• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological responses of Bupleurum latissimum, endangered plants by light condition. We investigated photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll fluorescence under different shading treatments (Shaded 50%, 70%, 90% and non-treated). Results showed that net apparent quantum yield (AQY) and chlorophyll contents were significantly increased with elevating shading level. However, light compensation point (LCP) and dark respiration ($R_d$) were shown the opposite trend. Especially, non-treated exhibited photoinhibition such as reduction of chlorophyll contents and maximum photosynthesis rate ($Pn_{max}$) also variation trend of stomatal conductance ($g_s$), and transpiration rate (E) were decreased to prevent water loss. Photosynthetic rate ($P_{Nmax}$) and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of 90% treatment showed a drastic reduction in July. This implies that photosynthetic activity will be sharply decreased with a long period of low light intensity. The 50% treatment showed relatively higher photosynthetic activity than other treated. This result suggested that growth and physiology of B. latissimum adapted to 50% of full sunlight.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1233-1237
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• 2001

A study was conducted to determine the effects of maturity at harvest and wilting days on the quality of round baled rye (Secale cereale L.) silage. This study was a $3{\times}3$ factorial arrangement in a split plot design with 3 replicates. The main plot was 3 harvesting dates at the stage of boot (20 Apr.), heading (29 Apr.) and flowering (14 May). The subplot was wilting day : 0 (unwilted), 0.5 and 1 day (0, 1, and 2 days at boot stage). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of rye silage were significantly greater than those of rye before ensiling, but crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were vice versa. Buffering capacity (BC) of rye harvested at flowering stage was decreased from 264 to 202 meq/kg at 1 day wilting, however, it was increased when harvested at boot or heading stage. The pH in wilted silage was the highest while that of flowering stage was the lowest. Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of wilting rye was lower than that of unwilted, and the lowest at late harvesting stage. All plots had minimal WSC content for silage fermentation. Wilting treatment and delayed harvesting date caused an increase in dry matter (DM) content of round bale silage. The content of ammonia-N expressed as a portion of total N showed negative correlation with DM content. High quality silage according to ammonia-N content could be obtained from mid-harvest with wilting. There were highly significant differences in each organic acid between harvesting dates and wilting periods. Acetic and butyric acid contents were increased with delayed harvesting and prolonged wilting period, the lactic acid content, however, was decreased. This study demonstrated that harvest of rye from heading to flowering stage with wilting would be a recommendable method for making high quality rye silage using round bale system.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.143-154
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was to find efficacy of integrin alpha2 (${\alpha}_2$) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as tumor marker of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and clarify the selective cell death effect of anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$ and anti-EGFR on SCC cells, additionally testify conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNP) with air plasma for selective cell death of oral SCC. Methods: Expression of integrin ${\alpha}_2$, EGFR on human SCC cells (SCC25) were examined by western blot. SCC25 cells were treated with anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$, anti-EGFR and analysed by Hemacolor staining, immunoflorescence staining, FACS flow cytometry. Conjugated GNP with integrin ${\alpha}_2$, EGFR antibody were treated by air plasma on SCC cells. Results: Integrin ${\alpha}_2$ and EGFR were over-expressed on SCC25 cells than normal lung WI-38 cells. The cell viability rate of SCC25 cells treated with anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$, anti-EGFR was lower than WI-38 cells. The concentration changes of nucleus, releasing cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to cytosol were observed. The changes of proteins related with apoptosis were observed. Increase of bax, bcl-xL, activation of caspase-3, -7, -9, and fragmentation of PARP, DFF45 and decrease of lamin A/C in SCC25 cells were observed. In FACS, increase of sub-$G_1$ and S phase was observed. Cell cycle related proteins, Such as cyclin D1, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4, cyclin A, cyclin E, CDK 2, p27 were decreased. After SCC25 cells treated with conjugatged GNP-Integrin ${\alpha}_2$, GNP-EGFR, additionally air plasma, the cell death rate was significantly increased. Conclusion: Integrin ${\alpha}_2$, EGFR were over-expressed in oral SCC cells. Anti-integrin ${\alpha}_2$, anti-EGFR in SCC25 cells induced apoptosis selectively. When GNP-anti integrin ${\alpha}_2$, GNP-anti EGFR were treated with air plasma on SCC25 cells, cancer cells were died more selectively. GNP-anti integrin ${\alpha}_2$, GNP-anti EGFR with air plasma could be treatment choice of oral SCC.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.15-15
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• 1999

