• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.380-386
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• 2013

This study was to investigate the chemical composition and biological activities of Pinus Koraiensis seed. The oil, moisture, ash, crude protein, and carbohydrate contents of P. Koraiensis seed were 58.21, 7.84, 1.56, 14.26, and 18.13%, respectively. The ratios of essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid against total amino acids were 36.6 and 60.3%, respectively. The saponification value of seed oil was 166.8 mg KOH/g oil. Among various fatty acids, the linoleic acid content was the highest, 35.5%, which was approximately 72.6% of polyunsaturated fatty acid. The ethylacetate extract of P. Koraiensis seed had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (62.8%) at 7.0 mg/mL, followed by hexane extract, methanol extract, and hot water extract. The maximum nitrite scavenging activity was obtained 59.3% at pH 1.2. The total phenolic concentration of ethylacetate extract was 98.7 mg/g, approximately 4.8 folds higher than that of the hot water extract. The maximum inhibition activities of elastase using ethylacetate extract and collagenase using hexane extract were 58.8 and 40.7%, respectively. These results indicate that P. koraiensis seed extract could be applied to present the possibilities of industrial applications for the developments of cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between cone abundance and cone/seed characteristics to improve seed quality and seed orchard management of Pinus koraiensis. The data was collected from P. koraiensis seed orchards at Chungju in 2007. That year was a rich year of cone harvest and the average number of cone per tree was 2.5 times much than that of normal year. We collected the cones from all trees in the sample plot of the seed orchard and investigated morphological characters such as cone length, cone width and cone weight. According to cone abundance per tree, the samples were divided into eight classes and analysed by cone analysis method. There is a decreasing tendency of number of fertile scale, seed potential, percent of filled seeds, seed weight per cone and seed efficiency, when the cone number per tree is increased. Additionally, the implications of the results to seed orchards management of P. koraiensis were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2008

Estimates of genetic gain (in volume growth) and diversity (expressed as status number, $N_s$) were determined in a clonal seed orchard of Pinus koraiensis. The genetic thinning was based on clonal breeding values (represented by general combining ability) obtained from progeny tests, clonal fertility estimated by strobilus production, and clonal size variation determined by the ramet numbers per clone. Parental GCA values for volume growth were calculated, based on height and diameter at breast height measured from field trials. Clonal fertility was estimated from the assessments of strobilus production over twelve years from 1991 to 2003, and used for the calculation of status number. There are 179 clones and 5,268 ramets in 12ha area of P. koraiensis clonal seed orchard. Genetic gain and diversity estimates were determined under assumptions of 30% pollen contamination and inferior genetic value of contaminating pollen. Genetic gain increased as thinning rates were set from 10% to 60%. However, for the higher thinning intensities, the increase of genetic gain was not remarkable. Genetic thinning by means of truncation selection resulted in a greater genetic gain but a large decrease in status number. Status number was represented around 40 clones for 10% through 60% thinning intensities, but for the higher thinning intensities, it was a bit fluctuated. Based on the present results, it could be concluded that thinning rate should not be stronger than 60% to optimize genetic gain while conserving genetic diversity. Consequently 50% or 60% thinning rate might be appropriate for genetic thinning in the clonal seed orchard of P. koraiensis. The effect of pollen contamination on the genetic gain and the consequence of genetic thinning for seed production in the clonal seed orchard, and seed orchard management scheme were also discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 1991

To find out allelopathic potential of naturally occurring substances emitted form pinus korairnsis, water extracts and volatile sudstances of the tree materials werw provided and used for tests such as seed germination and seedling growth test. In general, the more was the concentration of the extracts and essential oils, the worse was growth effects of the selected species. The germination an the growth were inversely proportional to the concentration of the extracts and the essential oils of p. koraiensis. in other words, the chemical substances had the biological toxic activity. gc and gc/ms methods were employed for analysis and identification of phytotoxic substances from the tree leaves. Sixteen chemical compounds were identified from water extracts and nineteen from essential oils of p. koraiensis leaves. Through the experiment on germination and seedling growth test, the chemical substances naturally occurring from p. koraiensis seemed to be responsible for the allelopathic potential in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.5
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• pp.516-524
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• 2008

