• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.1182-1193
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• 2021

The aims of this study were to develop a milk protein-based probiotic delivery system using a modified rennet-induced gelation method and to determine how the skim milk powder concentration level and pH, which can affect the rennet-induced intra- and inter-molecular association of milk proteins, affect the physicochemical properties of the probiotic delivery systems, such as the particle size, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, and viability of probiotics in simulated gastrointestinal tract. To prepare a milk protein-based delivery system, skim milk powder was used as a source of milk proteins with various concentration levels from 3 to 10% (w/w) and rennet was added to skim milk solutions followed by adjustment of pH from 5.4 or 6.2. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was used as a probiotic culture. In confocal laser scanning microscopic images, globular particles with a size ranging from 10 ㎛ to 20 ㎛ were observed, indicating that milk protein-based probiotic delivery systems were successfully created. When the skim milk powder concentration was increased from 3 to 10% (w/w), the size of the delivery system was significantly (p < 0.05) increased from 27.5 to 44.4 ㎛, while a significant (p < 0.05) increase in size from 26.3 to 34.5 ㎛ was observed as the pH was increased from 5.4 to 6.4. An increase in skim milk powder concentration level and a decrease in pH led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the encapsulation efficiency of probiotics. The viability of probiotics in a simulated stomach condition was increased when probiotics were encapsulated in milk protein-based delivery systems. An increase in the skim milk powder concentration and a decrease in pH resulted in an increase in the viability of probiotics in simulated stomach conditions. It was concluded that the protein content by modulating skim milk powder concentration level and pH were the key manufacturing variables affecting the physicochemical properties of milk protein-based probiotic delivery systems.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권10호
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• pp.1638-1641
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• 2005

원유에서 지방을 제거한 탈지유의 pH를 5.5, 7.0, 8.5로 조정한 다음 TGase를 첨가하여 0, 1, 2, 4, 8시간 반응시킨 후 동결 건조하여 조직의 성상을 주사 전자 현미경을 이용해 관찰, 비교하였다. pH와 TGase를 처리하지 않은 탈지유는 단백질 입자들이 규칙적으로 회합해 있었다. pH 조정 후 TGase를 처리한 다음 반응시간을 달리한 시료에서는 pH를 5.5로 조정한 경우 현저한 변화가 있었는데, 그 변화 양상은 단백질 입자들이 0시간에서 조각을 이루어 회합되어 있다가 1시간 반응시킨 경우 단백질 입자들이 서로 결합하여 넓게 회합하였다. 2시간 반응시킨 경우 단백질 입자들이 다시 뭉쳐서 회합하였으며 4시간 반응시킨 경우 뭉쳐져 있던 단백질 입자들이 조그만 한 구형 성상으로 넓게 회합하였다. 8시간 반응시킨 시료는 구형 성상으로 회합되어 있던 단백질 입자들이 사라지면서 다시 넓게 회합하는 것을 관찰할 수있었다. pH 7.0과 8.5 조건하에서는 단백질 입자들이 조각 형태를 이루고 있었으며 반응시간이 증가할수록 입자들이 넓게 확대되는 현상을 나타냈다. 전반적으로 현미경적 입자의 형태는 pH 5.5로 조정된 시료가 pH 7.0또는 pH 8.5로 처리된 시료들보다 더작게 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 단백질들의 현미경적 변화 양상은 pH TGase처러 그리고 반응시간에 따라 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.362-371
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• 2014

This study utilized commercially available proteolytic enzymes to prepare egg-white protein hydrolysates (EPHs) with different degrees of hydrolysis. The antioxidant effect and functionalities of the resultant products were then investigated. Treatment with Neutrase yielded the most ${\alpha}$-amino groups (6.52 mg/mL). Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Protamex, and Ficin showed similar degrees of ${\alpha}$-amino group liberation (3.19-3.62 mg/mL). Neutrase treatment also resulted in the highest degree of hydrolysis (23.4%). Alcalase and Ficin treatment resulted in similar degrees of hydrolysis. All hydrolysates, except for the Flavourzyme hydrolysate, had greater radical scavenging activity than the control. The Neutrase hydrolysate showed the highest 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}=3.6mg/mL$). Therefore, Neutrase was identified as the optimal enzyme for hydrolyzing egg-white protein to yield antioxidant peptides. During Neutrase hydrolysis, the reaction rate was rapid over the first 4 h, and then subsequently declined. The $IC_{50}$ value was lowest after the first hour (2.99 mg/mL). The emulsifying activity index (EAI) of EPH treated with Neutrase decreased, as the pH decreased. The EPH foaming capacity was maximal at pH 3.6, and decreased at an alkaline pH. Digestion resulted in significantly higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The active peptides released from egg-white protein showed antioxidative activities on ABTS and DHHP radical. Thus, this approach may be useful for the preparation of potent antioxidant products.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVI)
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• pp.515-515
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• 2005

