• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-195
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the composition and concentrations of fumes generated from various types of welding processes. The results are as follows. 1. Iron(Fe), zinc(Zn) and manganese(Mn) were predominant in Welding fumes. The Fe content in total fumes was 25.5% in coated electrode and 28.2% in $CO_2$ are welding, and the Zn content was 4.5% and 9.1%, respectively, and the Mn was 3.6% and 7.8%, respectively. 2. It was found that the important factors determining composition and concentration of fumes were type of industries, type of welding processes, type and composition of electrodes, composition of base metals, confinement of workplaces or condition of ventilation, work intensity, coated metals such as lead and Zn in paint. 3. The Mn content in airborne fumes was highly correlated with that of electrode(r=0.77, p<0.01) and was about 4 times higher than that in electrodes or base metals. The results lindicate that Mn is well evaporated into air during welding. The higher vapor pressure of Mn may explain this phenomenon. 4. the airborne total fume concentrations were significantly different among types of industries(p<0.001). The airborne total fume concentration was higher in order of sleel-structure manufacturing($GM=15.1mg/m^3$), shipbuilding($GM=13.2mg/m^3$), automobile-component manufacturing ($GM=7.8mg/m^3$) and automobile assembling industry($GM=3.0mg/m^3$) 5. The airbone total fume concentration was 6 times higher in $CO_2$ welding than in coated electrode welding, and approximately 3 times higher in confined area than in open area, in steel-structure manufacturing industry. 6. The concentration of welding fume outside welding helmet was about 2 times higher than that inside it. It is recommened that air sampling be done inside helmet to evaulate worker's exposure accurately, for it has an outstanding effect on reducing worker exposure to fumes and other contaminants.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.3595-3600
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• 2014

Monitoring of pH, especially under highly alkaline conditions, is necessary in various processes in the industrial, biotechnological, agricultural, and environmental fields. However, few pH indicators that can function at highly alkaline levels are available, and most of which are organic-based pH indicators. Several years ago, it was reported that gold nanoparticles prepared using trisodium citrate dihydrate were rapidly aggregated at pH values higher than ~12.7. A shift of surface plasmon resonance for such aggregated gold nanoparticles can be applied to pH indicators, allowing for the substitution of traditional organic-based pH indicators. The most important characteristic of pH indicators is the transition pH range. Herein, gold and silver nanoparticles are prepared using different reducing agents, and their transition pH ranges are examined. The results showed that all nanoparticles prepared in this study exhibit similar transition pH ranges spanning 11.9-13.0, regardless of the nanoparticle material, reducing agents, and concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.31A no.9
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• pp.104-113
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• 1994

We have fabricated n-p-n HBTs using 3-inchAlgaAs/GaAs hetero structure epi-wafers grown by MBE. DC and AC characteristics of HBT devices were measured and analyzed. For HBT epi-structure, Al composition of emitter was graded in the region between emitter cap and emitter. And base layer was designed with concentration of 1${\times}10^{19}/cm^{3}$ and thickness of 50nm, and Be was used as the p-type dopant. Principal processes for device fabrication consist of photolithography using i-line stepper, wet mesa etching, and lift-off of each ohmic metal. The PECVD SiN film was used as the inslator for the metal interconnection. HBT device with emitter size of 3${\times}10{\mu}m^{2}$ resulted in cut-off frequency of 35GHz, maximum oscillation frequency of 21GHz, and current gain of 60. The distribution of the ideality factor of collector and base current was very uniform, and the average values of off-set voltage and current was very uniform, and the average values of off-set voltage and current gain were 0.32V and 32 within a 3-inch wafer.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.68-72
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• 2007

A new PVC membrane potentiometric sensor that is highly selective to Hg2+ ions was prepared, using bis(2-hydroxybenzophenone) butane-2,3-dihydrazone (HBBD) as an excellent hexadendates neutral carrier. The sensor works satisfactorily in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-1 mol L-1 (detection limit 4 × 10-7 mol L-1) with a Nernstian slope of 29.7 mV per decade. This electrode showed a fast response time (~8 s) and was used for at least 12 weeks without any divergence. The sensor exhibits good Hg2+ selectivity for a broad range of common alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions (lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, lead and lanthanum). The electrode response is pH independent in the range of 1.5-4.0. Furthermore, the developed sensor was successfully used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of mercury ions with potassium iodide and the direct determination of mercury in some binary and ternary mixtures.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.327-336
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the residual fluoride concentration of polymer adhesive tape in oral cavity which is made by spraying NaF on PVA base and to compare with Fluoride varnish(Cavityshiled$^{TM}$). Experimental groups were divided into two according to application methods; Group 1(NaF-PVA tape) and Group 2(Cavityshiled$^{TM}$). Topical fluoride was applied to 20 healthy adults aged from 25 to 30. Fluoride concentration in unstimulated whole saliva was measured by fluoride-sensitive electrode for 72 hours. 1. Until 72 hours after application in every group, significantly higher fluoride concentration was shown in saliva than baseline value(p<0.05). 2. At 2, 3 and 4 hours after application, Group 2 revealed significantly higher fluoride concentration than Group 1(p<0.05). 3. At 24, 48 and 72 hours after application, there was no significance(p>0.05). Although the residual fluoride concentration of saliva and the amount of fluoride of NaF-PVA tape are lower than those of Cavityshield$^{TM}$, NaF-PVA tape is considered to be more effective since it showed almost the same result as Cavityshield$^{TM}$. Therefore, NaF-PVA tape is expected to be a great fluoride application material.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.373-384
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• 2005

