• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.59-70
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• 2013

With advances in information and communication technologies, many innovative technologies have been developed. Those technologies are changing every aspect of our daily life. Especially smart technologies are changing our life dramatically. Smart devices such as tablet PCs and smart phones are used in education so that new concept called "smart learning" is created and used. Currently smart learning becomes popular in accordance with wide distribution of smart devices and smart contents in schools. In order to compare and check the current status and progress of individuals in smart environment, we need smart literacy standards. However, there has been only few works for smart literacy standards for teachers and students. Also, those standards need to be improved. The purpose of this paper is to develop smart literacy standards for teachers and students in smart learning environment. The proposed literacy standards are developed based on the existing ICT literacy standards. In this work, smart literacy standards consist of four main areas, smart education, smart knowledge, smart application, and smart ethics, respectively. For development of smart literacy, wide experts from teachers, professors, and researchers are selected and surveyed. Their responses are analyzed using through statistical analysis so that final smart literacy standards are obtained.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

Objectives: This study is a quasi-experimental research with nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design study to compare and verify the educational effects between CPR Song.Video Self-Instruction and CPR VSI. Method: We selected total 58 subjects who were freshmen at the Dept of Emergency Medical technology, G College in G Metropolitan City and 28 of them were experimental group which had no experience to have CPR instruction and consented to take part in this research and 30 students were control group. Data were collected from Apr. 27 to 29, 2009. Data were analyzed with SPSS/PC+(version 14.0). and all significance level was set as p<0.05. Results: 1. In the knowledge of CPR, the knowledge level before CPR instruction was 2.17 out of 10 in experimental group and 1.86 in control group. After CPR instruction, experimental group got 9.07 and it meant the increase of 6.89 and control group showed increase to 7.16(p=0.000). 2. Self-efficacy of CPR showed 2.61 out of 10 in both experimental and control groups, and after CPR instruction, experimental group showed increase of 3.93 as 6.55 and control group showed increase of 3.91 as 6.52(p=0.000). 3. Accuracy of CPR performance was 0.32 out of 10 in experimental group and 0.40 in control group. After CPR instruction, experimental group got 9.25 and showed increase of 8.92 and control group got 9.20 and showed increase of 8.80(p=0.000). 4. Study satisfaction was 4.22 out of 5 in experimental group and 3.04 in control group, and experimental group was higher than control group. there was no statistically significant difference. Conclusions: This study found that CPR Song；Video Self-Instruction achieved better results than CPR VSI. With these results, it is considered that CPR instruction for college students through mass communication or video will be very helpful.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.37-48
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to provide the valuable basic information that helps set the advanced direction of study in environmental pollution in the future. It classifies and analyzes 6, 531 papers according to their years, fields, and contents from 1962 to 1993 in Korea through Chunrian, a PC communication network, National Environment Research Institute(1989) in Seoul. Classifying papers by their fields, this study shows 19.6%(1, 281 papers) of total papers on water pollution, on which most emphasis was placed in the studies, 17.2%(1, 121 papers) on general remarks, 14.6%(952 papers) on environmental ecology, and 13.6%(891 papers) on air pollution. Classifying papers by their contents, this study tells us that the survey of state and evaluation of pollution degree took 28%(1, 829 papers) of total papers, and it seemed the most active study was carried out on this content. It then shows us that the treatment technology and mechanism shared 17.5%(1, 144 papers), and facilities and design took 1.9%(127 papers) which needed more studies in the future. As for the trends of study, the papers published until 1979 show that the water pollution accounted for 28.9% of total studies, on which the greatest emphasis was placed, while the papers in 1990s tell us that general remarks 34.7%, air pollution 14.9%, and water pollution 14.1%. It also shows that treatment technology and mechanism has had more importance since 1980s in water pollution, noise and vibration, waste materials, human wastes, and radioactive pollution. However, in sea pollution, policy and standard rather than treatment technology or method of measurement and analysis has been considered a more important one in 1990s. Analyzing the studies on general remarks, it tell us that the paper on environmental act, which were frequently conducted, accounted for 33.3% until 1979, while the papers on the environmental policy, in which the highest interest was kept, accounted 34.6% in 1990s. This study concludes that most papers had examined the survey on status and evaluation of pollution degree before 1980, while studies on solving the problems of environmental pollution have had more importance in the 1980s and 1990s. Therefore, in the future, more studies should be conducted actively on policy development to solve the problems of environment pollution as well as on encouragement of environmental consciousness.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.119-137
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• 1995