In chip plating, several parameters must be taken into consideration. Current density, solution concentration, pH, solution temperature, components volume, chip and media ratio, barrel geometrical shape were most likely found to have an effect to the process yields. The 3 types of barrels utilized in chip plating industry are the conventional rotating barrel. vibrational barrel (vibarrel), and the centrifugal type. Conventional rotating barrel is a close type and is commonly used. The components inside the barrel are circulated by the barrel's rotation at a horizontal axis. Process yield has known to have higher thickness deviation. The vibrational barrel is an open type which offers a wide exposure to electrolyte resulting to a stable thickness deviation. It rotates in a vertical axis coupled with multi-vibration action to facilitate mixed up and easy transportation of components, The centrifugal barrel has its plated work centrifugally compacted against the cathode ring for superior electrical contact with simultaneous rotary motion. This experiment has determined the effect of barrel vibration intensity to the plating thickness distribution. The procedures carried out in the experiment involved the overall plating process., cleaning, rinse, Nickel plating, Tin-Lead plating. Plating time was adjusted to meet the required specification. All other parameters were maintained constant. Two trials were performed to confirm the consistency of the result. The thickness data of the experiment conducted showed that the average mean value obtained from higher vibrational intensity is nearer to the standard mean. The distribution curve shown has a narrower specification limits and it has a reduced variation around the target value, Generally, intensity control in vi-barrel facilitates mixed up and easy transportation of components, However, it is desirable to maintain an optimum vibration intensity to prevent solution intrusion into the chips' internal electrode. A cathodic reaction can occur in the interface of the external and internal electrode. $2HD{\;}+{\;}e{\;}{\rightarrow}20H{\;}+{\;}H_2$ Hydrogen can penetrate into the body and create pressure which can cause cracks. At high intensity, the chip's motion becomes stronger, its contact between each other is delayed and so plating action is being controlled. However, the strong impact created by its collision can damage the external electrode's structure thereby resulting to bad plating condition. 1 lot of chip was divided into two equal partion. Each portion was loaded to the same barrel one after the other. Nickel plating and tin-lead plating was performed in the same station. Portion A maintained the normal barrel vibration intensity and portion B vibration intensity was increased two steps higher. All other parameters, current, solution condition were maintained constant. Generally, plating method find procedures were carried out in a best way to maintained the best plating condition. After plating, samples were taken out from each portion. molded and polished. Plating thickness was investigated for both. To check consistency of results. 2nd trial was done now using different lot of another characteristics.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.493-505
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• 2013

This numerical study investigates seismicity and fault slip induced by fluid injection in deep geothermal reservoir with pre-existing fractures and fault. Particle Flow Code 2D is used with additionally implemented hydro-mechanical coupled fluid flow algorithm and acoustic emission moment tensor inversion algorithm. The output of the model includes spatio-temporal evolution of induced seismicity (hypocenter locations and magnitudes) and fault deformation (failure and slip) in relation to fluid pressure distribution. The model is applied to a case of fluid injection with constant rates changing in three steps using different fluid characters, i.e. the viscosity, and different injection locations. In fractured reservoir, spatio-temporal distribution of the induced seismicity differs significantly depending on the viscosity of the fracturing fluid. In a fractured reservoir, injection of low viscosity fluid results in larger volume of induced seismicity cloud as the fluid can migrate easily to the reservoir and cause large number and magnitude of induced seismicity in the post-shut-in period. In a faulted reservoir, fault deformation (co-seismic failure and aseismic slip) can occur by a small perturbation of fracturing fluid (<0.1 MPa) can be induced when the injection location is set close to the fault. The presented numerical model technique can practically be used in geothermal industry to predict the induced seismicity pattern and magnitude distribution resulting from hydraulic stimulation of geothermal reservoirs prior to actual injection operation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2016

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the exposure levels of forklift operators to diesel engine exhaust(DEE) using black carbon(BC), elemental carbon(EC), and nitrogen dioxide($NO_2$) as indicators. Methods: A total of eight forklift operators in six collection companies were assessed over a period of two months from July to September 2015. BC was measured using a real-time monitor and respirable EC samples were analyzed using the NIOSH method 5040. $NO_2$ samples were collected using a passive badge-type sampler. Results: The geometric mean of BC, EC and $NO_2$ were $3.1-19.1{\mu}g/m^3$, $2.1-23.8{\mu}g/m^3$, and 12.5-166.6 ppb at all companies. When forklifts were operating both outside and inside, BC concentrations increased 2.0-5.6 times. The highest increase was observed when forklifts were operating indoors. The increase in BC concentrations varied by company(company A: 2.0 times, B: 3.2 times, C: 5.6 times, D: 2.1 times, E: 5.1 times, F: 2.6 times). The geometric mean of BC, EC, and $NO_2$ for the forklift operators was $9.6{\mu}g/m^3$, $7.9{\mu}g/m^3$, and 48.9 ppb, respectively. The geometric mean of BC, EC, and $NO_2$ for manufacturing workers was $9.3{\mu}g/m^3$, $0.9{\mu}g/m^3$, and 85.2 ppb, respectively. The mean BC and EC exposure levels for the forklift operators were slightly higher than those for manufacturing workers, but $NO_2$ levels for manufacturing workers were higher than those for the forklift operators(p>0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that diesel exhaust emissions standard, forklift weight and forklift manufacturer were the most influential factors in determining worker exposure. Conclusions: In the DEE work environment, workers who perform tasks within the workplace as well as inside forklifts as operators are likely to be exposed to a lack of ventilation. Further study of forklift operators' exposure to DEE indicators should be conducted to include a wider range of occupational and environmental situations, such as collection procedures, seasonal situations, types of fuel used, and number of forklifts.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.328-337
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• 2001

