• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.66-71
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to assess the criteria on a floor hinge and door closer for the optimum design of the access door of a smoke control room. The door opening force due to differential pressure is 60.75 N, 40.5 N, 32.91 N and 12.66 N when the differential pressure is 60 Pa, 40 Pa, 32.5 Pa and 12.5 Pa, respectively. The door opening force of the floor hinge and door closer to which the criteria of KS F 2806 are applied is 27.5 N, 40 N, 75 N, 100 N and 125 N for the Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 class floor hinges and door closers, respectively. This study compared the differential pressure and opening force limits of floor hinges and door closers with the values specified in NFSC 501A and found that they exceeded the criteria specified in NFSC 501A. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect the differential pressure and smoke control wind speeds as well as the opening forces specified in NFSC 501A on the design of floor hinges and door closers. The installation conditions of floor hinges and door closers of access doors differ depending on the type and name of a smoke control damper. This study found that Nos. 1, 2 and 3 floor hinges and door closers could be installed for access doors with low differential pressure and that Nos. 1 and 2 floor hinges and door closers could be installed for access doors with normal differential pressure.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.783-788
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• 2003

A 27 bp $tRNA^{Gly}$ region (att1) was identified as the integration site for a 12,384 bp Pfl-derived genomic island containing 15 open reading frames (ORFs) from PA0715 to PA0729 in P. aeruginosa strain PAOl. Homologous island was observed in P. aeruginosa strain PA14, but not in P. aeruginosa strain K (PAK). We isolated the Pfl island from PA14, and determined its 10,657 bp sequences containing 14 ORFs, with significant sequence variations near the borders. In contrast to the PAO1 Pfl island, the PA14 Pfl island was integrated at the 10 bp att2 site between PA1191 and PA1192. The attl site of PA14, however, was still occupied by a third genetic segment, whereas both attl and att2 sites of PAK remained unutilized. These results exemplify an extensive genomic variation of Pfl-related islands involving differential genetic organizations and differential att site utilizations.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2010

Objective : Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is described as a clinical syndrome characterized by sudden headache, vomiting, visual impairment, and meningismus caused by rapid enlargement of a pituitary adenoma, We retrospectively analyzed the clinical presentation and surgical outcome in PA presenting with cranial neuropathy. Methods : Twelve cases (33%) of PA were retrospectively reviewed among 359 patients diagnosed with pituitary adenoma, The study included 6 males and 6 females, Mean age of patients was 49,0 years, with a range of 16 to 74 years, Follow-up duration ranged from 3 to 20 months, with an average of 12 months, All patients were submitted to surgery, using the transsphenoidal approach (TSA). Results : Symptoms included abrupt headache (11/12), decreased visual acuity (12/12), visual field defect (11/12), and cranial nerve palsy of the third (5/12) and sixth (2/12) Mean height of the mass was 29.0 mm (range 15-46) Duration between the ictus and operation ranged from 1 to 15 days (mean 7.0) The symptom duration before operation and the recovery period of cranial neuropathy correlated significantly (p = 0.0286) TSA resulted in improvement of decreased visual acuity in 91.6%, visual field defect in 54.5%, and cranial neuropathy in 100% at 3 months after surgery. Conclusion : PA is a rare event, complicating 3.3% in our series, Even in blindness following pituitary apoplexy cases, improvement of cranial neuropathy is possible if adequate management is initiated in time, Surgical decompression must be considered as soon as possible in cases with severe visual impairment or cranial neuropathy.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.287-293
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• 2009

Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. We investigated the involvement of PLD1 in the uptake of norepinephrine (NE) in PC12 cells, pheochromocytoma cells. NE uptake was specific in PC12 cells because nomifensine, a specific blocker of NE transporter, blocked NE uptake. Inhibition of PLD function in PC12 cells by the treatment of butanol suppressed the NE uptake. In contrast, overexpression of PLD1 in PC12 cells increased NE uptake efficiently. These results suggest that PLD activity is involved in NE uptake. We explored the action mechanism of PLD in NE uptake. PA phosphatase inhibitor, propranolol, blocks the formation of PKC activator diacylglycerol from PA. Propranolol treatment to PC12 cells blocked dramatically the uptake of NE. Specific PKC inhibitors, GF109203X and Ro31-8220, blocked NE uptake. Taken together, we suggest for the first time that PLD1 activity is involved in NE uptake via the activation of PKC.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2013

This paper presents results from a study undertaken to quantitatively evaluate the geotextile pore sizes using optical image analysis. The evaluation was conducted by observing surfaces of coupons cut from resin-impregnated specimens of geotextile-geomembrane layered under various load conditions. Stereological concepts were applied to collect representative specimens from a series of laboratory tests. The sizes of voids enclosed by filaments were expressed in terms of the largest inscribing opening size (LIOS) distribution. The opening diameter corresponding to the 50% cumulative frequency decreased by about 45mm as the load increased from 10 to 300kPa and recovered to about 90% of its initial state on unloading back to 10kPa. The average void size was reduced by 32 and 16.5% as the geotextile was sheared against a textured geomembrane under normal stresses of 100 and 300kPa, respectively. The results showed how the LIOS distribution varied as a function of normal stress and interface shear displacement against a smooth and a textured geomembrane surfaces.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2014

