• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.62-68
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of PCC loading at thick stock on the physical properties of paper. The effect of starch addition(2, 4 and 6%) and mixing time(5, 10 and 20 min.) on the filler retention and paper properties were investigated. Optimum dosage of cationic starch as a fixing agent was 4%, and mixing time did not showed any significant effect on the filler retention. PCC loading at thick stock was more effective to improve bulk and opacity than PCC loading at thin stock, although their improvement was not so significant. It was also found that the strength properties could be improved by the loading at thick stock. PCC loading method at thick stock could be considered as one of potential approaches for further improving of paper properties, although further research works are required in order to apply the PCC loading at thick stock in the paper mill.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제43권5호
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2011

Filler loading at thick stock was carried out in order to verify if the dual addition of filler can be used as a means to reduce the detrimental effects of filler on the strength properties of paper. PCC was added to 3.5% pulp slurry blended with HwBKP, BCTMP and SwBKP. Cationic starch was used as a fixing agent. The mixture of PCC and pulp was stirred for 5, 10 and 20min. at 1,000 rpm. The remaining PCC was washed out before handsheet making. PCC particles were flocculated and fixed on the pulp fiber and/or space between fibers. It is expected that the flocculation and inclusion of PCC can be helpful to improve the strength properties of paper due to the reduction of detrimental effect in fiber bonding. The distinct tendency in PCC flocculation and fixing on pulp fiber was not observed by the change of cationic starch dosage and treatment time.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제51권2호
• /
• pp.97-102
• /
• 2014

In order to improve the refresh rate of old newspaper(ONP), PCC shape-controlling experiments were carried out. The effect of a PCC polymorph on improving the quality of old newspaper was studied for a transformation from waste paper to eco-friendly paper. The synthesis of PCC consists of an in-situ process and a loading process to enhance the refresh rate of old newspaper. The characteristics between the in-situ process and the loading process could be analysed by SEM analyses of coated fiber surfaces. The retention rate ranges from 65 to 67% after the application of the in-situ process, and that after the loading process ranges from 55 to 58%. The retention rates thus show a difference of about 7-10%. In addition, the whiteness and ERIC characteristics of the in-situ process gave more efficient results than those of the loading process.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 2010

Increasing ash content of the paper is one of the most effective methods for saving raw materials and steam consumption and improving optical properties and better print quality. However, the increase of filler loading or filler content using a conventional wet end system is limited due to severe loss in strength properties, affecting runnability and product quality. This is because the filler has no ability to make bonding with cellulosic fibers. Therefore, if the technology to give filler the bonding ability is developed, the ash content of the paper can be increased more than ever. This study was carried out to modify PCC by coating its surface with starch contributing to better bonding with fibers. To prepare the modified PCC, cationic starch was selected as a polymer and then pretreatment was done by mixing PCC and cationic starch. Consequently, the pretreated PCC contributed to higher tensile strength, stiffness and opacity than the conventional filler, such as GCC and untreated PCC. However, CIE whiteness and ISO brightness decreased slightly compared to conventional fillers.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 2013

Fillers have been used for printing paper to improve printability, sheet formation and optical properties and to reduce production costs by replacing expensive wood pulps. However, an increased filler content will decrease paper strength because filler particles interfere with fiber-fiber bonding. In order to increase filler content without sacrificing too much paper strength in high filler content papers, the surface of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) has been modified by adsorbing anionic polyacrylamide and cationic starch in series. The adsorbed polymer layers would enhance interactions between the filler surface and the fiber surface, improving internal bonding. It was found that the modified PCC increased paper strength at a given filler content compared to the coventional method. Negligible differences in optical properties and formation of paper, filler and fines retention and drainage on the wire section were observed between the modified and the conventional PCC. However, the decreased bulk of paper was observed when the modified PCC was used.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제47권2호
• /
• pp.53-60
• /
• 2015

The effects of stirring speed during filler modification by dual polymers on flocculation and reflocculation of PCC (precipitated calcium carbonate) particles and its effect on handsheet properties were elucidated. PCC surface was modified by adsorbing A-PAM (anionic polyacrylamide) and C-starch (cationic starch) in series at various stirring speeds. It was found that increasing stirring speed during filler modification decreased the initial floc size of PCC. Continuous stirring with the same speed for filler modification resulted in the decrease of a floc size, eventually reached a steady state. The variations in a floc size was influenced by the stirring speed during filler modification: the lower the stirring speed during filler modification, the larger the floc size variations. Conclusively, the stability of PCC floc could be improved by increasing the stirring speed. In addition, the stirring speed influenced the handsheet properties. The smaller the PCC floc, the lower the strength of handseet. However, too much larger floc size also deteriorated paper strength. There exists an optimum floc size in term of paper strength which shall be controlled by stirring speed during filler modification.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2010

The effects of fillers on the wet end dewatering and paper properties were investigated in order to confirm the possibility that the fillers can be used as a means for saving energy in papermaking process. The performance of GCC, PCC and talcs were evaluated. The dewatering in wire and wet press was improved by the increase of filler addition, but it was observed that the dewatering behavior was depended by the filler characteristics. PCC was superior to other fillers in the bulk, opacity, air permeability and stiffness while the lowest tensile and burst index were obtained. We found that the response on the wet end dewatering and paper properties were affected greatly by the filler characteristics including particle shape and size.

