• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 2002

A broiler experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris) on the growth performance, small intestinal microflora and immune response in broiler chickens. One thousand hatched broiler chickens(Ross$^{(R)}$) were assigned to 6 treatments: control (basal diet), CTC; chlorotetracycline 100ppm, YC-SC; yeast culture(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 0.3%, YC-PP; yeast culture(Pichia pastoris) 0.3%, RPPC-0.1; refined Pichia pastoris culture 0.1%, RPPC-0.3; refined Pichia pastoris culture 0.3%. There were no significant differences in growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and mortality among the treatments. However, chickens fed diets with yeast cultures showed numerically higher weight gain than those fed the control diets. Supplementation of yeast cultures and CTC improved feed efficiency and decreased mortality compared to control. Nutrient digestibilities were not affected by the dietary treatments. Total number of Lactobacilli in small intestine was higher while that of Cl. perfringens was lower with yeast culture treatments than control. Small intestine E. coli population of RPPC-0.3 treatment was significantly lower than that of the control. The serum IgG concentration tended to be higher in broilers fed yeast cultures than those fed the control and CTC diet. In conclusion, the supplementation of yeast culture products showed, although not significant but, numerical advantages in productivity and profile of microbial flora and serum IgG compared to the control and CTC supplementation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.607-619
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the concepts of body image, weight control and food behavior in 520 Korean high school seniors from Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate body image, concern of weight control, experience of weight control, the first time to try weight control, plan for weight control, reasons of weight control and food behaviors related with weight control. Anthropometric parameters such as weight and height were measured. Finally, data from 497 high school seniors were used for statistical analysis. The results were as follows. Many subjects had misperceptions. Among the subjects who perceived themselves as 'fat', 57.8% were normal weight and 0.5% underweight. Among the subjects who perceived themselves as 'thin', 59.5% were normal weight, 0.9% overweight and 0.9% obese. Girls were more concerned about weight control than boys (4.20 vs. 3.66). Weight loss had been experienced by 61.5% of the subjects and weight gain by 12.8%. First weight control was attempted by 71.3% of the subject at high school and by 28.7% at middle school. The majority of subjects planned for weight control before their freshman year. The boys choose 'health' as the primary reason for weight control, whereas the girls chose 'good appearance'. The total score of food behaviors varied significantly according to BMI. Overweight and obese subjects had more desirable food behaviors than normal weight and underweight subjects (24.00, 24.06 vs. 21.92, 21.52). However, total scores of food behaviors showed no variation according to sex, weight control attempt and body image. In conclusion, the high school seniors had misconceptions about body image and weight control. They were exposed to a high risk of inappropriate weight control and food behaviors. Therefore, proper nutritional education programs need to be developed for high school seniors to prevent nutrition problems related to weight control and to maintain desirable food behaviors.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.179-189
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• 1993

It has recently become possible to record electrical activity originating from abnormally conducting myocardium from the body surface with high - gain amplification and averaging technique. These signals, which result from delayed ventricular activation(late potentials), have been recorded in patients with documented ventricular tachyarrythmia. Several electrode lead system for detecting ventricular late potential were introduced. Pyramidal electrode lead system(PLS) is useful. Also interpretation of SAECG in the young could be of value in detecting those at risk for episodic ventricular tachycardia, but suffer from a lack of data in normal young people. Selection of subjects : For this study, normal healthy young adult volunteers (age: mean 24 years) were recruited from the medical students at Yeungnam University Hospital, Internal Medicine. Twenty fourths male and seventeenths female subjects were selected. All subjects had normal resting ECGs as judged from both the standard 12 channel lead and echocardiography, and none had a history of cardiovascular disease. All subjects were considered to be in good general physical condition. Signal-averaged electrocardiography : In order to obtain low noise recordings with a small number of averaging cycles, all subject ware asked to relax completely in the supine position. Silver/silver chloride electrodes were attached after the skin was cleaned with alcohol, to constitute classic flank lead system(FLS) and pyramidal lead system(PLS). Signals were recorded and processed using a commercially available microprocessor-augmented ECG cart(Marquette Electronics, USA) suitable for portable bedside recording. There was no difference between normal values, determined by FLS and PLS at high pass filtering of 25 Hz and 80 Hz, but significant, difference was found in HFLAD and RMS-40 of 40 Hz(p<0.05). These results will provide a basis for interpretations of SAECG, determined by FLS and PLS in healthy young adults with normal QRS duration.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2006

Microarray which enables us to obtain hundreds and thousands of expression of gene or genotype at once is an epoch-making technology in comparative analysis of genes. First of all, we have to measure the intensity of each gene in an microarray image from the experiment to gain the expression level of each gene. But it is difficult to analyze the microarray image in manual because it has a lot of genes. Meta-gridding method and various auto-gridding methods have been proposed for this, but thew still have some problems. For example, meta-gridding requires manual-work due to some variations in spite of experiment in same microarray, and auto-gridding nay not carried out fully or correctly when an image has a lot of noises or is lowly expressed. In this article, we propose Hierarchical Grid Alignment algorithm for new methodology combining meta-gridding method with auto-gridding method. In our methodology, we necd a meta-grid as an input, and then align it with the microarray image automatically. Experimental results show that the proposed method serves more robust and reliable gridding result than the previous methods. It is also possible for user to do more reliable batch analysis by using our algorithm.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2004