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $CdGa_2Se_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were $630^{\circ}C$ and $420^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin films measured from Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.27{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$, $345\;cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. From the photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c-axis of the $CuInSe_2$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting ${\Delta}So$ and the crystal field splitting ${\Delta}Cr$ were 106.5 meV and 418.9 meV at 10 K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement on $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition ($E_x$) existing only high quality crystal and neutral bound exiciton ($D^{\circ}$, X) having very strong peak intensity. Then, the full-width-at -half-maximum(FWHM) and binding energy of neutral donor bound excition were 8 meV and 13.7 meV, respectivity. By Haynes rule, an activation energy of impurity was 137 meV.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 1995

Polycrystalline $CdS_{1-x}Se_{x}$ thin films were grown on ceramic substrate using a chemical bath deposition method. They were annealed at various temperature and X-ray diffraction patterns were measured by X-ray diffractometer in order to study $CdS_{1-x}Se_{x}$ polycrystal structure using extrapolation method of X-ray diffraction patterns for the CdS, CdSe samples annealed in $N_{2}$ gas at $550^{\circ}C$ it was found hexagonal structure which had the lattice constant $a_{0}=4.1364{\AA}$, $c_{0}=6.7129{\AA}$ in CdS and $a_{0}=4.3021{\AA}$, $c_{0}=7.0142{\AA}$ in CdSe, respectively. Hall effect on these samples was measured by Van der Pauw method and then studied on carrier density and mobility depending on temperature. We measured also spectral response, sensitivity(${\gamma}$), maximum allowable power dissipation and response time on these samples.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2004

This study was designed to investigate the effective ratio of healthy bread with jasmin tea powder. The weight, volume, and color difference of bread with various jasmin tea powder was measured and the picture of bread was taken and the panel test was taken. The weight of bread was increased and the volume was decreased significantly according to increase of jasmin tea powder. To avoid the decrease of volume, the active gluten was added, but there was not shown the increse of bread volume by active gluten. In the result of panel test and volume measurement, addition of 3% jasmin tea powder was appropriate. Therefore, using the jasmin tea powder, the diversity of bread by functionality, nutritional composition, taste, color, flavor of jasmin tea powder can be developed. This result will support the background the development of jasmin tea bread of good quality.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 1959

The bamboo, one of staples of South-East Asia, has 1, 250 species in 46 Genus throughout the world South-East Asia, it's main habitat, has 1, 180 species, while South America has about 70 species or so. Major places of it's production in Asia are Korea, southern China, Japan, Malay, Ceylon, Formosa, and Philipine, but of these, Korea, southern China, and Japan are the most famous places for their production of excellant bamboo. In Korea, Kyongsang-Namdo and Cholla-Namdo are known as it's home, occupying 80 per cent of the total area of bamboo production in this country. Kyongsang-Pukdo, Cholla-Pukdo, Chungehong-Namdo, and Kangwon-do are also known as it's minor production. The importance of the bamboo can not be ignored, considering it's role in the industrial development of this country; the bamboo-ware is indispensable for the culture of laver which annually secures a considerable amount of foreign money. But it has long been regreted that the home-made bamboo-ware is far from being able to meet the ever increasing demand in quantity and is forced to be imported annually. In the light of the above mentioned fact, much interested; I undertook the task of investigating the bamboo in this country, Primarily concerned in it's kind and distribution, and could draw the following conclusions as the first phase of my investigation: (1). The amount of the bamboo accumulation in this country, compared with that of pre-worldwar II, is reduced as much as 300, 000 fagots(on fagot amounts to 25 pieces), and now the acreage of the bamboo field is 32, 200$\textrm{km}^2$s. (2). At a mountian peak in Kunoe-myon Wando-kun Cholla-Namdo, I found out a new specis. (Shasamorpha chiisanensis NAKAI Forma wan-Ponia H. P. CHONG) (3). The kinds of the autogenous wild bamboo in this country are as follows; a). 8 kinds in Sinoarundinaria. (5 Spp; 2 For; 1 Var) b). 1 kinds in Pieioplastus. (1 Spp) c). 2 kinds in Pseudosasa. (1 Spp; 1Var.) d) 4 kinds in Sasamorpha. (2 Spp; 1 For.; 1 Var.) e). 4 kinds in Sasa. (4 Spp) In total there are nineteen(19) kinds of autogenous wild bamboo in this country. When adding to this thethirty five (35) species which the japanese has transplanted in Kyongsang-Namdo Forestry Expreimental stations, there are in all fifty four (54) spe ies in this country. (4). As for the distribution of the Northern limitation of the bamboo growing, I found that Sinoarundinaria nigra OHWI var, Henonis HONDA can be cultivated as for as Kosongkun, Kangwon-Do, andSinoarundinaria pubescens HONDA as for as Clung Chong Namdo, and Sinoarundinaria reticulata as far as chung Chong-Pukdo.