• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.84-89
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• 2024

Light is an important component among which plays a crucial role in determining the production and quality of fruit trees. Since the disturbance of light directly leads to reduced photosynthetic efficiency, their damage can be increased especially in fruit trees such as Japanese apricots with a short growing time. In this study, we investigated how the effects of shading condition can affect the production and quality of Japanese apricots according to increased damages by light disturbance in the main orchard complex. The average photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) level in Japanese apricots was rapidly dropped as the shading time was increased compared to the control (304 μmol/m²/s) and the PAR level decreased to 142 μmol/m²/s after shaded for eight hours. The maximum photosynthetic efficiency, with a PAR value of 900 to 1,000 μmol/m²/s, corresponds to the time period without shading and the time period with 2 hours of shading, and these times range from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. And the time period for shading for 4 hours was from 1:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m., and under conditions of shading for 6 and 8 hours, the effect was a low amount of light. There was no difference in the weight of Japanese apricots during 2 hours shading time, however, it was significantly reduced as shading time were increased. The difference of the acid content and L/D ratio was not significant on shading time, but the SSC was decreased as times going on. In conclusion, our results indicate that the shading for more than 2 hours make negative effects to decrease the weight and SSC and the yield and affects directly to drop in fruit quality.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 1993

Background: There is evidence that platelet is activated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and activated platelet with injured endothelium contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, prognostic factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. So, we have investigated platelet function further in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and effect of platelet activation on pulmonary hypertension. Method: We studied platelet aggregation ratio and alpha-granule products such as platelet factor 4(PF4) and beta-thromboglobulin (${\beta}$-TG) in control subjects and COPD without and with pulmonary hypertension subjects. Result: 1) The platelet aggregation ratio (PAR) was $0.99{\pm}0.04$ in control subjects, $0.98{\pm}0.05$ in COPD without pulmonary hypertension subjects and $0.89{\pm}0.08$ in COPD with pulmonary hypertension subjects. The platelet aggregation ratio of COPD subjects was tend to decrease than that of control subjects and the ratio of COPD with pulmonary hypertension subjects was significantly lower than that of control subjects. 2) The platelet factor 4 (PF4, IU/ml) was $4.7{\pm}1.2$ in control subjects, $18.6{\pm}4.9$ in COPD without pulmonary hypertension subjects and $57.2{\pm}12.7$ in COPD with pulmonary hypertension subjects. The level of COPD subjects was significantly higher than that of control subjects and the level of COPD with pulmonary hypertension subjects was significantly higher than that of COPD without pulmonary hypertension subjects. 3) The beta-thromboglobulin (${\beta}$-TG, IU/ml) was $34.4{\pm}5.8$ in control subjects, $80.4{\pm}18.1$ in COPD without pulmonary hypertension subjects and $93.0{\pm}14.0$ in COPD with pulmonary hypertension subjects. The level of COPD subjects was significantly higher than that of conrtrol subjects and the level of COPD with pulmonary hypertension subjects was tend to increase than that of COPD without pulmonary hypertension subjects. 4) There was no correlation between the clinical parameters and PAR, PF4 and ${\beta}$-TG but there was significant correlation among PAR, PF4 and ${\beta}$-TG. Conclusion: The platelet is activated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the platelet of COPD with pulmonary hypertension is tend to be activated more than that of COPD without pulmonary hypertension. So, activated platelet may involve in the pathogenesis and maintenance of pulmonary hypertension in COPD subjects and modulation of platelet activity that might reduce pulmonary hypertension needs to be determined.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.185-190
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of quinolone resistant E. coli from raw bulk milk and to characterize the resistance determinants. In this study, the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) were sequenced from quinolone resistant E. coli isolates. Also, the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and the expression of efflux pump genes based on quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were investigated. Of the 487 coliform bacteria, 9 strains showed nalidixic acid resistance, and 6 of the 9 nalidixic acid resistant isolates were also ciprofloxacin resistant. These 9 strains had a single mutation at codon 83 (S83L) in gyrA, 2 of them had double mutations at codon 83 and 87 (S83L and D87N) in gyrA and 3 of the 9 isolates had single mutations at codon 80 (S80I) in parC. None of the 9 isolates harbored PMQR determinants. Compared with wild-type E. coli ATCC 25922, an over-expression of the acrB gene (2.15-5.74 fold), encoding the pump component of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump was observed in 4 of 6 ciprofloxacin resistant isolates. This study identified the quinolone resistance mechanism of E. coli isolated from raw milk samples in Gyeonggi-do.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 2017

