• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.88-101
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• 2013

The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted at 2004 and then various BWMS (ballast water management system) have been developed. In this study, WET (whole effluent toxicity) test with algae (diatom) Skeletonema costatum as primary producer, invertebrate (rotifera) Brachionus plicatilis as 1st consumer and fish (olive flounder) Paralichthys olivaceus as predator, chemical analysis and ERA (environmental risk assessment) were conducted to assess the unacceptable effect on marine ecosystem by emitting the discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS using electrolysis as main treatment equipment for removing the marine organisms in the ship's ballast water. The most sensitive test organism on discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS was S. costatum that gave the NOEC value of 25.00%, LOEC value of 50.00% and 72hr-$EC_{50}$ value of 69.97% from WET test result for 20 psu salinity treated discharge water. NOEC and LOEC value of B. plicatilis and P. olivaceus exposed at 20 psu salinity treated discharge water were 50.00% and 100.00%, respectively. In the chemical analysis results, total number of substances produced by AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS was 18 which were bromate, 7 volatile halogenated organic compounds, 7 halogenated acetic acids, 3 halogenated acetonitriles and chloropicrin. Eighteen substances did not consider as persistence and bioaccumulative chemicals. Uncertainty of toxic property of 18 substances was high. PECs of 18 substances calculated by MAMPEC model were ranged from $4.58{\times}10^{-4}$ to $4.87{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, PNECs of them were ranged from $1.6{\times}10^{-2}$ to $3.2{\times}10^2{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. And, the PEC/PNEC ratio of 18 substances did not exceed 1. Therefore, ERA for produced substances indicate that the discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS does not pose unacceptable effect on marine life. And $EC_{50}$ value of S. costatum on discharge water treated by BWMS using the electrolysis had positive correlation with initial TRO concentration, concentration and kind & level of HAAs.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1084-1091
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• 2015

Aquaculture of olive flounder started in the middle of 1980's and now farming has been taken place in many places along the coastal line in Korea. The taste of olive flounder has a good chewy texture because of high collagen content, low fat content, so it is popular for sliced raw fish. Olive flounder is popular among Koreans but the consumption pattern is uniformly so as to be used as sliced raw fish but not other ways. So, now there needs to develop high valued-processed food using olive flounder. This study was set to investigate the processing of terrine by using olive flounder, in which terrine is French style meat loaf that is well favored around the world. In this study, terrine was prepared by chopping olive flounder meat with 39 g egg white and 10 mL fresh cream (per 50 g fillet) and then seasoned with 5 mL lemon juice, 5 mL brandy, 0.05 g salt and 0.05 g pepper. The 25 g of dough was placed on a vinyl wrap, put with 2 g cheese, and layered an another 25 g dough, and then rolled up and wrapped by aluminium foil. Two different cooking methods were used for terrine processing in this study. Terrine-1 was cooked by vacuum sealed in polyethylene film ($20{\times}30{\times}0.05mm$) after boiling for 5 min and stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Terrine-2 was prepared by vacuum sealed in polyethylene film ($20{\times}30{\times}0.05mm$) and stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. After 7 days, Terrine-1 was thawed and then heated up in microwave for 2 min (Sample-1), while Terrine-2 was thawed and then boiled in water for 5 min (Sample-2). Viable bacterial count, chemical composition, pH, salinity, hardness, TBA, free amino acid content, and sensory evaluation were measured for both Sample-1 and Sample-2. Especially, the scores of sensory evaluation of Sample-2 is slightly higher than that of Sample-1. On the other hand, there were no significant differences on color, odor, taste, texture, and overall acceptance between Sample-1 and Sample-2.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2011

To find the preliminary environmental conditions for a short-time transport of living olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, the stress response and physiological metabolic activity of the cultured fish to feed deprivation and slow temperature descending ($15.8^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}13.3^{\circ}C$) were monitored for 8 days. The monitored variables were the plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$) and thyroid hormones ($TT_4$, $TT_3$, $FT_4$ and $FT_3$). In food deprivation experiment for 8 days, we did not find any statistical change of level in AST, ALT and electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$), but found a significant decrease in TP and GLU. In thyroid hormones, the levels of four hormones in plasma were all showing a tendency to decrease. Especially, $FT_4$ and $TT_3$ were significantly decreased, indicating a withering of physiologic activity. In the temperature test, although no any significant change in AST, TP and electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$), we observed a significant decrease of ALT and GLU following to temperature descending from $15.8^{\circ}C$ to $13.3^{\circ}C$ (P<0.05). In the levels of thyroid hormones, any significant change was not observed for experimental period. We conclude that the stress response and physiological activity of olive flounder were more influenced by feed deprivation than slow temperature descending at a transport of living fish, and plasma GLU appears to be sensitive factor to physiological metabolic activity, indicating that it could be used as a monitering mark or index for a health inspection of the fish.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.639-643
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• 2002

