• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.717-722
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• 2012

Fluoride can be easily found in semiconductor and display industry. However, there is a lack of research for its effects on the related wastewater treatment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the microbial inhibitory effect by fluoride injection. The research entailed the assessment of removal efficiency of $TCOD_{Cr}$ according to the fluoride concentration and also the Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate (SOUR) was measured. The laboratory scale reactor was prepared and operated with the fluoride concentrations of 0, 10, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L based on concentrations frequently occurring in the wastewater. The results from this study showed that, as the fluoride concentration increase, the Specific Substrate Utilization Rate (SSUR) tend to decrease as expected. Also, the increase in fluoride concentrations resulted in the decrease in SOUR. It is determined that fluoride injection affects the microbial activity. Especially, The addition of above 200 mg/L fluoride into reactor caused rapidly decreased SSUR and SOUR due to the inhibitory effects of fluoride.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 1998

My prior questionnaire has applied to 12 male and 29 female adults over 30-69 years old suffering from lumbago fer 6 months at least or having diagnosis of lumbago. I had the following conclusions from physical characteristics and cardiopulmonary capacity of lumbago Patients caused by obesity 1) The rate of lipids in the body was rotated to the maximum heart rate in the male group of lumbago patients (P<0.01). 2) The rate of lipids in the body was related to the maximum intake of oxygen(O2) in the male group of lumbago patients(P<0.01). 3) The maximum heart rae was related to the maximum intake of oxygen in the male group of lumbago patients(P<0.01). 4) The rate of lipids in the body was related to the maximum intake of oxygen in the female group of lumbago patients(P<0.05). 5) The rate of lipids in the body showed no relation to the maximum heart rate in the female group of lumbago patients(P>0.05). 6) The maximum heart rate was related to the maximum intake of oxygen in the female group of lumbago patients(P<0.01). 7) The cardiovascular system showed no relation te the function of the lungs in the male and female groups of lumbago patients(P>0.05) 8) The lung capacity per second of lumbago patients(FEV $1.0\%$) measured less than normal adults. 9) The maximum intake of oxygen(V02max) and heart rate was less than normal adults. Thus I summarized the conclusion so follows: the cardiovascular system of lumbago patients showed no relation to their pulmonary function, and the rate of lipids in the body Showed a correlation with the maximum intake of oxygen but the rate of lipids in the body showed no relation to their pulmonary function.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.174-180
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of carrying postures and weight of load carried one time on a worker when carrying heavy loads. Six male students participated in this study to perform a manual materials carrying task as subjects. To make comparison of work loads with physical work capacity, maximal oxygen uptake measurement tests were performed with submaximal test. The average oxygen consumption for the tasks of this study was 27.59~31.93% $VO_2$max. The results showed that the weight of load carried one time affects on working heart rate and oxygen consumption($VO_2$). It was found that the workload was significantly lower when handling a 20kg load at a frequency rate of 3times/min than when handling a 40kg load at a frequency rate of 1.5 times/min. There was no difference between carrying postures. It is concluded from the results of this study that the workload can be reduced by controlling conditions of a manual materials handling task.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.584-593
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stretching, muscle strengthening, and walking exercise on the cardiopulmonary function and health-related quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Methods: Twenty-one patients in the intervention and the control group participated in the exercise respectively on maintenance hemodialysis at four university hospitals. The exercise was composed of 20 to 60 min per session, 3 sessions a week for 12 weeks. The effect of exercise was assessed by cardiopulmonary function (peak oxygen uptake, peak ventilation, peak respiration rate, maximal heart rate, and exercise duration) using a cycle ergometer. Grip strength was measured by dynamometer, and flexibility was measured by sit and reach measuring instrument. Health-related quality of life was measured using Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36. Results: Peak oxygen uptake, peak ventilation, peak respiration rate, exercise duration, grip strength, flexibility, and physical component scale were significantly improved in the intervention group after 12 week's exercise compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings indicate the exercise can improve cardiopulmonary function, grip strength, flexibility, and physical component scale of health-related quality of life in hemodialysis patients.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.387-394
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• 2010