Novel pH-sensitive moieties containing an s-triazine ring were synthesized with sulfonamide and secondary amino groups. The synthesized pH-sensitive moieties were used for the synthesis of a pH-sensitive amphiphilic ABA triblock copolymer. The pH-sensitive triblock copolymer was composed of diblock copolymers, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly ($\varepsilon$-caprolactone-co-D,L-lactide) (MPEG-PCLA), and pH-sensitive moiety. These copolymers could be dissolved molecularly in both acidic and basic aqueous media at room temperature due to secondary amino and sulfonamide groups. The synthesized s-triazine rings containing pH-sensitive compounds were characterized by ${^1}H-NMR,\;{^13}C-NMR$, and LC/MSD spectral data. The synthesized diblock and triblock copolymers were also characterized by ${^1}H-NMR$ and GPC analyses. The critical micelle concentrations at various pH conditions were determined by fluorescence technique using pyrene as a probe. Furthermore, the micellization and demicellization study of the triblock copolymer was done with pH-sensitive groups. The sensitivity towards pH change was further established by acid-base titration.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1394-1398
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• 2002

A novel copper(II) membrane electrode based on diphenylisocyanate bis(acetylacetone) ethylenediimine (DIBAE), as a new hexadentates Schiff's base was prepared. The electrode exhibited a Nernstian response for Cu$^{2+}$ ions over a wide concentration range (1.0 ${\times}$ 10$^{-1}$ to 1.0 ${\times}$ l0$^{-6}$ M) with a limit of detection of 6.0 ${\times}$ 10$^{-7}$ M (39 ppb). The sensor shows a fast response time (15s) and the membrane can be used for more than 4 months without observing any major deviation. The electrode revealed very good selectivity with respect to many cations including alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The proposed sensor could be used in a pH range of 3.0-7.5. It was applied to the direct potentiometric determination of copper in black tea, and in wastewater of copper electroplating samples. The electrode was also used in potentiometric titration of the copper(II) ion with EDTA.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1699-1703
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• 2010

The Schiff base N,N'-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)benzene-1,2-diamine [BPBD] has been synthesized and explored as ionophore for preparing PVC-based membrane sensors selective to the silver ($Ag^+$) ion. Potentiometric investigations indicate high affinity of this receptor for silver ion. The best performance was shown by the membrane of composition (w/w) of ionophore: 1 mg, PVC: 33 mg, o-NPOE: 66 mg and additive were added 50 mol % relative to the ionophore in 1 mL THF. The sensor works well over a wide concentration range $1{\times}10^{-3}$ to $1.0{\times}10^{-7}$ M by pH 6 at room temperature (slope 58.6 mV/dec.) with a response time of 10 seconds and showed good selectivity to silver ion over a number of cations. It could be used successfully for the determination of silver ion content in environmental and waste water samples.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 1991

The reactions of semicarbazide hydrochloride with aliphatic and alicyclic ketones were studied kinetically at 15, 25, 35 and 45$^{\circ}C$ in 20% ethanol solution buffered at pH 2.9. The rate of cyclohexanone semicarbazone formation is 5.5 times as fast as that of cyclopentanone semicarbazone, while 3-pentanone semicarbazone is 4.7 times as slow as that of 2-pentanone, The activation energy of cyclohexanone, 2-pentanone, 2 hexanone, cyclopentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone and 3-pentanone semicarbazone formation are calculated 5.08, 7.52, 8.79, 9.59, 9.49, 11.59, respectively. It is concluded from the effect of ionic strength that the reaction is affected by not ion but neutral molecules being progressed hydrogen bond between oxygen atom of carbonyl group and hydrogen atom of acid-catalyst and concerted nucleophilic attack of free base on the carbonly compound. Dependence on pH of the rate of 2-pentanone semicarbozone formation is linear relationship below pH 4.60 and above pH 5.60. As a result of studing citric acid catalysis, second order constants increase linearly with citric acid concentration. As the catalyst concentration is varied from 0.025 to 0.10 mol/1 at pH 2.90, the rate constants increase 1.4 times, but slight increase is observed at pH 5.60. Conclusively, the rate-determining step is formation of tetrahedral interemediate below pH 4.65 and dehydration between pH 5.60 and pH 7.11. It is concluded that the formation reaction of cyclohexanone semicarbazone is faster than cyclopentanone semicarbazone due to the steric strain in the process of forming tetrahedral intermediate.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.472-476
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• 2014

In this work, a new method that utilizes L-cysteine salicylaldehyde Schiff-base modified macroporous polystyrene resin (PS-CSC) as an effective sorbent has been developed for preconcentration of trace cadmium and lead in environmental water samples. The effect of pH, the contact time, the elution conditions, the flow rate, the initial concentration of target metal ions, and the effects of interfering ions on the preconcentration of the analytes were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of PS-CSC under optimum conditions for cadmium and lead were found to be 6.03 - 18.17 mg/g and 12.58 - 36.13 mg/g when the initial concentration of metal ions between 5.0 - 90 mg/L. The limits of detection for cadmium and lead were 2.46 ng/L and $0.52{\mu}g/L$, with a preconcentration factor of 200. The developed method has been validated by analyzing certified reference material and successfully applied for the enrichment and determination of trace cadmium and lead from environmental water samples.