Water quality, bacterial phase and fish growth rate were analyzed in the process of artificial seed production of flounder (Paralichtys oliraceus) larvae to investigate the water quality in rearing tank using Ultra Filtration System (UES). Sand Filtration System (SFS) and Ultra Filtration System (Ins) were set up in the experimental group. For the analysis of water quality, pH, salinity, DO, SS, COD, $NH_{4}^{+},\;NO_{2}^{-},\;NO^-,\;DIN$ (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) and DU (dissolved inorganic phosphate) were measured. There was no data difference between SFS group and UES group in most analysis items, but the UEs group showed low salinity and low 55 values, such that salinity was $33.5\%_{\circ}$ in SES group and $30.2\%_{\circ}$ in WS group and 55 was 15.5 mL/L in SES group and 7.0 mL/L for UPS group. For changes in bacterial phase and TBC (Total Bacterial Counts), in SES group, 6$\times$10^{5}CFU/mL in seawater decreased to the ratio of about 116, and TBC, Genus Vibrio and bacteria in the Genus Acinetobacter and Genus Micrococcus sharply increased after nine days, while stable bacterial phase was maintained low in UES group during the experiment except for Genus Ajteromonas. In the growth of the larvae, fish length was 17.0 mm (SGR 14.0) in the SES group and 18.8 mm (SGR 14.3) in the UFS group. It is concluded that when water is supplied for artificial seed production with WS, stabilization of water quality condition and inhibition of bacterial multiplication are possible. When production environment becomes stable, stable growth of fish becomes possible by reduction of environmental stress.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.65-75
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• 2013

Population growth equation of scuticociliate Miamiensis avidus was obtained from the experimental results of in vitro culture condition to estimate the growth rate and carrying capacity from the growth equation. In addition, intraperitoneal infections into olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were carried out into 2 different conditions: different concentrations of M. avidus in same water temperature and same concentration of M. avidus in different water temperatures. Olive flounder mortality was threshold dependent with both the temperature and M. avidus density parameters. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model to study M. avidus growth in olive flounder based upon the interactions between parasite and host. The mathematical model was logistic growth differential equation (1.2). The parameters were found with Matlab program through the Levenberge-Marquardt method. In theorem, equilibrium values between the infected fish population and dead population could found. Our equilibrium points were a stable equilibrium and an unstable equilibrium. From the equation (1.6), it was possible to predict the amount of cumulative mortality of olive flounder along with the time after M. avidus infection.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.215-223
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of diets supplemented with different levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5%) of yuza (Citrus junas Sieb ex Tanaka) on nutritional composition of olive flounder. Four groups of fish (242.2$\pm$14.2 g) were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 4 months. There were no significant differences in proximate composition among the treatment groups (P<0.05). Vitamin C content in flounder muscle was higher in the yuza-added groups than in the control group, and the content among the treatment groups increased as amount of yuza added to diets increased (P<0.05). Of the eight organic acids in flounder muscle, lactic acid was predominant, followed by oxalic acid, succinic-acid, tartaric acid, and acetic acid. Flounders fed 2.5% yuza diet had the highest lactic acid content of all treatments. Four sugars were found in all groups and glucose was the major sugar. Glucose and ribose were detected as the highest sugars in the 2.5% treatment, while maltose and galactose were the dominant sugars in the 5.0% treatment. The abundant fatty acids in fed flounders were 22:6n-3 (DHA), 16:0, and l8:1n-9, which were composed of over 60% of total fatty acids. The control and the 7.5% treatment group had higher 22:6n-3 (DHA) content than the other groups. Major amino acids in samples were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, valine, arginine, and alanine. The 2.5% yuza treatment had the highest content of total amino acids and essential amino acids. There were little differences in the free amino acid compositions among the treatments. However, taurine was the predominant amino acid and made up over 47% of total free amino acids. The 2.5% added yuza group contained higher amount of sweet amino acids such as alanine, serine, proline, glycine than the other groups. The addition of yuza to diet of olive flounder had no or little effect on the nutritional components of olive flounder except for vitamin C. However, the 2.5% yuza added group had the highest nutritional values of the treatment groups.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary oxidized oil and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol level on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder. To prepare oxidized diets, squid liver oil was oxidized by aeration at $25^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The six diets were prepared to contain 6% fresh or oxidized squid liver oil as the lipid sources in combination with three levels of ${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate at 0, 80 and 800 mg/kg diet. Triplicate groups of fish ($3.9{\pm}0.1$) were fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 8 weeks. Survival was not significantly different among treatments. Weight gain, feed efficiency, daily feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor of fish fed the fresh oil diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the oxidized oil diets (P<0.05). The increase of the vitamin E level in diets did not result in any significant improvement on growth performance of fish fed both oil diets. The vitamin E content of the liver and dorsal muscle increased with increasing dietary vitamin E level at both oil diet groups. A decreasing trend in vitamin E content of the tissues was observed in fish fed the oxidized oil diets at the same dietary vitamin E level. Significantly higher moisture content and lower crude lipid content were observed in the whole body of fish fed the oxidized oil diets than fish fed the fresh oil diets (P<0.05). Dietary lipid source affected the fatty acid content of the whole body; higher contents of saturated and monoenoic fatty acids, and lower n-3 HUFA contents such as 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were observed in fish fed the oxidized oil diets than those of fish fed fresh oil diets. The results of this study suggest that the dietary oxidized oil may impair the growth performance, and an increase in ${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate supplementation have no beneficial effect on growth and feed efficiency of juvenile flounder.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2011