The influent COD of municipal wastewater has been divided into 4 fractions; readily soluble biodegradable, slowly particulate biodegradable, soluble and particulate unbiodegradable COD. The mathematical modeling of biological wastewater treatment processes and the design and operation of nutrient removal plants require a reliable and accurate estimate of the composition of influent wastewater COD. COD utilization rate is proportional to the oxygen uptake rate(OUR), so a batch biodegradation test with OUR measurement has been effectively used for the determination of COD fractionation. But the mathematical model of COD utilization and heterotrophs synthesis is essential to interpret the OUR measurement. Mamais method is another method for determining readily biodegradable soluble COD. Like the OUR test method, batch biodegradation test is necessary but it does not require mathematical model. These two methods for determining COD fractionation are introduced here in detail. Experimental results showed that COD composition by Mamais method is not different to that by OUR test method so, either of them can be used.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제21권E2호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2005

A novel hybrid system composed of a biotrickling filter and an activated sludge reactor was investigated under the conditions of four different SRTs (sludge retention times). The performance of the hybrid reactor was found to be directly comparable among the four different sludge ages. Discernible differences in the removal performance were observed among four different SRTs of 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. High removal efficiency was achieved by continuous circulation of activated sludge over the immobilized mixture culture, which allowed on pH control, addition of nutrients, and removal of paint VOCs (volatile organic compounds). The results also showed that the removal efficiency for a given pollutant depends on the activity of microorganisms based on the SRT. As the SRT increased gradually from 2 to 8 days, the average removal performance decreased. The highest removal rate was achieved at the SRT of 2 days at which the highest OUR (oxygen uptake rate), $6.1mg-O_2/liter-min$ was measured. Biological activity in the recycle microbes decreased to a much lower level, $3.6mg-O_2/liter-min$ at a SRT of 8 days. It is thus believed that young microorganisms were more active and more efficient for the VOCs removal of low concentrations and high flow rates. The apparent correlation of $R^2=0.996$ between the average removal efficiency and the average OUR at each SRTs suggests that VOCs degradation by young cells significantly affected the overall removal efficiency for the tested SRTs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.249-260
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• 1990

Maximal cardiac output and oxygen uptake $(VO_{2max})$ were measured during treadmill exercise for seven top-class marathoners and nine non-athletes using impedance cardiograph developed by one of the authors (DW Kim). Results of this study are summarized as belows. 1) New shoes with sponge and silicon rubber attached to the soles were developed to reduce motion artifact during treadmill exercise. Ensemble everaging techneque with the developed shoes was also used to improve the measurement of stroke volume using impedance cardiography. 2) Maximal cardiac output of the athletes, 14.98 L/min, was significantly higher than that of the non-athletes, 13.46 L/min. As maximal heart rate of the marathoners is lower than that of non-athletes, stroke volume of the former is significantly larger than that of the latter. 3) $VO_{2max}$ of the marathoners, 59.38 ml/kg/min, was higher than that of the non-athletes, 40.22 ml/kg/min. At the anaerobic threshold. $VO_{2max}$ of the former was 62.3% of $VO_{2max}$ and this was significantly higher than that of the non-athletes, 57.2%, This results indicates that the marathoners have higher aerobic capacity than the non-athletes. 4) The marathoners showed larger $VO_2$ than the non-athletes at the same cardiac output, indicating that a-v $O_2$ of the former is higher than that of the latter. 5) Maximal systolic pressure of the marathoners was higher than that of the non-athletes, and so was maximal rate-pressure products. These results indicate that heart oxygen consumption rate $(hVO_2)$ of the marathoner is higher than that of the non-athletes is mainly due to higher stroke volume. And higher oxygen consumption of the marathoners is due to higher stroke volume. And higher oxygen consumption of the marathoners is due to their larger a-v $O_2$. The marathoners show both higher threshold and $VO_{2max}$. Especially, measurement of cardiac output during treadmill exercise by improved impedance cardiography is expected to contribute in study of cardiac function of athletes.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.164-171
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 흡연자와 비흡연자를 대상으로 단기 금연 동안 실시하는 몸통 안정화 운동이 단기 금연자의 허파기능, 최대 산소 섭취량, 심장박동수, 회복 시간에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 충남 소재 N대학교의 20대 남성 26명으로 흡연자 13명과 비흡연자 13명을 선정하였다. 대상자의 신체적 특성 파악 후 사전 측정 시 허파기능(FVC, SVC, MVV)과 최대 산소 섭취량를 측정하였으며 3일 간 심장박동수와 회복 시간을 측정하였다. 측정 후 3일 금연과 함께 몸통 안정화 운동 프로그램을 실시하였다. 사후 측정으로 허파기능과 최대 산소 섭취량을 측정하였고, 당일 운동 후 즉시 1일차, 2일차 3일차의 심장박동수, 회복 시간을 측정하였다. 본 연구의 자료는 SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) Ver. 23.0 for windows를 이용하여 분석되었다. 몸통 안정화 운동이 흡연자와 비흡연자의 심장허파기능에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 흡연자 집단과 비흡연자 집단 모두 운동 전후 허파기능(FVC, SVC, MVV), 최대산소섭취량, 회복 시간에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 이는 몸통 안정화 운동이 짧은 기간이라도 비흡연자뿐만 아니라 단기 금연자의 심장허파기능에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 생각되며, 금연 활동을 더한 몸통 안정화 운동이 심장허파기능 감소 예방 및 향상을 위한 더욱 안전하고 효과적인 방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.305-311
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• 1987

