• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.361-372
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• 1999

Thirty-two plots have been set up and surveyed to investigate the plant community structure and distribution density of Pinus thunbergii-P. densiflora forest in Kojedo District, Hallyo-Haesang National Park. By DCA ordination technique P. thunbergii-P. densiflora forest was classified into P. thunbergii community, P. thunbergii-P. densiflora community, and P. densiflora community. The trend of plant community succession was invalid. The results of simple regression analysis between mean DBH(cm), mean distribution distance(m), and number of individual of P. thunbergii and P. densiflora were as follows: Distribution distance(m) = 0.094$\times$DBH(cm)-0.1248, Number of individual=1,820.1$\times$(cm)$DBH^{-1.6734}$ , Distribution distance(m)=6.6805$\times$Number of $individual^{-0.5425}$ .

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.212-223
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the plant community structure and identify the change for 13 years(1983~1996) of forest around Youcheon industrial complex, Korea. 27 plots(300$m^2$/1plot) were established in forest around Youcheon industrial complex. By DCA ordination technique, the 27 plots were classified into five communities, which were Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Quercus spp. community, P. thunbergii-Eurya japonica community, P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community and P. densiflora community. It seemed that P. thunbergii-Quercus app. community and P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community succeeded to Quercus spp. community and it seemed that P. thunbergii community, P. thunbergii-E. japonica community and P. densiflora community would not be replace by another woody species. Soil pH was pH 4.38~4.61, there were bad soil for organic matters content and exchangeable cations(C $a^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$, $K^{+}$) content. Shannon's diversity, H' max and number of species were improved for 13 years. So did soil characteristics.s.s.s.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.45-59
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• 2016

Vegetation and soil conditions of four sites in west coastal forests in South Korea, were examined to analyze the relationship between Pinus thunbergii forests structure and soil conditions. The P. thunbergii forests were divided into four clusters; 1) P. thunbergii - Prunus sargentii var. sargentii, 2) P. thunbergii - Robinia pseudoacacia, 3) P. thunbergii - P. densiflora and 4) P. thunbergii - Quercus serrata. The soil of each site was poor in chemical characteristics but good enough for land plants to grow because of its low salt concentration. According to the results by CCA Ordination, certain excessive soil nutrition has influenced on vegetation and specific species distribution. Forty eight species were found in the whole sites of coastal forests and some species appeared in every site. They are P. thunbergii, R. pseudoacacia, Rhus chinensis, Idesia polycarpa and Morus alba. For the tree species importance value, P. thunbergii was followed by R. pseudoacacia, Q. serrata, P. densiflora, Celtis sinensis, M. alba, I. polycarpa and Q. mongolica in order.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.462-472
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• 2013

This study was carried out to provide a basic data for preservation of Pinus desiflora forest as cultural landscape forest by analyzing characteristics of plant community of P. desiflora forest in Geumjeongsan(mountatin) in Busan city. In order to analyze plant community of P. densiflora in Geumjeongsan, we set up 10 study plots inside and 8 plots outside of Geumjeongsansung(mountain fortress, hereinafter 'Sansung')(unit area: $400m^2$), a total of 18 plots. TWINSPAN analysis divided these 18 study plots into 6 communities which are Querqus serrata-P. desiflora community, P. desiflora community, P. desiflora-Q. serrata community, P. thunbergii-P. densiflora community, P. densiflora-P. thubergii-Q. acutissima community, and P. densiflora-Platycarya strobilacea community. Importance Percentage (I.P.) of each area and DBH class distribution of main species showed that P. densiflora community would succeed to Q. serrata community or C. tschonoskii community. Analysis on tree age found out that communities in the Sansung were 32~37 years old and those outside the Sansung were 44~57 years old. Shannon's species diversity index ranged from 0.4826 to 1.2499. Regarding correlation between species, P. densiflora had negative correlation with Styrax japonica. Based on abovementioned result we expected ecological succession from P. densiflora community to Q. serrata community inside of the Sansung. Outside the Sansung, succession from P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community to C. tschonoskii-Q. serrata community was expected. In order to manage P. densiflora forest as cultural landscape forest, Q. spp in the understory and shrub layer and deciduous broad-leaved arboreal trees should be managed. Tree crown management of deciduous broad-leaved trees in competition with P. desiflora, is also required.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.215-224
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• 2018

