• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.25-36
• /
• 1964

The present paper deals with the comparative study on phylogenic difference in the patterns of energy metabolism of brain slices of several vertebrate species by measuring oxygen consumptionwith glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or glutamate as respiratory substrate employing Warburg's manometric method, by determination of the utilization rate of glucose using glucose-1-C14 by analyzing patterns of free amino acid distribution , and by histochemical determination using glucose-1-C14 by analyzing patterns of free amino acid distribution acid distribution , and by histochemical determination of glycogen contents. 1. Glucose enhances the oxygen consumption of brain slices of animals belinging to reptile, aves and mammalia while it shows a tendency to decrease that of animals belonging to pisces and amphibia. 2. Glucose-6--phosphate increase oxygen consumption more than glucose in every species examined, while glucose-1-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate increase that of Rana nigromaculata only . In general m, it appears that phosphosugars are more effective as a respiratory substrate to those species which have less endogenous respiration than to those having larger endogenous respiration. 3. Similar patterns of free amino acid distribution and the relative amount are found among the species and in every species examined glutamic acid is detected in the larges amount . ${\gamma}$-Amino butyric acid, glycine, alanine and aspartic acid are found in every species. 4. Ophicephalus showed less oxygen consumption than endogenous respiration when glutamate was added to the medium. When sodium fluoride was added, the oxygen consumption was some what increased . Such phenomenon wasnot found in the frog. 5. The result of histochemcial analysis of the brain showed that glycogen was abundantly present in the fish , amphibia , and especially in the reptile and that no distinctive grains of glycogen were found in the bird and mammal . From these facts, it may be supposed that anaerobic glycolysis as energy source dominates in fish and amphibia and aerobic respiration through the oxidation of glucose dominates in bird and mamal , the reptile occupying transitional position between these two categories. The way of obtaining energy for brain activity by the oxidation of glucose supplied from the circulating blood is seemed to be first acquired by reptile and the function is completed both in aves and mammal.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
• /
• v.7 no.6
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 2021

This study investigates the exercise-physiological changes in stages through the movement of the automatic stepper and to analyze the usefulness of the automatic stepper. For 18 male university students, out of 10 levels, 5 level and 10 level of automatic stepper exercise were performed. At each 10, 20, 30 minutes during exercise, 5 and 10 minutes after exercise stop the subjects were examined to analyze the changes in energy consumption after minutes, respiratory exchange rate, heart rate, oxygen consumption per body weight, METs, cumulative energy consumption, and lactic acid to verify the usefulness of the automatic stepper. The mean and standard deviation were calculated using the SPSS, and one-way ANOVA with repeated measure was performed to verify the difference in the mean between time periods. The LSD method was used for the post-hoc test, and the significance level was set to α = .05. There were no significant changes in both 5 and 10 level, but the cumulative energy consumption over time increased significantly. In addition, as a low-intensity exercise intensity is shown, a low increase in lactic acid indicated a safe exercise level. In future studies, in-depth studies of various variables through regular exercise programs are needed for those who need safe exercise.

• 연구논문집
• /
• s.29
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 1999

Heat release rate used to characterize the fire is an important factor for determining the fire size, the fire growth and the time for suppression and evacuation. The purpose of present work is to review theoretical backgrounds and to introduce equations for estimation of heat release rate with oxygen consumption method in fires. Our work also shows the experimental results of applications for liquid fuels. The oxygen concentration is measured by the analyzer of paramagnetic type. The analyzers of Infra-Red type are used to measure the concentrations of $CO_2$ and CO gas. Time delays of analyzers are ignored.

• International Journal of Safety
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.43-46
• /
• 2010

In the recycle process of organic solvent, the atmospheric oxygen can cause autoxidation and product peroxide. The time-saving method to evaluate the hazards has been required. In this study, oxygen pressure monitoring experiment was proposed as a new method to evaluate autoxidative resistances of solvents. Some of organic solvents were pressurized by oxygen and kept under isothermal condition. At the same time, the pressure in the vessel tracked. Iodometrical titration, thermal analysis and spectroscopic analysis were performed to measure peroxide concentration, the heat of reaction and chemical bonding change. From the results that THF has larger oxygen consumption rate than CPME, it is considered that autoxidative resistance of THF is lower than that of CPME. This method enables to obtain results in shorter time than other methods. These experimental results were consistent with the previous research with longer test durations [1-2].

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.30-38
• /
• 2009

Purpose: This randomized study was done to compare the effects of a 6 month Tai Chi exercise and a self-help program on balance, flexibility and muscle strength in women with osteoarthritis (OA). Method: In this experimental study, 82 women with OA recruited from outpatient clinics or community health centers were randomly assigned either to a Tai Chi group or a self-help group. Thirty women (mean age = 62 years) in the Tai Chi group and 39 (mean age = 59 years) in the self-help group completed posttest measures (balance, flexibility, oxygen consumption, abdominal muscle strength, back muscle strength, and grip strength) at 6 months. Results: After the 6 month, Tai Chi participants had significantly greater balance (mean difference = 2.9 vs. 0.9 for the self-help), grip strength (mean difference = 4.6 vs. 0.9 for the self-help), and back muscle strength (mean difference = 4.1 vs. -0.3 for the self-help). However, flexibility, oxygen consumption, and abdominal muscle strength were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion: Tai Chi increased balance, grip strength and back muscle strength in older women with osteoarthritis compared to the self-help program. Whether these changes improve physical functioning and fall prevention requires further study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.755-759
• /
• 1999

