• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.277-284
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• 1999

제 I급 부정교합 환자에서 PAR지수가 교정치료기간 및 측모두부방사선 계측 항목과 관계가 있는지를 규명하고자 100명의 교정 환자의 치료 전후 석고모형에서 PAR지수를 구하고, 측모두부방사선사진에서 12개의 계측치를 측정하여 분석한 후 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 치료 기간은 발치 여부 및 치료전 PAR지수와 상관관계를 보였다. 2. ANB, FMA, FMIA, IMPA는 치료전 PAR지수와 치료전 측모두부방사선 계측치에서 순상관관계를 보였다. 3. $\underline{1}$ to FP는 치료후 PAR지수와 치료후 측모두부방사선 계측치에서 순상관관계를 보였고 $\overline{1}$ to FP는 역상관관계를 보였다. 4. $\underline{1}$ to SN, IIA, $\bar{1}$ to FP는 ${\%}\;PAR$와 치료전후 측모두부방사선 계측치의 변화량과의 관계에서 순상관관계를 보였고 FMA, FMIA, WITS, UL은 역상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 결과는 석고모형상의 치아관계에서 측정한PAR지수가 측모두부방사선 계측치 중 상하 전치와 관련된 항목과 연관이 있으며, 제I급 구치 관계를 보이는 환자중 ANB 값이 크고 hyperdivergent한 안모를 갖는 경우 치료전 PAR 지수가 큰 경향을 나타냄을 시사하였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.393-401
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• 2001

교정치료의 결과를 평가하는 방법에는 두부방사선계측이나 석고모형을 이용하는 방법등이 있다. 교합지수는 석고 모형을 이용한 평가방법 중 하나로, 교합 상태를 하나의 수치로 표현하기 때문에 정량적으로 평가할 수 있고 계측이 객관적이며 교정치료의 결과를 평가하는데 있어서 표준화가 가능하다는 장점이 있다. 이 연구는 PAR지수를 이용하여 경희대학교 치과대학 교정과에서 시행되는 교정치료의 결과를 평가하고, 교정치료 증례들의 교정치료 전과 추적 관찰기의 교합 변화를 평가하며, 교정치료 전후의 결과가 치료 전 증례의 Angle 분류와 상관성이 있는지를 평가하기 위해 시행되었다. 영구치열기에 교정치료를 시작하여 고정식 교정장치로 치료하였고, 교정장치를 제거한 후 최소 24개월이 경과한 I급 부정교합 9 증례, II급 1류 부정교합 8 증례, III급 부정교합 8 증례 등 총 25 증례의 교정치료 전, 교정치료 종료 시, 추적 관찰기의 석고모형을 대상으로 PAR (Peer Assessment Rating) 지수를 이용한 교정치료의 결과 및 재발에 관한 연구를 시행하여 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 1. 교정치료 종료 시 평균 85.05%의 가중된 PAR 점수의 개선을 보였으며, 이는 'high standard of treatment'에 해당된다. 2. 추적 관찰기에는 교정치료 전과 비교하여 평균 75.40%의 가중된 PAR점수 개선을 보였으며 교정치료 종료 시와 비교하여 추적 관찰 기간동안 9.65%의 가중된 PAR 점수의 증가가 있었다. 3. 교정치료 전 Angle 분류와 치료 전후의 PAR 지수 변화량 간에는 상관관계가 없었다.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.6-15
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study is to investigate the degree of coincidence between the peer assessment rating (PAR) index and American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system (ABO-OGS) in the assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes of Class I malocclusion cases. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 26 Class I patients. The PAR index was used for evaluation of pre-(T0) and posttreatment (T1) casts, and the ABO-OGS for assessment of T1 casts. If there was a reduction in PAR scores from T0 to T1 of more than 30%, the label 'PAR+' was given to the case, and if not, it was labeled 'PAR-'. If the ABO-OGS was less than 27, the label 'OGS+' was given to the case and if not, it was labeled 'OGS-'. 'A PAR-only qualified group' (PAR+), 'ABO-OGS-only qualified group' (OGS+), 'both indices qualified group' (PAR+/OGS+), and 'both indices disqualified group' (PAR-/OGS-) were compared with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test, sensitivity/specifi city test and Spearman's correlation test. Result: PAR scores for T0, T1, and percentage reduction were 21.1, 6.4, and 65.9%, respectively, and 35.4 for ABOOGS. The distribution of the 'PAR+/OGS+', 'PAR+', and 'PAR-/OGS-' group was 19.3%, 76.9%, and 3.8%, respectively. The T0-PAR, T1-PAR and PAR point reductions for the 'PAR+' group were significantly higher than those of 'PAR+/OGS+' groups (23.1 vs. 15.6; 6.7 vs. 4.6; and 16.5 vs. 11.0; all P<0.05). However, the PAR-percentage reduction and treatment duration between the two groups were not statistically different (70.0% vs. 67.0%, P=0.4325; 24.1 months vs. 25.0 months, P=0.4057). The T1-ABO-OGS score for 'PAR+' group was significantly higher than that of the 'PAR+/OGS+' groups (38.2 vs. 24.0, P<0.001). Conclusion: Since the fraction of the 'PAR+/OGS+' group was less than 20% and there was no significant correlation between PAR-percentage reduction and T1-ABO-OGS, development of a new index system for the accurate evaluation of treatment outcome is needed.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2011년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.1207-1210
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 PAR-트리라는 공간색인구조를 제안한다. PAR-트리는 object distribution heuristic(객체분할법)으로 absolute crowd index(절대 복잡도)를 사용하여 공간 데이터 객체를 여러 개의 데이터 공간에 균일하게 배치함으로써 질의처리 속도를 향상시킨다. PAR-트리는 MXR-트리에 비해 높은 공간활용도와 빠른 질의 반응시간을 보임으로써 다차원 데이터베이스를 위한 효율적인 색인구조로 사용이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2016