The climate change is expected to weaken the habitat of Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii, but they are still in high demand for planting. This study aims to suggest the rational community planting design based on natural forests' community structure in the southeastern region of Korea (warm temperate zone). For this study, we surveyed 22 plots of Pinus densiflora community and 60 plots of P. thunbergii community in Busan Metropolitan City which is located in the southeastern part of the Korean peninsula. We investigated the diameter of breath hight (DBH) and population of each tree layer in a $100m^2$ quadrat and used a regression analysis to derive a regression equation for estimating the mean number of planting individuals in each DBH. The coefficient between canopy layer's DBH and growth individuals per unit area ($100m^2$) was 0.700 for P. thunbergii communities and 0.533 for P. densiflora communities, indicating very high explanatory power by single factor. The predicted regression equation of between DBH and growth density was $Y=31.176e^{-0.055x}$ (X=DBH, Υ=growth individuals per $100m^2$) for P. thunbergii communities and $Y=38.351e^{-0.059x}$ for P. densiflora communities. Planting densities of P. densiflora communities and P. thunbergii communities in southeast region were higher than the central region.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.618-638
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• 2018

This study examined the vegetation structure in the ridge of the Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and Geumbuk-Jeongmaek by selecting 7 sites(2 sites at Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and 5 sites at Geumbuk-Jeongmaek) in consideration of the environmental conditions and artificial influences and conducting the vegetation survey in the selected sites. The community classification based on TWINSPAN categorized the vegetation at Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek into 8 groups: Quercus variabilis-Q. acutissima community, Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, P. densiflora-Deciduous oaks community, P. koraiensis community, Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, and Larix kaempferi-P. koraiensis community. It also categorized the vegetation at Geumbuk-Jeongmaek into 9 groups: Quercus variabilis community, Deciduous broad-leaved community, Q. mongolica community, Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, Q. acutissima community, P. densiflora-Q. acutissima-Q. variabilis community, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica-P. rigida community, P. densiflora-P. thunbergii-Deciduous oaks community, and P. koraiensis community. Two species, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora, which are widely distributed in the ridges of the Jeongmaeks and Baekdudaegan in South Korea, were dominant in many of the surveyed sites. The appearance of planted Castanea crenata in some plots, although not in high population, suggests human intervention in most regions of the Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and Geumbuk-Jeongmaek in the past. The Gayasan area, which is part of the Geumbuk-Jeongmaek and where the maritime climate and continental climate overlap, showed Pinus thunbergii, reflecting the local climate characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.725-740
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• 2014

To figure out the vegetation situation in the ridge of the Naknam-Jeongmaek, six intensive survey sites were selected considering environmental factors and human interferences, 132 quadrats (area $100m^2$) were installed to survey appearing species of trees and major environmental factors, and the characteristics of vegetation structures were analyzed. The surveyed plots were divided into six groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN; Quercus mongolica-Q. variabilis community, Pinus densiflora-Q. dentata community, Chamaecyparis obtusa community, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora community, P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community, P. koraiensis community, Rhododendron spp.-Lespedeza cyrtobotrya community. P. densiflora-Q. dentata community, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora community, and P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community are expected to be succeeded by deciduous oaks because the power of deciduous oaks is strong in their lower layer. C. obtusa community, P. densiflora community, and Rhododendron spp.-L.cyrtobotrya community are artificial forests that were artificially formed and are expected to be maintained in the current state for some time because the dominance value of planted species of trees is high. Most vegetations in Naknam-Jeongmaek were secondary forests or artificial forests formed for forest tree production and forestation for erosion control. In particular the top regions and hilly sections of the mountain were mostly dominated by deciduous oaks such as Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis showed some P. densiflora community competing with deciduous oaks. On the other hand, low sections and regions adjacent to the city showed severe artificial interference since exotic species such as P. thunbergiil, C. obtusa, P. koraiensis, and Rhododendron spp. were planted.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.386-398
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• 2016

