• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

Polygala Tenuifolia, also described as Yuan Zhi, is a conventional botanic plant found in Korea and China. It's most well- known promise is to improve cognition and guard against mental disorders, cure sputum, anxiety, and sleeplessness, and keep the central nervous system health. The pharmacological aspects of Polygala Tenuifolia's genesis and component compounds reveal the neuroprotective potential in connection to Alzheimer's disease. It contains three herbs: Bokshin, Sukchangpo, and Wongi. P. Tenuifolia's primary ingredients are Xanthone glycosides, Triterpenoid saponins, and Oligosaccharides. Polygalasaponins and Etrahydrocolumbamine are the major components, and they've been widely used for more than a century to relieve mood and psychological illnesses, particularly in North Asian countries such as Korea, China, Japan, and Taiwan. P. Tenuifolia extract eliminates allergic illnesses such as eczema and contact dermatitis by modulating Protein kinase-A and Mitogen-protein kinase-38. In vitro and in vivo studies linking P. tenuifolia root ingredients to a variety of pharmacological effects pertinent to AD show that this species' isolates may function through polyvalency. In great health, people can take up to 250-300 mg per day. It was given in peer-reviewed studies at dosages of 100-150 mg many times each day. There is minimal evidence that it improves verbal memory in experimental animals.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 1999

Five compounds were isolated from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia (Polygalaceae). On the basis of spectroscopic evidences, the structures of these compounds were characterized as ${\alpha}-D-(6-O-sinapoyl)-glucopyranosyl(1{\rightarrow}2')-{\beta}-D-(3'-O-sinapoyl)-fructofuranoside$ (P3), ${\alpha}$-D-{6-O-(p-methoxybenzoyl)}-glucopyranosyl-$(1{\rightarrow}2')$-${\beta}$-D-{3'-O-(3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamoyl)}-fructofuranoside(P4), ${\alpha}$-D-{6-O-(p-hydroxybenzoyl)}-glucopyranosyl-$(1{\rightarrow}2')$-${\beta}$-D-{3'-O-(3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamoyl)}-fructofuranoside(P5), ${\alpha}-D-glucopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2')-{\beta}-D-(1'-O-sinapoyl)-fructofuranoside$(P6), $1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol$(P7) respectively. ${\alpha}$-D-{6-O-(p-Methoxybenzoyl)}-glucopyranosyl-$(1{\rightarrow}2')$-${\beta}$-D-{3'-O-(3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamoyl)}-fructofuranoside(P4) and ${\alpha}-D-glucopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2')-{\beta}-D-(1'-O-sinapoyl)-fructofuranoside$(P6) were isolated for the first time from the genus of Polygala. 1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol(P7) was isolated without hydrolysis for the first time from the root of Polygala tenuifolia.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to characterize the putative anxiolytic-like effects of the aqueous extract of the root of Polygala tenuifolia ( AEPT) using an elevated plus maze (EPM) and hole-board apparatus in mice. The AFPT was orally administered at 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg to ICR mice, 1 h before the behavioral evaluation in the EPM respectively. Control mice were treated with an equal volume of saline, and positive control mice with buspirone (2 mg/kg). Single treatments of the AEPT significantly increased the percentage of time spent and arm entries into the open arms of the EPM vedrsus saline controls (P<0.05). Moreover, there were no changes in the locomotor activity and myorelaxant effects in any group compared with the saline controls. In the hole-board test,single treatments of the AEPT (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of headdips versus saline controls (P<0.05). In addition, the anxiolytic-like effects of the AEPT were blocked by WAY 100635(0.3mg/kg, I.p), a5-$HT_{1A}$ receptor antagonist not by flumazenil, a $GABA_{A}$ antagonist. These results indicate that P. tenuifolia is an effective anxiolytic agent, andsuggest that the anxiolytic-like effects of P. tenuifolia is mediated via the serotonergic nervous system.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.628-634
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• 2011

The roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. is a well-known traditional medicine used as expectorant, tonic, tranquilizer in Asia including China and Korea. And also have been used to treat amnesia, neurasthenia, palpitation, insomnia, and disorientation. Glutamate-induced oxidative injury contributes to neuronal degeneration in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and ischemia. Inducible heme oxygenase (HO)-1 acts against oxidants that are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. NNMBS269, acid hydrolysis EtOAc fraction of the P. tenuifolia showed dominant neuroprotective effects on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells while general EtOAc fraction of the P. tenuifolia (NNMBS268) not shown. NNMBS269 induced the expression of HO-1 protein that has been proposed to play an important cellular defense role against oxidant injury. In addition increased HO activity. In mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, NNMBS269 makes the nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In conclusion, acid hydrolysis EtOAc fraction the P. enuifolia. (NNMBS269) significantly protect glutamate-induced oxidative damage by induction of HO-1 via Nrf2 translocation in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2014