We investigated on the distribution of nutrient contents (N. P and K) in current and one-year old needles of Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis, to understand the physiological effects of alternate bearing. One experimental set was designed with three types of cone number (one, three and five) under natural state and cone number of another one was controlled by thinning. Test samples were separated to collect into three fractions; current needles on the shoot and one-year old needles above and under the cone. On the branch without cone, N, P and K concentrations in needles on the shoot were higher than those in needles of one-year old branch. At natural state, needle P concentration was the lowest in needles on the five-cone branch in August. Macronutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in needle K concentration. Under cone thinning, N. P and K concentrations were the highest in needles on one-cone branch and the lowest in needles on five-cone branch. Needle nutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in the needle on five-cone branch. In conclusion, the current needles of the shoot and cones are a strong sink of nutrient like N. P and K, and the increase of cone number influences nutrient removal from needles.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 1991

Artificial acid rain (pH 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) was treated on thd seeds of 5 coniferous species to examine its effects on germination and seedling growth. Artificial acid rain was prepared by diluting sulfuric acid with ground water and ground water(pH 6.5) was used as control. Artificial acid rain was sprayed to seeded pots three times per week. About 5mm of artificial acid rain was treated each time from early April to early October, 1990. Germination, seedling establishment and seedling growth were measured and compared among the treatments. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Germination, seedling establishment rate of Larix leptolepis and Picea koraiensis were highest on the pH 5.0 plot whereeas those of Abies holophylla and Cryptomeria japonica were highest on the control plot, and those of Abies koreana showed the highest value on the pH 3.0 plot. 2. The differences in seedling height growth of Larix leptolepis was signif- icant at 1% level among the treatment levels of acid rain, whereas those of other species were not significant, Height of Larix leptolepis, Abies koreana and Picea koraiensis were highest on the pH 4.0 plot, and that of Abies holuphylla and Cryptomeria japonica were highest on the pH 5.0 plot. 3. Seedling dry weight of Larix leptolepis and Abies holophylla differed significantly at 1% level among the treatments, but those of other species did not differ. Highest seedling dry weight of Larix leptolepis and Abies koreana were observed on the pH 4.0 plot, and that of Abies holophylla and Cryptomeria japonica did on the pH 3.0 plot, and that of Picea koraiensis did on the control plot. 4. With decrease of pH value of artificial acid rain, the number of injured needle and injured individual tended to be increased, obviously. 5. The differences of soil acidity were highly significant among the treatments for all species.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.219-223
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• 2010

It has long been recognized that wild vegetation are sort of improving fitness. Many peoples are now ingesting them instead of the vegetables that are grown in green house. In this regard, Parasenecio firmus, which is considered to be one of the rare species in Korea, has been given a lot of attentions as edible green plants recently. Hence it may be necessary to provide the information people who want to commercially cultivate the plants. Regarding appropriate forest stands that are fit for the cultivation. Firstly, we collected the seeds from 4 natural habitats to find out how many seeds are fully matured in the natural conditions. The quality of the seeds collected were found to be very low. However, it appeared as clear differences when screened seeds were grown in covered seed beds over winter. In this case the germination rate of the seeds was 95%, indicating that there may be no difficulty for mass production of plantlets. Secondly, in the field of planting test in an appropriate cultivating site among 6 of forest stands, those in Pinus koraiensis stand were the highest in survival rate, but somewhat low with those in Quercus mongolica and broad-leaved stands. Thus, it was demonstrated that forest stands dominated with conifer like P. koraiensis are more appropriate for the cultivation of P. firums.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.5
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• pp.621-627
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• 2006