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.384-389
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• 2005

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of rice protein concentrate (RPC) in weaning pigs. In expt. I, a 5-week feeding trial was conducted with 126 pigs (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D; 21 d-old; 5.32${\pm}$0.34 kg). Treatments were spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP; control), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and RPC (phase 1), and dried porcine soluble (DPS; control), SPC and RPC (phase 2). An ileal digestibility trial was also conducted to compare digestibility of amino acids in the tested protein sources. In expt. II, 160 weaning pigs (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D; 21 d-old; 5.65${\pm}$0.35 kg) were used in a 5-week feeding trial to determine the optimal inclusion level of RPC in the diet. Treatments were control (9% SPC), and three levels of RPC instead of SPC in the diets (3, 6 and 9%). During phase 1, pigs fed SDPP showed better (p<0.05) ADG and FCR compared with those fed SPC or RPC, while there was no difference in ADFI among treatments. During phase 2, however, pigs fed DPS showed lower (p<0.05) ADG than those fed SPC or RPC. During the total period, there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI and FCR among treatments. The apparent ileal digestibilities of his, lys, phe, thr and met were not different among the tested protein sources. The apparent ileal digestibilities of arg, ile, leu and val were lower (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP. The true ileal digestibilities of arg and leu were lower (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP and SPC. However, that of met was higher (p<0.05) in RPC than SDPP. In expt. II, there were no significant differences in ADG and FCR when SPC was substituted with RPC up to 9% during the total period. In conclusion, based on our experimental results, RPC would replace SPC in the complex prestarter diet, which is somewhat cheaper than SPC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권18호
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• pp.8579-8587
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• 2016

Background: The molecular mechanisms linking breast cancer progression and inflammation still remain obscure. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association of angiopoeitin like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) and its regulatory factor, hypoxia inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$ (HIF-$1{\alpha}$), with the inflammatory markers nuclear factor kappa B/p65 (NF-${\kappa}B$/P65) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-$1{\beta}$) in order to evaluate their role in inflammation associated breast cancer progression. Materials and Methods: Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) mRNA expressions were evaluated using quantitative real time PCR and its protein expression by immunohistochemistry. DNA binding activity of NF-${\kappa}B$/P65 was evaluated by transcription factor binding immunoassay. Serum levels of ANGPTL4, HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ were immunoassayed. Tumor clinico-pathological features were investigated. Results: ANGPTL4 mRNA expressions and serum levels were significantly higher in high grade breast carcinoma ($1.47{\pm}0.31$ and $184.98{\pm}18.18$, respectively) compared to low grade carcinoma ($1.21{\pm}0.32$ and $171.76{\pm}7.58$, respectively) and controls ($0.70{\pm}0.02$ and $65.34{\pm}6.41$, respectively), (p<0.05). Also, ANGPTL4 high/moderate protein expression was positively correlated with tumor clinico-pathological features. In addition, serum levels of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ as well as NF-${\kappa}B$/P65 DNA binding activity were significantly higher in high grade breast carcinoma ($148.54{\pm}14.20$, $0.79{\pm}0.03$ and $247.13{\pm}44.35$ respectively) than their values in low grade carcinoma ( $139.14{\pm}5.83$, $0.34{\pm}0.02$ and $184.23{\pm}37.75$, respectively) and controls ($33.95{\pm}3.11$, $0.11{\pm}0.02$ and $7.83{\pm}0.92$, respectively), (p<0.001). Conclusion: ANGPTL4 high serum levels and tissue expressions in advanced grade breast cancer, in addition to its positive correlation with tumor clinico-pathological features and HIF-$1{\alpha}$ could highlight its role as one of the signaling factors involved in breast cancer progression. Moreover, novel correlations were found between ANGPTL4 and the inflammatory markers, IL-$1{\beta}$ and NF-${\kappa}B$/p65, in breast cancer, which may emphasize the utility of these markers as potential tools for understanding interactions for axes of carcinogenesis and inflammation contributed for cancer progression. It is thus hoped that the findings reported here would assist in the development of new breast cancer management strategies that would promote patients' quality of life and ultimately improve clinical outcomes. However, large-scale studies are needed to verify these results.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.180-190
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• 2021