This study was performed in order to investigate the anti-obesity effect of Polygala tenuifolia on lipid mechanism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The chemical composition of the P. tenuifolia was analyzed in order to assess its nutritional value. Total dietary fiber was the highest among the proximate component of the P. tenuifolia. These results showed that the P. tenuifolia may be used as a potential functional ingredient for anti-obesity effect. Intracellular lipid droplets in the adipocyte were stained with oil-red O dye and quantified. In comparison to the control, lipid accumulation was significantly decreased by 40.1% and 22.4% when treated with the water extract and 70% EtOH extract of the P. tenuifolia at the concentration of $10{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The anti-adipogenic effect of the water extract was stronger than that of the 70% EtOH extract. The gene expression levels were measured via Western blot and real-time PCR. As a result, the water extract was found to have decrease the gene expression of SREBP-1c, PPAR, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, FAS, ACC in a dose-dependent manner. These indicate that the water extract inhibits pre-adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis by blocking the SREBP-1c gene expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, P. tenuifolia can be used as an effective anti-obesity agent.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.316-322
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• 1996

Three medicinal species of the genus Polygala were examined by comparative morphology, anatomy and TLC analysis. They were classified into three species, and distinctly divided into two groups in this study. Group I is composed of P. japonica, P. sibirica and Group II P. tenuifolia. Considered on the relationships between two groups by the differences of leaf shape, adnated part of petal, flower colour, fruit shape etc., Group II may have been independently evolved from the common ancestor by having one raw of palisadelike chlorenchyma under the stem epidermis through the different pathway. It is also suggested that the taxa of Group II appear to be more advanced than those of Group I.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2008

Column chromatographic separation of the MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briquet led to the isolation of twelve terpenes (1 - 11 and 17), four phenolics (13 - 16) and a hexenyl glucoside (12). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic means to be (-)-pulegone (1), piperitenone (2), p-cymene-3,8-diol (3), schizonepetoside A (4), schizonepetoside C (5), (+)-spatulenol (6), ursolic acid (7), $2{\alpha}$,$3{\alpha}$,$24{\alpha}$,-trihydroxyolean-12en-28oic acid (8), $5{\alpha}$,$8{\alpha}$-epidioxyergosta-6,22-diol-$3{\beta}$-ol (9), stigmast-4-en-3-one (10), ${\beta}-sitosterol$ (11), (Z)-3-hexenyl-1-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (12), rosmarinic acid (13), apigenin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (14), luteolin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucuronopyranoside (15), hesperidin (16) and trans-phytol (17). Compounds 2, 3, 8, 9 and 12 were for the first time isolated from S. tenuifolia Briq.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.441-446
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• 1996

The Schizonepeta tenuifolia spikes (STS) have been used as a traditional folk medicine for antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-spasmodic purpose in Korea. Phytosterols (mixture of campesterol 3.68%, stigmasterol 2.30% and ${\beta}$-sitosterol 94.02%) and hesperidin were isolated by chromatography from ether and n-BuOH fractions of STS respectively. These compounds significantly reduced the blood glucose level and lessened the loss of body weight and water consumption dose-dependently when administered at a i.p. doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg for 4 days after the i.v. injection of streptozotocin (I 80 mg/kg). In the morphologic study, these compounds showed protective activity on the pancreatic islets, especially .betha.-cells, from the degenerative changes by streptozotocin.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.59-61
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• 1964

A new alkaloid, named tenuidine was isolated from Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow. Its molecular formula corresponded to $C_{21}$ $H_{31}$ $O_{5}$ $N_{3}$ and its constants were m.p.256, [.alpha.]$_{D}$$^{18.5}$=1200.deg.(ethanol). Its infrared absorption spectra exhibited bands at 3.300, 1600, 1580, 1500 $cm^{-1}$ / confirming indole ring and at 2800-2700 $cm^{-1}$ / indicating quinoline ring. Bands at 1610, 1530 $cm^{-1}$ / indicated the presences of benzene ring and 1642$cm^{-1}$ / carbochelate.e.e.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.89-95
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• 2007

Polygala tenuifolia (PT) is one of the most well-known traditional herbal medicines in Korea which is commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular symptoms. The anti-ischemic effects of PT in isolated rat heart was investigated by analyzing changes in blood pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output. And, its underlying mechanism was examined by quantitating intracellular calcium content in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. Rats were divided into two groups: an ischemia-induced group without any treatment, and an ischemia-induced group treated with PT. Ischemia of isolated heart was induced by stopping the supply of oxygen and buffer for 10 min. The isolated heart was exposed to PT for the first 5 min of 10 min ischemia. PT treatment significantly prevented the decreases of perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output under ischemic conditions. In addition, hemodynamics (except heart rate) of the PT-treated group was significantly recovered 60 min after reperfusion compared to the control group (systolic aortic pressure: 83.3% vs. 64.9%, aortic flow volume: 69.5% vs. 48.7%, coronary flow volume: 77.7% vs. 58.4%, and cardiac output: 71.6% vs. 51.2%, p < 0.01). As for the underlying mechanism, PT significantly prevented intracellular calcium increase which was induced by isoproterenol (p < 0.01), suggesting that the anti-ischemic effect of PT is mediated by inhibition of intracellular calcium increase.