• 한국건강관리협회지
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.39-46
• /
• 2004

Purpose:It has been known that the prognosis of a young woman's breast cancer is Poorer than the other woman However, the effect of age on the prognosis is not well-defined We performed this study to investigate age as a prognostic factor of breast cancer. Materials and Methods : A retrospective study was conducted for 3209 breast cancer patients who underwent operations in Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital from January 1981 to December 2000. Patients were divided into two groups, young age(≤35) and old age(>35) groups. And tumor stage, histopathologic characteristics(such as histology, nuclear grade, histologic grade, hormonal receptor, etc), overall survival and disease free survival rates were compared between age groups. Results . The age ranged from 17 to 88 years. 396 patients(12.3%) were included in young age group(median=32) and 2813 Patients(87.7%) in old age group(median=47).There are more advanced stages and poor nuclear grades in young age group(p=0.000, p=0.003), By log-rank test, the young age group had poorer overall survival and disease free survival rates(p<0.05, p=0.0002). Although, the young age group had more advanced TMN stages(p=0.000) and poorer nuclear grade than the old age group(p=0.003) in multi variate analysis, the age was not a significant independent prognostic factor. (P=0.642)Conclusion: Our study showed that the age was not a significant independent prognostic factor.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.121-124
• /
• 2009

In this study, in order to develop compositions of ceramics suitable for piezoelectric actuator and ultrasonic vibrator applications using low temperature sintering, multilayer, PMN-PNN-PZT ceramics were fabricated using $Li_2CO_3$ and $Na_2CO_3$ as sintering aids. Their structural, piezoelectric and dielectric characteristics were investigated according to the Zr/Ti ratio. As the Zr/Ti ratio increased, the electromechanical coupling factor $k_p$, and piezoelectric constant $d_{33}$ and the mechanical quality factor $Q_m$ all increased with Zr/Ti ratio and then decreased after the ratio exceeded 50/50. At the ratio of Zr/Ti =49/51 and sintering temperature of $900^{\circ}C$; the density, electromechanical coupling factor $k_p$, dielectric constant ${\varepsilon}_r$ piezoelectric $d_{33}$ constant and mechanical quality factor $Q_m$ all showed the optimum values of 7.900 $g/cm^3$, 0.576, 856, 312 pC/N, 1,326, respectively. These property values are very suitable for multilayer ceramics actuator applications.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.232-235
• /
• 2008

In this study, in order to develop the composition ceramics for multilayer piezoelectric actuator, PMN-PNN-PZT ceramics were fabricated using $Li_2CO_3$, $Na_2CO_3$, ZnO as sintering aids and their piezoelectric and dielectric properties were investigated according to the Bi substitution, Bi substitution induced grain growth and increase of sinterablity, And also, Bi substitution suppress secondary phase due to the liquid phase sintering effect. Bi substitution enhanced electromechanical coupling factor ($k_p$) and dielectric constant ($\varepsilon_r$), However, mechanical quality factor($Q_m$) was deteriorated, At the sintering temperature of 870 $^{\circ}C$ and Bi substitution of 1 mol%, density, electromechanical coupling factor ($k_p$), mechanical quality factor ($Q_m$), Dielectric constant ($\varepsilon_r$) and piezoelectric constant ($d_{33}$) of specimen showed the optimum values of 7,878 $g/cm^3$, 0,608, 835, 1603 and 397 pC/N, respectively for multilayer piezoelectric actuator application.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.277-278
• /
• 2007

In this study, in order to develop multilayer piezo-actuator, PMN-PNN-PZT ceramics were fabricated using $Li_2CO_3,\;Na_2CO_3$, ZnO as sintering aids and their piezoelectric and dielectric properties were investigated according to the Bi substitution. Bi substitution enhanced electromechanical coupling factor$(k_p)$ and dielectric constant$({\varepsilon}_r)$. However, mechanical quality factor was deteriorated. At the sintering temperature of $870^{\circ}C$ and Bi substitution of 1mol%, density, electromechanical coupling factor$(k_p)$, mechanical quality factor$(Q_m)$, Dielectric constant$({\varepsilon}_r)$ and piezoelectric constant$(d_{33})$ of specimen showed the optimum value of $7.878g/cm^3$, 0.608, 835, 1603 and 397pC/N, respectively.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제49권1호
• /
• pp.47-64
• /
• 2023

Due to their efficient use of materials, hybrid reinforced concrete-steel (RCS) systems provide more practical and economic advantages than traditional steel and concrete moment frames. This study evaluated the seismic design factors and response modification factor 'R' of RCS composite moment frames composed of reinforced concrete (RC) columns and steel (S) beams. The current International Building Code (IBC) and ASCE/SEI 7-05 classify RCS systems as special moment frames and provide an R factor of 8 for these systems. In this study, seismic design parameters were initially quantified for this structural system using an R factor of 8 based on the global methodology provided in FEMA P695. For analyses, multi-story (3, 5, 10, and 15) and multi-span (3 and 5) archetypes were used to conduct nonlinear static pushover analysis and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) under near-field and far-field ground motions. The analyses were performed using the OpenSees software. The procedure was reiterated with a larger R factor of 9. Results of the performance evaluation of the investigated archetypes demonstrated that an R factor of 9 achieved the safety margin against collapse outlined by FEMA P695 and can be used for the design of RCS systems.