Objective: The aims of our study were to verify the validity of the T-Scan III system (Tekscan) as an objective occlusal evaluation tool, and to assess the differences between two occlusal indexes - the peer assessment rating (PAR) index and the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system (OGS) - by comparing the scores derived from the T-Scan III system with the two occlusal indexes and analyzing the correlations between them. Methods: The final study sample included 48 adult volunteers (39 men and 9 women, mean age $24.14{\pm}3.16years$), after excluding 29 volunteers whose occlusion could not be evaluated by the T-Scan III system due to severe skeletal or occlusal problems. PAR index and OGS scores were assessed using dental study models, and measurements of centric occlusion, protrusive movement, and lateral excursion movement were obtained via the T-Scan III system. The results were analyzed to determine correlations. Results: Occlusal analysis by the T-Scan III system was clinically reliable (p < 0.05), and the PAR index and OGS scores were significantly correlated with several measurements obtained with the T-Scan III system (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The T-Scan III system is a quantitative and reliable method for occlusal evaluation, and represents a potential substitute for occlusal indexes. Compared to the PAR index, the OGS scores of more variables were significantly correlated with the T-Scan measurements.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.156-164
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• 1990

A field experiment was conducted to study both the distribution characteristics of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the soybean canopy and their relationships with dry matter production. The soybean cultivars 'Hwanggeumkong' and 'Paldalkong' were sown with the spaces of 60$\times$15cm and 30$\times$15cm at Suwon on May 20 and on June 20 in 1989. The ratio of PAR to the total shortwave radiation was estimated by the empirical equation derived from sunshine hours and direct incoming radiation. The functional relationships between the PAR interception and the leaf area index were expressed as a function of Beer's law. The extinction coefficients(k) in the functions ranged from 0.77 to 0.92. The values of k were greater at higher planting density, but they were affected neither by planting dates nor by varieties. The reflection ratio of PAR($\alpha$) was determined by the exponential function as below; $\alpha$=$\alpha$p-($\alpha$p-$\alpha$o) exp(-kㆍLAI) where $\alpha$p was the reflectance at the maximum LAI and $\alpha$o was that of the bare soil. The ap ranged from 0.025 to 0.035 and $\alpha$o ranged from 0.11 to 0.12, respectively. The reflected PAR ranged from 0.049 to 0.064 and the transmitted PAR ranged from 0.168 to 0.340 until maximum dry weights were observed. The slope from the linear regression of dry matter on absorbed PAR, conversion efficiency, ranged from 1.30 to 2.3g MJ$^{-1}$ during the growing season until maximum dry weight was reached. The total dry matter yield above ground (TDM) increased with the increases in the conversion efficiency. TDM was higher in Hwanggeumkong than Paldalkong and higher in the space of 30$\times$15cm than 60$\times$15cm, Paldalkong showed higher harvest index than Hwanggeumkong. than Hwanggeumkong.