This study aimed to determine the carcass and meat quality of broiler chickens based on the slaughter age (28, 30, 32, and 34 days). The carcass characteristics included live and carcass weights, carcass rate, dressing rate, and retail cut weight. The meat quality properties were determined through proximate composition, pH, color, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking yield, and shear-force. The broiler chicken live, carcass, breast, thigh, and wing weights significantly increased with the slaughter age (p < 0.05); the tenderloin weight also exhibited a similarly increasing trend. However, the carcass rate of the day 28 sample was significantly lower than the other samples (p < 0.05). The protein and ash contents of the breast exhibited an increasing trend with increasing slaughter age. The protein content of the thigh of the day 28 sample was significantly lower than that of the other samples (p < 0.05), while the ash contents of the day 28 and 30 samples were significantly lower. The redness of the breast showed an increasing trend, and the pH and lightness of the thigh exhibited a decreasing trend with slaughter age. The WHC and cooking yields of the day 30 and 32 breast and thigh samples were significantly higher than those of the day 28 and 34 samples (p < 0.05). The breast and thigh shear-force of the day 30-34 samples were significantly higher than those of the day 28 sample (p < 0.05). The present study showed that even with a twoday difference in slaughter age, the broiler chicken meat quality showed a significant difference in several characteristics.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 2008

The nickel and cobalt resistance of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 is mediated by the CnrCBA efflux pump encoded by the cnrYHXCBAT metal resistance determinant. The products of the three genes cnrYXH transcriptionally regulate expression of cnr. CnrY and CnrX are membrane-bound proteins, probably functioning as anti-sigma factors, whereas CnrH is a cnr-specific extracytoplasmic functions (ECF) sigma factor. The periplasmic domain of CnrX (residues 29-148) was cloned as a N-terminal His-tagged protein, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified using affinity chromatography and gel filtration. The molecular mass was estimated to be about 13.6kDa by size exclusion chromatography, corresponding to a monomer. The tetragonal bipyramid crystals were obtained by mixing an equal volume of protein in 50mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1% glycerol, 100mM NaCl, 1mM DTT, and the reservoir solution of 15% w/v PEG 2000, 100mM lithium chloride at 277K in 2-4 days using hanging drop vapor diffusion. The protein concentration was 24mg/ml. The crystal that diffracted to $2.42{\AA}$ resolution belongs to space group $P4_1\;or\;P4_3$ with unit cell parameters of $a=b=32.14{\AA},\;c=195.31{\AA},\;{\alpha}={\beta}={\gamma}=90^{\circ}$, with one molecule of CnrX in the asymmetric unit.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2013

The 'Dielectrophoretic Tweezers(DEP Tweezers)' can be used as a facile, economical toolkit for quantitative measurement of chemical and biological binding forces related to many biological interactions within a microfluidic device. Our experimental setup can probe the interaction between a single receptor molecule and its specific ligand. Immunoglobulin G(IgG) functionalized on polystyrene microspheres has been used to detect individual surface linked Staphylococcus protein A(SpA) molecules and to characterize the strength of the noncovalent IgG-SpA bond. It was measured and compared with the existing measurements. Measured single binding force of between Goat, Rabbit IgG and SpA were $17{\pm}7pN$, $74{\pm}16pN$. This work can be used to investigate several different ligand-receptor interactions and antigen-antibody interactions.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 1999년도 제16차 정기총회및학술발표회
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• pp.34-50
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• 1999

A cDNA encoding chicken interferon-gamma (chIFN-${\gamma}$) was amplified from P34, a CD4$^{+}$ T-cell hybridoma by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cloned into pUC18. THe sequences of cloned PCR products were determined to confirm the correct cloning. Using this cDNA as probe, chicken genomic library from White Leghorn spleen was screened. Phage clones harboring chicken interferon-gamma (chIFN-${\gamma}$) were isolated and their genomic structure elucidated. The chIFN-${\gamma}$ contains 4 exons and 3 introns spanning over 14 kb, and follows the GT/AG rule for correct splicing at the exon/intron boundaries. The four exons encode 41, 26, 57 and 40 amino acids, respectively, suggesting that the overall structure of IFN-${\gamma}$ is evolutionairly conserved in mammalian and avian species. The 5’-untranslated region and signal sequences are located in exon 1. Several AT-rich sequences located in the fourth exon may indicate a role in mRNA turnover. The 5’-flanking region contains sequences homologous to the potential binding sites for the mammalian transcription factors, activator protein-1(AP-1) activator protein-2(AP-2) cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB), activating transcription factor(ATF), GATA-binding fator(GATA), upstream stimulating factor(USF), This suggests that the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of chicken and mammalian IFN-${\gamma}$ genes may be similar.r.