• 성인간호학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.82-95
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among perceived health status, self-esteem, self-efficacy and health promoting behavior, and to determine the predictors of health promoting behavior in post-mastectomy patients. The study, a descriptive correlational study, was done with structural questionnaires. A total of 51 post-mastectomy subjects from C university hospital in Kwang-ju, South Korea completed mail-in self-reporting questionnaires during a three month period from March to June, 1999. The data were collected using Lawstone's(1982) perceived health status scale, Rosenberg's(1965) self-esteem scale, the modified self-efficacy scale(Shere et al, 1982), and the modified health promoting lifestyle profile (Walker et al, 1987). The data obtained were analyzed according to percentage, mean and standard deviation, principal component analysis, varimax rotation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. The results were as follows: 1. The health promoting behavior measurement resulted in six factors. Each factor was labelled as follows: self-actualization, nutrition, stress management, exercise, health responsibility and interpersonal support. The total percent of variance explained by the six factors was 58.4%. 2. The mean score of health promoting behavior was 85.92(range 58~117). The scores of six factor were nutrition 3.20, self-actualization 2.59, stress management 2.58, interpersonal support 2.58, health responsibility 2.49, and exercise 2.34 on a four point scale. 3. When the score of health promoting behavior factors were compared by general characteristics. Factor I: self-actualization, differed significantly by the frequency of pregnancy (F=3.06, p=.037). Factor II: nutrition differed significantly by drinking experience(t=-2.26, p=.028) and the pre- or post stage of menopause(F=2.69, p=078). FactorIII: stress management differed significantly depending on regularity of mensturation(t=-2.12, p= .042). FactorIV: exercise differed significantly by type of religion (F=2.49, p=.072), marital status(F=5.03, p=.010), and feeding type (F=2.64, p=.036). Factor V: health responsibility differed significantly by regularity of mensturation(t=2.18, p=.037). 4. The total health promoting behavior score was significantly related to self-esteem and perceived health status(r=.610, p.006; r= .378, p=.006). The score of selfactualization also corresponded with selfesteem and perceived health status(r=.556, p=.001; r=.343, p=.013). 5. The predictor to explain the score of health promoting behavior was self-esteem, which accounted for 37.1% of the total variance. The predictor to explain the score of self-actualization was self-esteem, which accounted for 30.9% of the total variance. The score of nutrition was primarily affected by both premenopause and drinking experience, which accounted for 13.1% and 9.5% respectively. Finally, the score of exercise was dictated by marriage, Buddhism, no experience of breast feeding, which accounted for 17%, 9.8%, & 5.2% respectively. In conclusion, self-esteem is the main predictor for health promoting behavior in post-mastectomy women. These findings suggest a need for nursing strategies which promote self-esteem in such patients.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제60권2호
• /
• pp.37-44
• /
• 2018

Universal soil loss equation (USLE) had been employed to estimate potential soil loss since it was developed from the statewide data measured and collected in the United States. The equation had an origin in average annual soil loss estimation though, it was modified or improved to provide better opportunities of soil loss estimation outside the United States. The equation has five factors, most studies modifying them to adapt regional status were focused on rainfall erosivity factor and cover management factor. While the conservation practice factor (USLE P factor) is to represent distinct features in agricultural fields, it is challenging to find studies regarding the factor improvements. Moreover, the factor is typically defined using slopes. The factor defining approach was suggested in the study, the approach is a step-by-step method allowing USLE P factor definition with given condition. The minimum condition is slope and field location to provide an opportunity for using in any GIS software and to reflect regionally distinct features. If watershed location, slope, crop type, and mulching type on furrows are given, detailed definition of the factors are possible. The approach was developed from field survey in South-Korea, it is expected to be used for potential soil loss using USLE in South-Korea.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.329-334
• /
• 2003