Maternity nurses' roles are to find out women's various responses related to the health problems during pregnancy, to intervene adequate nursing and supports, and to help them adapt satisfactorily to new situation, such as hospitalization. The purposes of this study are : firstly, to inquire about women's emotional status, feeling of discomfort, and the nursing need during hospitalization because of discomfort, and the nursing needs during hospitalization because of the possibility of abortion by threatened and habitual abortion : secondly, to provide fundamental data for developing adequate nursing intervention and improving hospital management. The subjects of this study were 62 women who were hospitalized, visited out-patient clinic for follow-up, and stayed at home after discharge since August, 1993 from one hospital located in Seoul, from March 23 to April 13, 1994. The questionnaire was consisted of 21 items of emotion(Reliability Cronbach's alpa, .77), 19 items of feeling of discomfort(.79), and 21 items of nursing needs (.89), and nurses' performance according to nursing needs,(.90). These were measured by using Likert Scale and analyzed by using SPSS / $PC^+$ with the descriptive statistics, $X^2$-test, and ANOVA. Research findings are as follows : 1) The subjects' average age, hospitalized days, and gestational age are 32.2, 15.7, 12.9 by respectively. 2) 88.7% of the subjects are getting antepatal care, 66.1% are experiencing 1.75 times of spontaneous abortion, and 82.3% are nuclear family. 3) The Emotions were mainly comprized negative and subjective state of minds such as uneasiness, anxiety, and discomfort. The domains of emotions were related to 'fetus', 'herself', 'hospitalization', and 'husband's 'families', in rank. The highest scored item was "I, above anyone else, am mostly stressed from abortion." 4) The feelings of discomforts were firstly related to 'personal discomfort arising from absolute bed rest', 'meals provided', Usage of hospital, perse', 'health team', in rank. 5) The nursing needs frequently pointed out were 'Nurses kindly explain of me the purpose, method, and results of the lab. test', 'Nurses sincerely pay attention to my word in communication'. The least nursing needs were 'Nurses observe my feces and whether I have constipation or not'. 'When I can't move, nurses help me by holding my arms or pulling my bed'. 6) The highest performed items were 'Nurses observe whether I bleed or not', and 'Nurses give me drug with exact dose in time'. The least performed items was about hospital environment, such as 'Temperature, ventilation & humidity in the room should be controlled'. 7) Besides religion that is related to nursing need with statistically significant difference, none of general characteristics were related to emotion, feeling of discomfort, and nursing needs.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.237-248
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• 2013