This study investigated the physicochemical and enzymatic properties of unmarketable cultured bastard halibut (Paralichthys olivaceus) of different weights as a potential source of surimi and surimi gel. The proximate composition of cultured bastard halibut of different weights did not differ significantly at P<0.05 (light weight (LBH) 400~500 g, medium weight (MBH) 600~800 g, and heavy weight (HBH) > 1,000 g). Compared to Alaska pollock muscle, the bastard halibut muscle had a 4% higher crude protein content and 6% lower moisture content. The collagen content of LBH bastard halibut muscle was 1.58 g/100 g, which was lower than or no different from bastard halibut weighing different amounts. Regardless of fish weight or pH, the enzymatic activities of crude fish extracts ranged from 0.34~0.48 U/mg for casein and hemoglobin, 11.0~12.7 U/mg for LeuPNA, 5.4~6.1 U/mg for ArgPNA, 2.3~2.9 U/mg for SAAPFNA, and 0.1~0.2 U/mg for BAPNA. The yield of surimi gel from LBH was 24.4%, which was similar to that from MBH and lower than that from HBH. The surimi gel from LBH was similar to that from HBH, while weaker than that from MBH. The surimi gel from LBH gel was stronger than grade SA gel from commercial Alaska pollock.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.598-605
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• 2010

This study investigated the physicochemical and enzymatic properties of unmarketable bastard halibut (Paralichthys olivaceus) cultured in different regions (i.e., Jeju, Wando, and Geoje) as a potential source of surimi and surimi gel. The proximate composition of unmarketable bastard halibut cultured in different regions did not differ significantly at P<0.05. Compared to Alaska pollock muscle, all of the unmarketable bastard halibut muscle had a 4% higher crude protein content and 5% lower moisture content. The collagen content of bastard halibut muscle cultured in Jeju was 1.96 g/100 g, which was higher than in fish cultured in other regions. Regardless of the region where cultured or pH, the enzymatic activities of the crude extracts from unmarketable bastard halibut muscle ranged from 0.30.0.48 U/mg for casein and hemoglobin, 11.9.13.7 U/mg for LeuPNA, 5.6.6.7 U/mg for ArgPNA, 2.8.4.7 U/mg for SAAPFNA, and 0.1.0.2 U/mg for BAPNA. Regardless of region, no mercury or lead was found in any of the unmarketable bastard halibut muscle, except for lead in fish cultured in Geoje. The strength of surimi gels from unmarketable bastard halibut cultured in Jeju, Geoje, and Wando was 1059, 988, and 900 g${\times}$cm, respectively. The surimi gel from unmarketable bastard halibut cultured in Jeju was stronger than commercial Alaska pollock surimi, which was grade SA.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 1997

Early development growth and sexual phenomena of the hybrid between male spotted flounder (Verasper variegatus) and female olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were investigated. The hybrid produced was newly called the "Bumnupchi" in Korean name, "Mottled flounder" in English name. Fertilization rate, hatching rate and early survival rate of the mottled flounder were 56.9~72.3%, 86.7~92.5% and 89.1~96.0%, respectively. At 50th day and 240th day after hatching, they were 2.1$\pm0.2cm\;and\;22.9\pm2.1cm\;in\;total\;length, \;0.10\pm0.002g\;and\;179.0\pm38.5g$ in body weight, respectively. Eye position of the mottled flounder was mixed with both dextral (77.7%) and sinistral type (22.3%). Gonads were differentiated into ovarian type and testis type at 80th day after hatching, and its ratio was 1:1 (P>0.05). Most Gonads seemed to be sterile without having germ cell, whereas only 3.6% of investigated indiciduals turned out to have oocytes in the gonad. When the induction of sex reversal were attempted by daily oral administration of $17\beta$-methyltestosterone (0.5mg/kg fish) andestradiol-17$17\beta$(0.5mg/kg fish)from 40th to 100th day after hatching, both testis and ovary type were induced 81.9% and 87.7% of each hormone-treated fish, respectively.fish, respectively.