Objectives: Extensively destroyed teeth are commonly restored with composite resin before cavity preparation for indirect restorations. The longevity of the restoration can be related to the proper bonding of the resin cement to the composite. This study aimed to evaluate the microshear bond strength of two self-adhesive resin cements to composite resin. Material and Methods: Composite discs were subject to one of six different surface pretreatments: none (control), 35% phosphoric acid etching for 30 seconds (PA), application of silane (silane), PA + silane, PA + adhesive, or PA + silane + adhesive (n = 6). A silicone mold containing a cylindrical orifice ($1mm^2$ diameter) was placed over the composite resin. RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE) or BisCem (Bisco Inc.) self-adhesive resin cement was inserted into the orifices and light-cured. Self-adhesive cement cylinders were submitted to shear loading. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: Independent of the cement used, the PA + Silane + Adhesive group showed higher microshear bond strength than those of the PA and PA + Silane groups. There was no difference among the other treatments. Unicem presented higher bond strength than BisCem for all experimental conditions. Conclusions: Pretreatments of the composite resin surface might have an effect on the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to this substrate.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.18.1-18.12
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• 2021

Background: We previously elucidated the protective mechanism of Korean red ginseng oil (RGO) against Brucella abortus infection, and our phytochemical analysis revealed that palmitic acid (PA) was an abundant component of RGO. Consequently, we investigated the contribution of PA against B. abortus. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the efficacy of PA against B. abortus infection using a murine cell line and a murine model. Methods: Cell viability, bactericidal, internalization, and intracellular replication, western blot, nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide (O₂^-) analyses and flow cytometry were performed to determine the effects of PA on the progression of B. abortus infection in macrophages. Flow cytometry for cytokine analysis of serum samples and bacterial counts from the spleens were performed to determine the effect of PA in a mouse model. Results: PA did not affect the growth of B. abortus. PA treatment in macrophages did not change B. abortus uptake but it did attenuate the intracellular survivability of B. abortus. Incubation of cells with PA resulted in a modest increase in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. Compared to control cells, reduced nitrite accumulation, augmented O₂^-, and enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production were observed in PA-treated B. abortus-infected cells. Mice orally treated with PA displayed a decreased serum interleukin-10 level and enhanced bacterial resistance. Conclusions: Our results suggest that PA participates in the control of B. abortus within murine macrophages, and the in vivo study results confirm its efficacy against the infection. However, further investigations are encouraged to completely characterize the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of B. abortus infection by fatty acids.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2011

Effects of temperature ($13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$) on the pharmacokinetic properties of nalidixic acid (NA) and piromidic acid (PA) were studied after oral administration to cultured black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Serum concentrations of NA and PA were determined using HPLC-UV detector after a single dosage of 60 mg/kg body weight. At $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, the peak serum concentrations of NA and PA, which attained at 24 h post-dose, were 5.87 and $0.43\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. At $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, the peak serum concentrations of NA and PA, which attained at 10 h post-dose, were 6.22 and $1.57\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Better absorption of PA was noted at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ compared to $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$. However, absorption of NA was not affected significantly by temperature. The elimination of NA and PA from serum of black rockfish was considerably faster at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ than at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of NA and PA in serum were analyzed by fitting to a one compartment model, with WinNonlin program. The AUC, $T_{1/2}$, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$, respectively, were: $161.25\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.15 h, 12.29 h and $8.91\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, and $134.12{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.18 h, 8.79 h and $5.00\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ with NA; $41.57\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.58 h, 8.24 h and $0.21\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, and $40.36\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.59 h, 5.04 h and $1.20\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ with PA.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-79
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• 1999

The concentration of polyamine and the relationship between the concentration of PA and cold resistance were analysed during the cold stress in the cotyledons and hypocotyls of young spring radishes. The concentration of PUT was increased during the cold stress in the cotyledons and the concentration of PUT and SPD was changed significantly all the stress time. From the results, we suggested that PUT and SPD were synthesized against cold stress or separated from the bound PA during the cold stress. But, the concentration of SPM was not significantly changed during the cold stress. Only SPD existed in the control hypocotyls. The concentration of SPD was increased during the cold stress, but was decreased dramatically during continusly cold stress. The reactivity against stress of hypocotyls was generally more sensitive during the cold treatment than that of the cotyledons because of the lower concentration of PA in the hypocotyls. PUT and SPD were responsible for the resistance of cold stress in the cotyledons and PA did not play an important role on the resistance of cold stress in the hypocotyls. In this study we suggest that PUT and SPD were responsible for the increase of the resistance against the cold stress.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.659-668
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• 2018

A series of direct shear tests were implemented on three different types of specimens (i.e., clean Perth sand, sand containing 10, 20 and 30% bentonite, sand containing 1, 3 and 5% slag, and sand containing 10, 20 and 30% bentonite with increasing percentages of added slag (1%, 3% and 5%). This paper focuses on the shear stress characteristics of clean sand and sand mixtures. The samples were tested under different three normal stresses (100, 150 and 200 kPa) and three curing periods of no curing time, 7 and 14 days. It was observed that the shear stresses of clean sand and mixtures were increased with increasing normal stresses. In addition, the use of slag has improved the shear strength of the sand-slag mixtures; the shear stresses rose from 128.642 kPa in the clean sand at normal stress of 200 kPa to 146.89 kPa, 154 kPa and 161.14 kPa when sand was mixed with 1%, 3% and 5% slag respectively and tested at the same normal stress. Internal friction angle increased from $32.74^{\circ}$ in the clean sand to $34.87^{\circ}$, $37.12^{\circ}$ and $39.4^{\circ}$ when sand was mixed with 1%, 3% and 5% slag respectively and tested at 100, 150, and 200 kPa normal stresses. The cohesion of sand-bentonite mixtures increased from 3.34 kPa in 10% bentonite to 22.9 kPa, 70.6 kPa when sand was mixed with 20% and 30% bentonite respectively. All the mixtures of clean sand, different bentonite and slag contents showed different behaviour; some mixtures exhibited shear stress more than clean sand whereas others showed less than clean sand. The internal friction angle increased, and cohesion decreased with increasing curing time.