Three experiments were conducted to determine utilization of Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone as the dietary additive for growth and immune stimulant in juvenile olive flounder. In the feeding trial, four diets were formulated to contain 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone per kg diet (SGS$_{0}$ , SGS$_{0.5}$, SGS$_{1.0}$ , SGS$_{2.0}$ ). Fish averaging 5.0$\pm$0.04 g (mean$\pm$SD) were fed one of four experimental diets in triplicate groups for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, hematosomatic index, condition factor and survival among fish fed all the diets. In chanlenge test, fish were infected by intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 $m\ell$ bacterial suspension with Edwardsielia tarda per fish after the feeding trial. Fish fed SGS$_{0.5}$ diet have a significantly higher cumulative survival rate than did fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). In the anti-mold test, Asprrgiilus niger, Penicillium pinophiltfm, Chaeromium globosum were inoculated with Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone using ASTM G-21 method. The amount of Α. niger, Ρ. pinuphiium. C. globosum didn't increase in Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone for 4 weeks for the test period. Therefore, these results indicate that 0.5% Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone per kg diet could increase immune resistance in juvenile olive flounder and Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone could be used as the anti-mold additive in fish feed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.56-70
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• 1990

Eighteen Korean white pine (P. koraiensis S. et Z.) families were tested in 3 different regions from age 5 to 9. Family and site were significant sources of variation for seedling survival and field growth, whereas the effects of family x site interaction ware relatively small as compared with the former sources of variation. Variance components estimated from the separate and combined sites indicated that the most variabilities were associated with individual trees within plot. Family ${\times}$ site interaction components as a percentage of family variance decreased sharply with age. Heritability estimates varied with testing site and tree age. Combined analyses, however, showed a moderate change in heritability with increasing tree ages, and demonstrated high and stable trends of estimates, particularly in family heritabilities of tree height ($h_F{^2}=0.789-0.798$). The gains estimated from combined analysis have expected maximum or near-maximum efficiencies at age 6 or 7. Given equal intensity of selection, mass selection showed the most efficient gains within and across the sites. However, for the differences between mass and combined selections are small, selection made on the combination of family and within-family would be more effective in improving genetic gains. Indirect selection method indicated that 5-and 6-years height were all good predictors of 9-year-old height with little loss of relative efficiency (less than 10%) as compared with direct family selection at age 9. Phenotypic and genetic correlations computed on the basis of family mean values of height and diameter have shown predominantly high, positive, and statistically significant (1% level) relationships between all tested pairs of traits, which indicates that family growth maintained statistically consistent trends with age. The best families are those that maintained a stable superiority overall sites and ages in growth performance, therefore, it can be suggested that early identification of superior families at age 9 is feasible at age 5 or 6 in Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-85
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• 2001

Osteoporosis is the disease that is the most controversial issue with the aging tendency in 1990. It is an important issue in dealing with the health management for women in middle life. This study is designed to determine the relationships among the level of the knowledge of osteoporosis, the health promoting behaviors and the quality of life. The test has conducted a questionnaire survey of women with osteoporosis. This is a study that focused an interrelation of above issues and its purpose is to gain a foundation of a nursing intervention that can help to improve the qualify of life of an osteoporosis patients. The method of collecting data is collecting a questionnaire survey, individual interviews and records and the collected 123 questionnaire surveys are utilized for an data analysis. Questionnaire surveys are conducted in K and S Universities infirmaries and K general hospital in Seoul and C and J general hospital in near Seoul area from Sep. 27th to Nov. 4th, 2000. The instruments of this study were as follows: Yoon's used the revised and supplemented instrument to test the level of the knowledge of osteoporosis and she referred to the substance of Cassells & Knotz. Lee's revised and supplemented the instrument called Health Promoting Life style Profile that were invented by Walker, Sechrist & Pender and she used it to test the health promoting behaviors with the questionnaires added by this researcher. They are not related to the quality of life but relevant to the patients. Ro's tested the quality of life with the instrument that was invented by herself. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The general characteristics of this study subjects showed that the age of the patients was concentrated from 50 to 59. The periods after menopause was mainly from 6 to 10 years. Subjective symptoms that patients usually complain were musculoskelectal symptoms. 2. The results of measuring the level of the knowledge of osteoporosis, the health promoting behaviors and the quality of life were following. The level of the knowledge was the score 19.83 and it was above middle score out of the score 27 as full marks. In the result of the health promoting behaviors test, the score average was 2.58 with 4 point rating scale and it was about middle score. The quality of life test showed that average score was 2.92 with 5 point rating scale and it indicated that the quality was also around middle score. 3. The statistical test in the activities for promoting health according to the general characteristics of the patients showed that only monthly income has statistically significant difference(F-4.761, p=.004). The same test for the qualify of life indicated that the quality of life was higher from 1 to 5 years after menopause but it was not meaningful statistically. 4. In the correlation among the level of knowledge of osteoporosis, the health promoting behaviors and the qualify of life of the patients, showed a relationship between the health promoting behaviors and the qualify of life. The higher the health promoting behaviors, it was also higher the quality of life. But it was statistically significant with significant positive correlation.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.7-20
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• 2011