This study was conducted to understand the pattern and characteristics of seed rain in the broadleaved-Korean pine mixed forest. We established 287 $0.5m^2$ circular seed traps and collected and identified fallen seeds in the traps every two weeks in $150m{\times}150m$ sample plot of the permanent nine hectare of experimental plot in 2005. The overall average density of seed rain was $864.2/m^2$. The seeds of Betula costata Betula costata had the highest number of fallen seeds as $676.0/m^2$ (78.2%), followed by Abies nephrolepis as $57.5/m^2$, B. platyphylla as $37.9/m^2$, Tilia amurensis as $32.2/m^2$, Acer ukurunduense as $17.0/m^2$, A. tegmentosum $14.8/m^2$, and so on. Pinus koraiensis was recorded only $2.5/m^2$ of fallen seeds mainly owing of Korean pine had low rate of purity due to the animal and microbiological predation. Most of seed dispersal have started from the middle to late August and come to an end on the middle of November. The peak time of seed dispersal varied depending on the species. The rate of pure seed by dispersal time varied according to the species, thereupon the aspect of predation and the rate of blasted seed which had influence on the rate of purity also varied according to the species. The density of Korean pine seed rain in the forest gap was significantly different at $P{\leq}0.05$ from in the closed canopy. But the other species had no difference among canopy coverage.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1992

Levels of total lipids in the seeds of three species of the Pinaceae family were determined and their fatty acid compositions were also analyzed by a gas-chromatograph equipped with a capillary column coated with Carbowax 20M. The results are summarized as follows: Lipid contents of the seeds amounted to 56.9% in P. koraiensis, 29.9% in P. thunbergii, and 21.2% in P. rigida. In all lipids 19${\sim}$20 fatty acid were detected and, surprisingly, fatty acids having ${\Delta}^5$-non-methylene interrupted conjugate double bond such as ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2},{\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}\;and\;{\Delta}^{5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}$ occurred in appreciable amounts. In the lipids of P. koraiensis, the main component was $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6(45.0%)$, followed by $C_18:1{\omega} _9(26.9%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(14.6%)$, and then ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2}(2.2%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}$ were also present. Levels of saturated fatty acid such as $C_{16:0}\;and\;C_{18:0}$ were as low as 7.5%. The seed oil of P. thunbergii predominantly comprised $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6(45.2%)$, and was then occupied by equal amounts ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(18.1%)$ and $C_{18:1}{\omega}_9(18.1%)$. Its ${\Delta}^5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}(5.8%)$ level was the highest in the samples tested. ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2}(2.8%)$ was also detected with other minor components. In the oils from the seeds of P. rigida, $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6$ was present as a main component, accompanied by $C_{18:1}{\omega}_9(21.6%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(20.3%)$. The latter showed higher level than in any other samples. A minor component corresponding to ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12, 15}-C_{18:4}$(not confirmed by GC-Mass) occurred in P. thunbergii and P. rigida.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.3
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• pp.341-354
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• 2021

A large part of Gapyeong is occupied by Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) plantations. Abies holophylla stands are scattered throughout Gapyeong, but little information on their distribution is available. This study explored the potential of succession from planted species to native A. holophylla in plantations. Trees were inventoried and regeneration of A. holoplhylla and stand management history were examined in Korean pine, Japanese larch, and A. holophylla-dominated stands. The importance percentage of A. holophylla was the highest among species with a range of 36.1% to 79.1% in all stands and the density of A. holophylla in understory (DBH <2 cm or <1.3 m height) ranged from 50 to 5,820 trees ha^-1. Non-metric multidimensional scaling classified stands into four types, AN, AP, AM, and P. The AN type showed a reverse J-shape DBH distribution, which was similar to that in natural A. holophylla stands. Both AP and AM types included Korean pine plantations with A. holophylla seed trees within stands. For AP, A. holophylla competed with planted species in overstory and deciduous broadleaved species in understory. The AM type was once thinned from below, thus stem density in the mid DBH classes was lower than upper or lower DBH classes. The P type consisted of plantations without A. holophylla seed trees. However, understory regeneration of A. holophylla was abundant through seed supply from A. holophylla in adjacent stands. Plantations with A. holophylla seed trees within or in adjacent stands showed vigorous natural regeneration of A. holophylla, highlighting the potential for succession from planted species to native A. holophylla in the Gapyeong area. Further studies can help develop techniques to restore plantations to native species-dominated natural stands using ecological succession.