• Journal of Power Electronics
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.1088-1096
• /
• 2017

Load variations on a distribution line result in voltage fluctuations at the point of common coupling (PCC). In order to keep the magnitude of the PCC voltage constant at its rated value and obtain zero voltage regulation (ZVR), a D-STATCOM is installed for voltage correction. Moreover, the ZVR mode of a D-STATCOM can also be used to balance the source current during unbalanced loading. For medium voltage and high power applications, a D-STATCOM is realized by the cascaded H-bridge topology. In the ZVR mode, the D-STATCOM may draw unbalanced current and in this process is required to handle different phase powers leading to deviations in the cluster voltages. Zero sequence voltage needs to be injected for ZVR mode, which creates circulating power among the phases of the D-STATCOM. The computed zero sequence voltage and the individual DC capacitor balancing controller help the DC cluster voltage follow the reference voltage. The effectiveness of the control scheme is verified by modeling the system in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The obtained simulations are further validated by the experimental results using a dSPACE DS1106 and five-level D-STATCOM experimental set up.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.711-721
• /
• 2018

This paper presents a single-phase asymmetric half-bridge cascaded multilevel inverter based series active power filter (SAPF) for harmonic voltage compensation. The effect of level number on performance of the proposed SAPF is examined in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD) and system efficiency. Besides, the relationship between the level number and the number of switching device are compared with the other multilevel inverter topologies used in APF applications. The paper is also aimed to demonstrate the capability of the SAPF for compensating harmonic voltages alone, without using a passive power filter (PPF). To obtain the required output voltage, a new switching algorithm is developed. The proposed SAPF with levels of 7, 15 and 31 is used in both simulation and experimental studies and the harmonic voltages of the load connected to the point of common coupling (PCC) is compensated under two different loading conditions. Furthermore, very high system efficiency values such as 98.74% and 96.84% are measured in the experimental studies and all THD values are brought into compliance with the IEEE-519 Standard. As a result, by increasing the level number of the inverter, lower THD values can be obtained even under high harmonic distortion levels while system efficiency almost remains the same.

• 한국도로학회논문집
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.51-63
• /
• 2011

소입경 골재노출콘크리트포장은 콘크리트 포장 시공 시 포장표면에 적정 응결지연제를 분사한 후 표면 모르타르를 제거하여 굵은 골재를 노출시킴으로서 표면조직을 형성하는 공법으로써 기존 콘크리트 포장의 소음문제를 해결할 수 있는 저소음 공법이다. 소입경 골재노출 콘크리트 포장은 강도를 크게 개선할 뿐만 아니라 소음저감 효과 및 우수한 미끄럼 저항성을 확보하여 도로이용자의 안정성을 확보할 수 있는 공법이다. 현재 국외 도로 선진국의 경우 골재노출 포장의 상용화가 이루어진 상태이지만 국내의 경우는 실용화 초기단계이기 때문에 현장적용을 위해서는 국내 여건에 맞는 합리적인 관리 기준이 필요하다. 이를 위하여 소입경 골재노출 콘크리트 포장의 최적배합 및 노출기법 연구, 굵은 골재의 선정 및 입도 설계, 환경하중 저항성 평가 등 실내시험을 수행하였으며, 소입경 골재노출 콘크리트 포장의 시공을 위한 시공 장비를 제작하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 시험시공을 통해 도출된 결과와 기존 실내시험에서 도출된 결과를 비교 분석하였으며, 시험시공 분석을 통하여 골재 탈리 방지, 강도 및 내구성 확보를 위한 표준배합을 제시하였다. 환경 및 시공조건이 상이한 3차례 시험시공 구간을 선정하여 시공현장여건에 유동성으로 대처할 수 있는 시공 기술 및 시공 기준을 제시하였다. 또한 장 단기 공용성 평가를 통하여 도로 포장의 기능성 측면에서 우수한 소음저감 및 미끄럼 저항성을 확보할 수 있는 노면조직의 품질관리 기준을 제시하였다.