BACKGROUND:Kiwifruit growers build their vineyards using many windbreaks to protect their kiwifruit vines from defoliation injury by strong winds such as typhoon. In this study, we have compared fruit quality, budbreak rate and floral bud as affected by windbreaks. And also we surveyed several microclimate indices of kiwifruit orchard depending on the covering materials of arch-type windbreaks. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five different windbreak materials including polyethylene film (PE), blue- and white-colored nets were tested in pipe-framed archtype kiwifruit vineyards as the covering materials. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), annual mean temperature (AMT) and chill unit (CU) as well as fruit quality were compared among the covering materials. In all treatments, annual PAR was more than $400{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, in which kiwifruit leaf could reach its maximum photosynthesis, since the leaves were emerged. Annual mean temperature was greater in 0.1 mm-PE covering as much as $1-2^{\circ}C$ than other windbreaks. In CU calculated by three different models, all windbreaks showed more than 1400 CU that is fully fulfilled CU for kiwifruit rest completion. There were no difference in budbreak rate among the covering materials. Fruit weight was heavier in 0.1 mm-PE and white-net (4 mm) than other windbreaks. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the windbreak materials, the PAR quantity was enough for kiwifruit photosynthesis. And CU for kiwifruit rest completion was fully achieved in all treatments. However, with respect to fruit weight, quantity of PAR, and AMT, etc., It is highly recommended for kiwifruit growers to choose 0.1 mm-PE and white-net (4 mm) as for their windbreaks materials.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1293-1296
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• 2006

In this study, a solid phase extraction method has been developed for the preconcentration and separation of the elements Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II) and Pb(II) at trace levels by using a column packed with Amberlite XAD-1180 resin loaded with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) reagent. After preconcentrating, the metals retained on the column were eluted with 20 mL of 3 mol/L $HNO_3$ and then determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The factors affecting the recovery of the elements, such as pH, type and concentration of eluent, volume of sample and elution solution, and matrix components, were also ascertained. The recoveries of Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II) and Pb(II) were found to be $99\;{\pm}\;4,\;97\;{\pm}\;3,\;95\;{\pm}\;3$ and $98\;{\pm}\;4$%, respectively, under the optimum conditions at 95% confidence level and the relative standard deviations found by analyzing of nine replicates were $\leq4.4$%. The preconcentration factors for Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II) and Pb(II) were found as 75, 125, 50 and 75 respectively. The detection limits (DL, 3s/b) were 3.0 $\mu g/L$ for Cr(III), 1.25 $\mu g/L$ for Fe(III), 3.3 $\mu g/L$ for Co(II), and 7.2 $\mu g/L$ for Pb(II). The recoveries achieved by adding of metals at known concentrations to samples and the analysis results of Buffalo river sediment (RM 8704) show that the described method has a good accuracy. The proposed method was applied to tap water, stream water, salt and street dust samples.

• ALGAE
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 2013

Photosynthetic carbon fixation regulates air-sea $CO_2$ fluxes in the waters of coral reefs. However, little has been documented on the effects of solar UV radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm) upon photosynthetic behaviors of phytoplankton dwelling in these ecosystems. In order to evaluate the aforesaid, surface dwelling tropical coral reef phytoplankton assemblages collected from the South China Sea were exposed to solar radiation (i.e., photosynthetically active radiation [PAR] + UV radiation A [UVA] + UV radiation B [UVB], 280-700 nm; PAR + UVA, 320-700 nm; and PAR, 400-700 nm) under static or simulated-mixing conditions. Under the static condition, UVA and UVB significantly reduced the carbon fixation with the maximum of 22.4 and 15.3%, respectively; while lower UVR-related photosynthetic inhibition was observed in case of phytoplankton samples being subjected to mixing. At a moderate level of mixing (i.e., circulation time 80 min), the UVA and UVB caused inhibition were lowered by 52.1 and 79.6%, respectively. Based on this it could be stated that vertical mixing induced by winds and/or tides in the natural environments could reduce the inhibitory effect of solar UVR on phytoplankton productivity in the coral reefs water.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.21-31
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• 2012

This is a case study of Gangnam S University Hospital applying a par level transfer system for reagent materials. The purpose of this study is evaluated on the cutting down on inventory expenses and medical service revenue in the point of resource based view. The data was acquired through the financial statement of Gangnam S Hospital for the fiscal year 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, and compared with the Korea health industry statistics index for hospital accounts based on the materials in Korea Health Industry Development Institute. The results of the study are as follows. Medical reagent materials expenditure cut down as 305 million won through 2009 fiscal year. Medical profits for the Gangnam S University hospital's income statement in 2011 show well over acquired 3.37 billion won through the enlarged diagnostic test numbers. In conclusion, Gangnam S University Hospital health statistics's index shows very high profits. The results of this study have some limitations in terms of generalization as only one hospital in Seoul. Further studies with relationship inventory performance and enlarged reagent materials are expected in this area.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.207-212
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• 2005