To evaluate training effect, the step exercise was loaded to three mem for nine weeks. Step score, cardiopulmonary functions and blood constituents were measured before, during and after the test exercise (50 cm-step exercise and treadmill running), and were compared with the pre-tranining values. The results were as follows: 1) By the training, Harvard step score increased remarkably, expecially in the early stage of training. 2) The post-training values of maximal oxygen uptake increased very significantly and it seemed to be due to increases of stroke volume and tissue oxygen extraction. 3) After the training, the degree of increase in expired volume was small during the treadmill exercise. 4) By the training, increasing rate of respiratory quotient lessened during the exercise and it was considered to be caused by the decreases of carbohydrate consumption and anaerobic metabolism. 5) The blood cholesterol concentrations were harldy changed with this degree of training. 6) The blood lactate level decreased during the recovery periods and the values of the recovery 0 and 5 minutes decreased remarkably, in comparison with the pre-trained values. The above results suggest that the 9 week-training of the step exercise brings about the enhancement of circulatory functions and tissue oxygen utilization, and changes of food-stuffs used during the exercise.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 1976

Author has performed experimental study on hemodynamic changes of lung following radical hilar stripping and contralateral pulmonary artery ligation. In view of hemodynamic changes in group 1 (right pulmonary artery ligation only) and group 2(left hilar stripping+right pulmonary artery ligation). group 2 showed remarkable decrease rate in oxygen uptake (P<0.001) and total pulmonary blood flow(P<0.001), and the more increase rate in mean pulmonary artery pressure(P<0.02) and total pulmonary vascular resistance (P<0.001). Meanwhile, the decrease percent of left lung vascular resistance was lower than group 1(P<0.001). The hemodynamic changes in group 1 returned to control range two weeks later. In the group 2, two dogs were expired as a result of atelectasis and pulmonary hypertension. Among allying 8 dogs, five months after operation, follow up studies performed in two dogs, which showed normal pulmonary hemodynamics similar to preoperative data. The altered blood gas values and decreased oxygen uptake are more remarkable in denervated lung, which may due to pulmonary hypertension and partly retained more secretion in bronchial trees than usual. Important factors of raising pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure are considered as the increased blood flow to remaining left lung and dysfunction of pulmonary vascular bed to accept the increased blood flow after denervation. Loss of nerve innervation had a influence, to some extent, to the decrease of oxygen uptake and the increase of pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure. There can be little question that denervation does impair the pulmonary hemodynamics, however, intact pulmonary nerve innervation is not absolutely essential for survival of the animal.