest that PT might be useful to promote bowel emptying in spinal cord injured rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.164-169
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• 1997

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed processing and feeding methods on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 72 pigs (LYD, 22.24 kg BW) were employed for a 90-d feeding trial. Treatments were 1) mash dry feeding (MD), 2) mash wet feeding (MW), 3) pellet dry feeding (PD), and 4) extruded pellet dry feeding (EPD). Corn, soybean meal and wheat bran in the basal diets were extruded before mixing and pelleting for EPD diet production. Ileal or fecal digestibility and carcass traits including lean meat percentage and weights of stomach ulcer were also examined. During the growing period, pigs fed PD showed improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (F/G) over those fed MD, whereas no significant differences in average daily feed intake (ADFI) were found among dietary treatments. Finisher pigs fed MD showed lover, but not significant, ADG and F/G than those fed MW, PD or EPD. For the overall period, pigs fed PD grew faster (p < 0.05) than those fed MD or EPD. Feed intake was different between the two feeding methods (MD vs MW), and between the two processed feeds (PD vs EPD). The digestibility of crude fat was higher (p < 0.05) in pigs fed EPD than in pigs fed mash feeds. NFE digestibility of EPD treatment was also higher (p < 0.05) than that of PD. Back fat (10th rib area) was thicker (p < 0.05) tn pigs fed MD than in pigs fed EPD. other carcass traits including incidence of esophagogastric ulcers were not different among treatments. In conclusion, pelleting appeared to bo the desirable processing methods and wet feeding could also be recommended for growing-finishing pigs.