To understand the vegetation structure in the ridgeline area of Nakdong-jeongmaek, six primary areas in Nakdong-jeongmaek were selected and their vegetation distribution was surveyed considering the environmental conditions and artificial influences. According to the results of community classification based on TWINSPAN, the vegetation in the surveyed region was categorized into 9 groups: Betula costata-Quercus mongolica community, Q. mongolica community, Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, P. densiflora community, Deciduous oaks-P. densiflora community, Deciduous oaks community, P. thunbergii community, P. koraiensis-P. rigida community, and Chamaecyparis obtusa-Alnus firma community. In Baekbyeongsan(Mt.) located in Taebaek-si of Gangwon-do, Betula costata-Quercus mongolica community was found, reflecting the environmental characteristics of northern temperate climate. P. thunbergii community appeared in Gudeoksan(Mt.) of Busan metropolitan city, which is near the coast. Since Gudeoksan(Mt.) is near to the downtown and its altitude above the sea is relatively low, people visit the area often. Therefore, C. obtusa and P. thunbergii have been planted for producing forest trees and implementing anti-erosion afforestation. In the other primary survey areas, Q. mongolica-dominant communities, P. densiflora-dominant communities, and deciduous oak-dominant communities, which are representative forest vegetation types of Jeongmaeks in South Korea, were mainly distributed, showing no significant difference compared to the forest vegetation types of other Jeongmaeks. Since the Nakdong-jeongmaek from south to north, it shows clear characteristics of vegetation changes between the northern temperate climate and the warm temperate climate of the south.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2010

The Taeanhaean National Park is the only seashore national park in Korea. To investigate the vegetation structure and characteristics of representative four islands such as Oedo, Janggodo, Godaedo and Gauido in Taeanhaean National Park, sixteen plots(size is $100mm^2$) were set up, and four plots were set up in each island. In the result of vegetation structure analysis of each island, Oedo and Janggodo was dominated by Pinus thunbergii community, and Godaedo was dominated by P. thunbergii-P. densiflora community and Gauido was dominated by Carpinus turczaninovii-P. densiflora community. But according to the physical environment of each island, there was a subtle difference in species composition even though the same P. thunbergii or P. densiflora community. The analysis of ordination and similarity turned out that the degree of similarity was lowest(6.58%) between Oedo and Gauido. The analysis result of species diversity and number of individuals shows that Gauido had high species diversity (2.7183) than the other islands.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.57-68
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• 2012

This study was conducted to provide basic data for the effective conservation and management in the black pine(Pinus thunbergii) stand which is located in the eastern coast of Gyeongsangbuk-do where the fragmentation of vegetation has been caused by the exploitation and the increase of tourists, and installed the seventy study sites($20{\times}20m$) in the dominant black pine stand. The black pine stand was classified into three groups(P. thunbergii - P. densiflora community, P. thunbergii - Robinia pseudoacacia community, P. thunbergii - P. densiflora-Celtis sinensis community) by a cluster analysis. As a result of Multi-Response Permutation Procedures test, there is significance among the communities. Pinus densiflora, Callicarpa japonica, Juniperus rigida, Rhododendron yedoense for. poukhanense etc. nineteen species were significant by indicator species analysis. The population structure of black pine stand showed that the class of diameter 12 to 26 cm was dominance, which had the inverse hump-shape pattern. Species diversity index(H') of investigated ranged from $1.033{\pm}0.234$ to $1.629{\pm}0.226$ in the woody layer group and from $2.448{\pm}0.457$ to $2.545{\pm}0.318$ $2.174{\pm}0.333$ in the herb layer group.