• 대한치과교정학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한치과교정학회 2000년도 제33회 학술대회
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• pp.42.2-42.2
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• 2000

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.154-163
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• 2011

본 연구는 교합 상태를 객관적이고 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 개발된 American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system (ABO-OGS)을 이용하여 교정치료 후 나타나는 재발 경향을 평가하고 이에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요소들과의 상관관계를 알아보고자 시행되었다. 부산대학교, 경희대학교와 단국대학교 치과병원 교정과에서 포괄적 교정치료를 받은 환자 중 치료종료 후 2년 이상의 유지기간을 갖는 80명의 환자를 대상으로 초진 시(T1)의 peer assessment rating (PAR) index, 치료 후(T2)와 유지 후(T3) 시기의 ABO-OGS를 측정하여 T2와 T3 간의 변화 양상을 각 항목별로 측정하였고, 나이, 성별, Angle 분류, 발치 여부, 유지기간, 초진 시의 상태와의 상관관계를 조사하기 위해 다중 회귀분석을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. T2 시기와 비교하여 T3 시기에 ABO-OGS의 7개 항목 중 치아 배열(alignment)은 악화되었으며, 교합 접촉(occlusal contact)과 치간 접촉(interproximal contact)은 개선되었고, 나머지 4개의 항목에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 다중 회귀분석을 시행한 결과, 유의한 회귀모형은 치아 배열(alignment), 교합 관계(occlusal relationship), 수평피개(overjet), 치간 접촉(interproximal contact) 항목이었으나, 회귀 모형들의 설명력이 낮았으며, 연령, 성별, Angle 분류, 발치 여부, 유지기간, 초진시의 상태(initial PAR index, T1)는 T2 시기와 T3 시기의 ABO-OGS 변화량을 설명하는 데 큰 영향을 미치지는 않는 것으로 보인다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.439-450
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• 2022

This case report describes the treatment of an adult female patient with a history of periodontal disease, Class I malocclusion with extrusion, dental spaces, and pathologic tooth migration. The patient was treated with clear aligners, which effectively controlled the strength and direction of orthodontic forces after 3 months of systematic periodontal treatment. The Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index was calculated from study models before and after treatment. The pretreatment PAR score was 24, and the posttreatment PAR score was 4. The PAR score for this patient changed by 83%. Satisfactory appearance and good function were achieved for this patient.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2012

This is a case study of Gangnam S University Hospital applying a par level transfer system for reagent materials. The purpose of this study is evaluated on the cutting down on inventory expenses and medical service revenue in the point of resource based view. The data was acquired through the financial statement of Gangnam S Hospital for the fiscal year 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, and compared with the Korea health industry statistics index for hospital accounts based on the materials in Korea Health Industry Development Institute. The results of the study are as follows. Medical reagent materials expenditure cut down as 305 million won through 2009 fiscal year. Medical profits for the Gangnam S University hospital's income statement in 2011 show well over acquired 3.37 billion won through the enlarged diagnostic test numbers. In conclusion, Gangnam S University Hospital health statistics's index shows very high profits. The results of this study have some limitations in terms of generalization as only one hospital in Seoul. Further studies with relationship inventory performance and enlarged reagent materials are expected in this area.