Hybrid broadcasting environment is convergence of broadcasting and communication environment. In hybrid broadcasting environment, a number of media can be delivered using both broadcasting channel and other network unlike traditional broadcast environment that is able to deliver a couple of media by the limited bandwidth. Now, starting with smart TV, hybrid broadcasting environment combining broadcasting channel and IP network is established, and a variety of services are appearing. Moreover, the services using hybrid broadcasting environment are expected to appear soon for the other smart terminals such as smart phone and tablet PC. Scene composition is one of the methods that can consume effectively a number of media delivered from hybrid broadcasting environment. Using scene composition, multiple media can be consumed through the specified presentation time and space. Therefore, in this paper, it proposes the scene composition technology that is suitable for hybrid broadcasting environment and smart terminals. However, the spatial composition and temporal composition of media using script language and style language of HTML5 might increase the complexity of processing, and cause limitation of avaliable terminals. Also, a document of HTML5 can describe only one scene. By these reason, the proposed scene composition technology extends HTML5 in order to provide the spatial and temporal composition of media and description of multiple scene through markup language. In addition, it includes the extension of HTML5 in terms of utilization in hybrid broadcasting environment. For this proposal, this paper describes the technology of HTML5 and proposed scene composition. Also, it verifies the scene composition with both implementations and experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.89-101
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to characterize purchase behavior at internet shopping mall and the preference for fashion design through analysis Net generations. The subjects for this sample were teen-agers and university students who had dwelled at pusan and ulsan in south korea. This study had 824 samples who had purchasing of fashion apparels at the internet shopping mall. The sampling data in this survey was analyzed by frequency analysis, factor analysis, T-test, Duncan-test, MANOVA and ANOVA of SPSS WIN package. The results of the study were as follows: 1. It was proved that among 824 individuals, 790(95.9%)individuals uses internet or pc communication and 33 individuals don't use any of them. 35.1% of using internet people have been using that for 1∼2 years. And they used internet for 1∼3 hours in a day(52.9%). And Net generations preferred Internet Shopping Mall because they didn't need to take the troubles of shopping and parking, but at the same time, they seemed to have distrust because they couldn't check the products personally. 2. People who decide to purchase by products and pursuit of information prefer cuffs, collar design, people of pursuit of convenience prefer sleeve, neckline, pants design, people of advertising and pursuit of services prefer cuffs, sleeve, collar, neckline, pants design and color. People who was dependent on perception of danger when they purchase preferred color and pattern. 3. It was proved that purchase attitude for men at internet shopping mall was convenience and for women, advertising and pursuit of services. 1318 teenagers decided to purchase mainly by advertising and pursuit of services at internet shopping mall and semi-adult are less dependent on that factors than 1318 teenagers did. Under high school educational course Net generation was dependent on the factors of advertising and pursuit of services when they purchase at internet shopping mall and above university educational course Net generation decide to purchase by the factors of products and pursuit of information. Also, people whose average income was above 3 million won ware dependent on the factors of advertising and pursuit of services and people whose income was under one million won was decide to purchase by the factors of perception of danger. People whose monthly expenditure on purchase was above 50,000 won ware depend on advertising and pursuit of services more than people whose expenditure was under 50,000 won did.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.135-140
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• 2015

The WDSS improves defensive capacity against web application layer DDoS attack by using web cache server and L7 switch which are added on the DDoS shelter system. When web DDoS attack occurs, security agents divert traffic from backbone network to sub-network of the WDSS and then DDoS protection device and L7 switch block abnormal packets. In the meantime, web cache server responds only to requests of normal clients and maintains stable web service. In this way, the WDSS can counteract the web DDoS attack which generates small traffic and depletes server-client session resource. Furthermore, the WDSS does not require IP tunneling because it is not necessary to retransfer the normal requests to original web server. In this paper, we validate operation of the WDSS and verify defensive capability against web application layer DDoS attacks. In order to do this, we built the WDSS on backbone network of an ISP. And we performed web DDoS tests by using a testing system that consists of zombie PCs. The tests were performed by three types and various amounts of web DDoS attacks. Test results suggest that the WDSS can detect small traffic of the web DDoS attacks which do not have repeat flow whereas the formal DDoS shelter system cannot.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.2 no.7
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• pp.283-292
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• 2013

In order to ensure high performance, all the servers in an existing server cluster are always On regardless of number of real-time requests. They ensure QoS, but waste server power if some of them are idle. To save energy consumed by servers, the server power mode control was developed by shutdowning a server when a server is not needed. There are two types of server power mode control depending on when a server is actually turned off if the server is selected to be off: static or dynamic. In a static mode, the server power is actually turned off after a fixed time delay from the time of the server selection. In a dynamic mode, server power is actually turned off if all the services served in the server are done. This corresponds to a turn off after a variable time delay. The static mdoe has disadvantages. It takes much time to find an optimal shutdown time manually through repeated experiments. In this paper, we propose a dynamic shutdown method to overcome the disadvantages of static shutdown. The proposed method allows to guarantee user QoS with good power-saving because it automatically approaches an optimal shutdown time. We performed experiments using 30 PCs cluster. Experimental results show that the proposed dynamic shutdown method is almost same as the best static shutdown in terms of power saving, but better than the best static shutdown in terms of QoS.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.119-130
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• 2014