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) 유전자의 발현은 사람 및 쥐에서 두 개의 promoters (P1과 P2)로부터의 전사와 alternative RNA splicing 및 differential RNA polyadenylation과 같은 복잡한 기전들에 의하여 조절되는데 조직에 따라 성장호르몬을 포함한 여러 요소들이 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 또한 사람의 IGF-I 유전자 exon 1의 upstream에 존재하는 P1에 hepatocyte nuclear factor l$\alpha$와 CAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) isoform 들이 결합하여 조직 및 발달단계 특이한 발현에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 제안되었지만, exon 1의 downstream sequence가 IGF-I 유전자의 조직 특이적 발현을 조절하는 지에 대하여는 연구되어 있지 않다. 연령이 다른 쥐의 간 및 뇌 조직에서 total RNA를 분리하고 solution hybridization/RNase protection 방법으로 분석하여 IGF-I 유전자의 발현이 태어난 후 간 조직에서는 점차적으로 증가하였지만 뇌조직에서는 감소하여 발달단계에 따라 조직 특이하게 발현되는 것을 확인하였다. IGF-I exon 1의 주요한 전사 개시점으로부터 아래쪽에 존재하는 C/EBP 결합부위를 포함하고 있는 cis-acting element에 해당하는 oligonucleotide들과 간 및 뇌조직에서 분리한 핵단백질들을 이용하여 DNA-결합 활성을 가진 분자량이 다른 C/EBP$\alpha$나 C/EBP$\beta$ 단백질들을 확인하였으며 southwestern 및 western immnoblotting 분석을 하여 간 조직의 핵 추출물에서는 42$^{C}$EBP$\alpha$/, 와 p38$^{C}$EBP$\alpha$/, p35$^{C}$EBP$\alpha$/, p38$^{C}$EBP$\beta$/, 그리고 p35$^{C}$EBP$\beta$/가 IGF-I exon 1 oligonucleotide와 복합체를 형성하고 뇌 조직에서는 p42$^{C}$EBP$\alpha$과 p38$^{C}$EBP$\beta$가 복합체 형성에 관여하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 FRE-C/EBP isoform 복합체 형성이 IGF-I 유전자 발현의 조직 특이적 조절에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 제안한다.할을 할 것으로 제안한다.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
• /
• 제63권4호
• /
• pp.551-560
• /
• 2023

In this paper we consider a more general class of centralizers called I-centralizers. More precisely, given a prime ideal P of an arbitrary ring R we establish a connection between certain algebraic identities involving a pair of P-left centralizers and the structure of the factor ring R/P.

• 한국가축번식학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.177-183
• /
• 1997

The present study examined the effects of epidermal growth factor(EGF) and transforming growth factor-$\alpha$(TGF-$\alpha$) on in vitro maturation of porcine follicular oocytes. Basic medium used TCM-HEPES, and oocytes cultured for 42 hours in vitro. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The nuclear maturation rates of EGF-treated groups(10ng/ml, 75.9% ; 30ng/ml, 69.2% ; 50ng/ml, 67.2% ; 100ng/ml, 71.0%) on the porcine oocytes cultured in medium without pFF in vitro were significantly(P<0.01) higher than those of non-treated group(57.1%). When the oocytes were cultured in media with 10%(v/v) pFF, the nuclear maturation rates of 30ng EGF/ml(77.1%) treated group were significantly(P<0.01) higher than those of non-(59.2%) and EGF-treated groups(10ng/ml, 65.4% ; 50ng/ml, 65.5% ; 100ng/ml, 70.4%). 2. The nuclear maturation rates of 30ng TGF-$\alpha$/ml treated group(71.9%) in media without pFF in vitro were significatnly(P<0.01) higher than those of non-(57.1%) and TGF-$\alpha$ treated groups(10ng/ml, 60.4% ; 50ng/ml, 65.4% ; 100ng/ml, 60.0%). When the oocytes were cultured in media with 10%(v/v) pFF, the nuclear maturation rates of 30 and 50ng TGF-$\alpha$/ml(77.4% and 79.6%) treated groups(10ng/ml, 64.2% ; 100ng/ml, 61.6%). 3. On the effect of EGF(30ng/ml) and/or TGF-$\alpha$(30ng/ml) treated groups in medium without pFF in vitro, the nuclear maturation rates indicated 57.3, 60.4, 75.9 and 79.7% in media with no EGF & TFG-$\alpha$, TGF-$\alpha$ only, EGF only nad EGF＋TGF-$\alpha$ treated groups, respectively. The nuclear maturation rates in medium with EGF only or EGF＋TGF-$\alpha$ were significantly(P<0.01) higher than those non- and TGF-$\alpha$ treated groups. When the oocytes were cultured in media with 10%(v/v) pFF, the nuclear maturation ratesof EGF＋TGF-$\alpha$ treated group(75.9%) were significantly(P<0.01) higher than those of non-(59.2%), TGF-$\alpha$ only (64.2%) and EGF only(69.4%) treated groups.