Tetragonia tetragonoides (Aizoaceae) has been known as an anti-cancer agent. The activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) by trypsin appears to play a role in inflammation. In the present study, we examined the inhibitory effects of Tetragonia tetragonoides water extract (TTWE) on the production of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$ and tryptase in trypsin-stimulated human leukemic mast cells (HMC-1) expressing PAR-2. HMC-1 cells were stimulated with trypsin in the presence or absence of TTWE (10, 100, and $1000\;{\mu}g/ml$). The level of $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion from HMC-1 cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). $TNF-{\alpha}$ and tryptase mRNA expression were examined by reverse transcription-PCR. Also, extracellular signal-regulated kinese (ERK) activation was assessed by Western blot analysis. Trypsin activity was measured using the substrate Bz-DL-Arg-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA). It was observed that $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion, tryptase mRNA and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA expression in trypsin-stimulated HMC-1 cells were inhibited by pretreatment of TTWE ($1000\;{\mu}g/ml$). Furthermore, the pretreatment of TTWE ($1000\;{\mu}g/ml$) resulted in the reduction of ERK phosphorylation and trypsin activity. These results suggest hat TTWE might have the inhibitory effects on the PAR-2-dependent inflammation processes and it is likely to function as PAR-2 antagonist.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.222-228
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• 2001

Vibrio metschnikovii strain RH530 is a non-pathogenic, industrially-important alkaline protease producer which has been isolated from wastewater. In this paper, we report on the transformation of this strain by using the method of electroporation. A field strength of $7.5\;kVcm^{-1}$ and $25\;{\mu}F$, and using a 0.2-cm cuvette, appeared to be the optimal conditions for electroporation of the cells with the recombinant pSBCm plasmid carrying the vapK alkaline protease gene and the ColE1 replicon. Cells were subjected to osmotic shock in order to remove extracelluar DNase, and adding 200 mM of sucrose to electroporation buffer cells showed an increased transformation efficiency. Maximum efficiency of transformation was obtained at an early exponential growth phase. Using all of the conditions mentioned above, we routinely obtained a transformation efficiency of more than $10^4{({\mu}g\;plasmid\;DNA)}^{-1}$. The stability of the plasmid pSBCm in V. metschnikovii RH530 was 25% after 18h of growth (27 generations) in the medium without antibiotic selection. The insertion of the par locus to the pSBCm increased the stability of the plasmid up to 42% without selective pressure. The increase in plasmid stability was accompanied by the increase in the productivity of alkaline protease in the recombinant V. metschnikovii strain RH530. Determining optimal conditions for the transformation of the industrially-important, nonpathogenic Vibrio strain, and the improvement of plasmid stability by introducing the par locus into the high copy number plasmid vector, will allow the development of procedures involved in the genetic manipulation of this strain, particularly for its use in the production of industrial enzymes such as alkaline protease.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.345-353
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• 1997

The effects of crude saponin (SAP) and alkaloid (ALK) fractions of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on the detrimental effects of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and scopolamine on passive avoidance response (PAR) were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats, referring their effects on the neuronal injury and plasticity of hippocampus in response to electrolytic lesion of left entorhinal cortex (ECL). The detrimental ECS effect on PAR was attenuated by pre- and post-treatments with SAP and ALK, respectively, or by pretreatment with aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of diamine oxidase and NO synthase. And the detrimental scopolamine effect on PAR was also inhibited by pre-treatment with ALK or AG, and by post- treatment with SAP or ALK, respectively. On the 7th day after ECL, the brain sections stained by cresyl violet and by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, respectively, showed the chromatolysis and numeral decrease of neurons and the reduction of AChE reactivity in the hippocampus CA1 area and to a lesser extent, in the dentate gyrus. The neuronal cell death of the CA1 area was significantly reduced by SAP, ALK, or AG, and the reduction of AChE reactivity was significantly attenuated by SAP or ALK and to a lesser extent by AG. These results suggests that the protective effect of ginseng SAP and ALK fractions on ECS- or scopolamine-induced impairment of PAR may be ascribed in part to preservation of hippocampal neurons, particularly cholinergic neurons.