Purpose - Franchise industries are significant both socially and economically. However, with increasing interest, there are manifold problems. It is necessary to seek measures for mature operation constantly despite unprepared franchisors, negative perceptions of the media and society toward franchise, and rapid changes in business start-up trends and propensity to consume that make business start-ups difficult. The paper aims to explain the effects of relational commitment and performance on the franchisor's management characteristics and justice in the food service franchise system. Research design, data, and methodology - This is an exploratory survey examining franchising in Korea. Based on a literature synthesis, we extract five constructs: managerial characteristics, support, fairness, trust, and satisfaction. We hypothesize that these factors influence the trust, satisfaction, and performance of franchisees. To examine these hypotheses empirically, we conducted a survey on the database of the Franchising Council of Korea. The study employs data from May to September 2014. In total, 135 completed questionnaires were received, of which 128 were usable. The data was analyzed with SPSS/PC 22.0. First, to test unidimensionality and nomological validity of the measures of each construct, we employed a scale refinement procedure. The result of a reliability test with Cronbach's α and factor analysis warranted unidimensionality of the measures for each construct. In addition, nomological validity of the measures was warranted from the result of the correlation and regression analysis. By analyzing the data, we can confirm most hypotheses. Results - Frist, franchisor characteristics have a positive effect on trust and satisfaction. Second, franchisor fairness has an effect on trust and satisfaction. Third, franchisor support has an effect on satisfaction. Further, the franchisee trust has an effect on satisfaction. Fourth, the satisfaction of a franchisee with a franchisor affects the performance of a franchisee. Finally, there is a possibility that not only franchisee performance but also increasing the credibility and improving the image of the franchisor through communication between franchisor and franchisee can improve franchisees' performance and satisfaction by motivating the franchisee for sustainable growth. Franchisers should endeavor for franchisees to obtain stable revenue with continuous and practical support. They should recognize that they can expand their business by supporting their franchisees. Franchisors should not only instantly respond to franchisees' troubles with interactive communications but also raise the ability of supervisors for better support. Franchisors should share their visions and goals with their franchisees and provide systematic and continuous support based on trust and clear company management. Franchisees should understand franchisors' position as well as participate in establishing the basic franchise system. Contributions - The paper contributes to understanding franchising in Korea. It offers insights and assistance to franchisors hoping to start franchises. This paper explores measurement issues related to franchisee performance by estimating its determinant factors (managerial characteristics, support, fairness, trust, and satisfaction). This study provides franchisors and practitioners planning to extend their franchising business with some practical knowledge.

• Archives of design research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.145-154
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• 2001

These days, the products like Walkman, mobile phone, notebook PC, PDA are moving together with our body, and in the imaginary world like internet, our other self, Avatar is moving in place of our body on the cyber world. These products are related with our human body, and when considering the ones, attached to the human body, and having the meaning of mental combination like these, as the combination of the human and the products, it is necessary to examine these products in approaching them with respect to the combination relation between the human and the products. As a result of examining we can understand that the products, said to combine with the human body, are coming oui steadily. and recently, the inclination on the combination and the movement appears strongly. As this background, there are a breakdown of dichotomy thought, mixed sexual imitation, cyber culture, techno culture. concept of informative nomands, phenomenon which the division of human and machine becomes vague. and the miniaturization of products. imitation of human, phenomenon that the Inclination on the combination with human is more accelerated by networking. These products combine with human body at each wearing type in the various forms. Its functions become multi-layered, and closer to the human body physically. or its communication becomes high·graded and, they have the recombined form through the existing products which the human has And, they communicate each other. have the strong fashionable property, and the characteristics like the imaginary product to imitate the human body and substitute for the human behave.