To evaluate the effect of sterilizing method on the quality of iron fortified market milk, HTST(high temperature, short time) or LTLT(low temperture, long time) method was adopted after addition of 100ppm ferrous sulfate, ferric citrate, ferric ammonium citrate, or ferrous lactate in market milk. Sterilized iron fortified market milk was stored at 4oC and then pH, lipid oxidation, color change, and sensory quality were observed. The range of pH change in iron fortified market milk sterilized by HTST or LTLT was 6.51~6.74. The order of pH was control>ferric ammonium citrate>ferrous lactate>ferrous sulfate>ferric citrate. Oxygen consumption of ferric ammonium citrate and ferric citrate was lower than ferrous lactate and ferrous sulfate. This trend was same in HTST and LTLT method, but generally oxygen consumption was lower in iron fortified market milk sterilized by LTLT method than by HTST. In total color change, ferrous lactate treatment was closer to control than other treatments. Also sensory characteristics of ferrous lactate treatment was showed better quality than other treatment. From these results, LTLT method was more suitable than HTST method for iron fortified market milk and ferrous lactate was comparably suitable among iron salts used in this study.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2020

The energy released by various burning material has a wide range of its magnitude and transient characteristics, the measurement of the heat release rate(HRR) has been considered as one of the most challenging issue among the parameters related to fire. This study compares the measured HRR calculated by the oxygen consumption (OC) method and the carbon dioxide generation (CDG) method using a laboratory-scale fire calorimeter. The feasibility of the CDG method is examined by analyzing the relative error. The relationship between the oxygen depletion factor and CO₂ mass flow rate, which is a key parameter in HRR calculations, showed strong linearity at 6 % for the methane burner fire. The contribution of HRR by CO was less than 7% compared with the of HRR by CO₂ in the CDG calculation method. The linearity of the OC and CDG methods with respect to HRR of the referenced methane burner in a quasi-steady state was less than 1%; this indicates that the CDG method can be utilized as a complementary method in heat release rate measurement.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.56 no.1
• /
• pp.26-50
• /
• 1982

In order to obtain more detailed information concerning the degradation of lignin in the oxygen alkali pulping single stage isothermal delignification of pine wood meal (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.) was studied in the oxygen alkali system at five temperature level ($110^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $130^{\circ}C$, $140^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$) for 60 min.. The rate constant, activation energy, oxygen and alkali consumption during the oxygen alkali delignification were determined by the kinetic method. The 2/5 of total lignin was eliminated at the start of the reaction. The delignification rate constant was about 3 times that of caustic soda pulping. The activation energy was about 1/3 lower than in caustic soda pulping. Like oxygen consumption, alkali consumption was also rapid early at the reaction and almost ceased after about 10 min.. The degradation reaction of lignin was strongly dependent upon the pH decrease of the cooking liquor by organic acid generated in pulping. The lignin in the oxygen alkali pulping degraded into lover molecular weight and had more hydrophillic properties. The methoxyl group decreased considerably at the first of oxygen alkali delignification, while the carbonyl, carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl group increased rapidly.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.874-881
• /
• 1997

In order to estimate toxicity of copper, radmium and chromium on survival, growth and oxygen consumption of the estuarine mysid, Neomysis awatschensis, adult and juvenile, the experiments were conducted by renewal bioassay method at $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C\;and\;20{\pm}1\%_{\circ}$ salinity. The $96hr-LC_{50}$ of the mysid exposed to cadmium, copper and chromium was 20.2, 11.3 and $670.4\;{\mu}g/\ell$ in adut and 3.4, 1.9 and $49.4\;{\mu}g/\ell$ in juvenile, respectively, and were ranked in order of toxicity : copper >cadmium >chromium. Survival rates of the mysid exposed to the sublethal concentrations of heavy metals for 40 days were significantly affected by cadmium $\geq1.0\;{\mu}g/\ell$ and copper $\geq0.6\;{\mu}g/\ell$ concentrations. The growth rate of the mysid exposed to $cadmium\geq2.0\;{\mu}g\ell$ and copper $\geq1.2\;{\mu}g/\ell$ concentrations were significantly reduced than that exposed to normal condition, but there was no affect on intermoult period. Oxygen consumption rate of the mysid exposed to heavy metals was significantly reduced with increasing heavy metals concentrations. The results of the present study led us to conclude that concentrations levels cadmium$\geq1.0\;{\mu}g\ell$ and copper $\geq0.6\;{\mu}g\ell$ of the estuarine could markedly affect the distribution and population of the mysid by reduced survival, growth and oxygen consumption rate.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 2002

In this paper, the effect of oxygen component in fuel on the exhaust emissions has been investigated for direct injection diesel engine. It is tested to estimate change of engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics for the commercial diesel fuel and oxygenate blended fuel which has four kinds of mixed ratio. And, the effects of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) on the characteristics of NOx emission and brake specific fuel consumption rate have been investigated. Dimethyl carbonate(DMC) contains oxygen component 53.3% in itself, and it is a kind of effective oxygenated fuel of carbonate group that the smoke emission of DMC is reduced remarkably in comparison with commercial diesel fuel, that is, it can supply oxygen component sufficiently at higher loads and speeds in diesel engine. It was found that simultaneous reduction of smoke and NOx was achieved with oxygenated fuel and EGR method.