This study was conducted to analyze the mixing ratio of raw feed materials for the methane mitigation and also to identify the minimum rearing density for improving the productivity of beef calves as eco-friendly fodder. Raw materials used in this study for the formulation of feed for methane reduction were crushed corn and alfalfa along with other 21 species. In addition, to investigate the appropriate rearing density, 12 Hanwoo calves with average weight of 150 kg was selected and experiment was conducted for four months. Methane gas emission (Bo) is about 3-4 times less in TMR 4 compared to TMR 1, 2 and 3. Feed price calculated for TMR 4 ration was also affordable. In addition, all TMRs showed a normal ruminal pH. Disappearance rate was observed to be lower in TMR 4 as compared to TMR 1, 2 and 3, but methane production decreased by 24 to 37%. The result showed improved total body weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio in rearing low-density ($18m^2/head$), and general treatment ($9m^2/head$) compared to overcrowding treatment ($6m^2/head$). In addition, blood components (total protein, glucose, AST, ALT and GGT factors) involved in health and disease treatments and health-related nutrition metabolism are lower in the low-density and general treatment compared to the high density treatment. Postural development (development of body size) i.e., weight, height and width significantly increased in the low and general density treatment compared to high density treatment. Especially excellent improvement was observed in low-density treatment than the general treatment. Moisture content, colonic bacteria and coccidium are higher in low and high density treatments than in the general treatment. The adequacy for beef rearing density is considered to be more desirable in an area more than $6m^2/head$. In conclusion, present study suggests that possibility of methane reduction through adjusting mixed feed ration. Also, rearing density is also an important factor in the growth and development of beef calves.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2010

The objective of this experiment was to investigate effects of total mixed ration (TMR) of different nutrition level on milk production in dairy goats (Sannen). Twenty four lactating goats were randomly assigned to one of four TMRs; medium energy-medium crude protein (CP) TMR (control), high energymedium CP TMR (T1), medium energy-high CP TMR (T2) and high energy-high CP TMR (T3). The content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and CP in the control diet were 67.0% and 13.9%. The TDN content of the high energy TMR was 73.7% and the CP content of the high CP TMR was 15.3%. Milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for T1 ($2,198{\pm}115 ml$) than for T2 ($1,742{\pm}52 ml$) and T3 ($1,984{\pm}90 ml$). But there were no significant differences in milk composition between the treatments. Daily body weight gain was increased in T1 and T3 but reduced in control and T2. The result of the present study showed that dietary energy level supplied more than that of NRC recommendation did not affect milk yield of dairy goats in early lactation but prevented body weight loss.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.236-243
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• 1998

Objectives: Local invasion of the thyroid cancer that is invasion of the upper aerodigestive tract, neurovascular structures of the neck and superior mediastinum, is infrequent and comprises of 1-16% of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. However the proximity of the thyroid gland to these structures provides the means for an invasive cancer to gain ready access into theses structures and when invasion occurs, it is the source of significant morbidity and mortality. So locally invasive thyroid cancer should be removed as much as possible, but still much debates have been exist whether the surgical method should be radical or conservative. This study was desinged to evaluate the clinical characteristics and the surgical treatment of the locally invasive thyroid cancer. Material and Methods: At the department of otorhinolaryngology of Hallym university, 10 patients diagnosed as locally invasive thyroid cancer among the 81 patients treated for thyroid cancer between 1991 to 1997 were retrospectively evaluated. Results: Of the 10 patients, 3 patients had histories of previous surgical treatment with or without radiation or radioactive iodine therapy. The site of invasion of thyroid cancer were trachea(7 cases), recurrent laryngeal nerve(5 cases), mediastinal node(5 cases), esophagus(3cases), larynx(3cases), carotid artery(3 cases), pharynx(l case), and other sites(4 cases). The operation techniques included 1 partial laryngectomy and 1 partial cricoid resection, 2 shavings and 3 window resections of the trachea, 1 sleeve resection of the trachea with end-to-end anastomosis and 1 cricotracheoplasty for tracheal invasion, 2 shavings and 1 partial esophagectomies for esophageal invasion, and 1 wall shaving and 2 partial resections with $Gortex^{\circledR}$ tube reconstruction for carotid artery invasion, and so on. Conclusions: These data and review of literature suggest that the surgical method should be perfomed on the basis of individual condition and complete removal of all gross tumor with preservation of vital structures whenever possible will offer a good result.