• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.434-444
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of three different implant surface treatments to the bone formation during osseous healing period under unloading conditions. Machined, double-acid etched and anodic oxidized implants were inserted into tibia of 3.0 - 3.5 kg NZ white male rabbits and 2 animals of each group were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The specimens containing implant was dehydrated and embedded into hard methylmethacrylate plastic. After grinding to $50{\mu}m$, the specimens were stained with Villanueva bone stain. From each specimen, histomorphometric evaluation and the bone implant contact rate were analysed with optical microscope. The results were as follows; 1. In the scanning electronic microscopic examination, machined surface implant had several shallow and paralleled scratches on plain surface, double acid-etched implant had lots of minute wrinkles, rough valley and also irregularly located craters that looked like waves, anodic oxidized surface implant had porosity that minute holes were wholly distributed on the surface. 2. After 2 weeks of implantation, the percentages of bone-to-implant contact in the machined implant, double acid-etched implant and anodic oxidized implant were 26.85%, 62.64% and 59.82%, after 4 weeks of implantation they were 64.29%, 77.85% and 75.23%, and after 8 weeks they were 82.66%, 85.34% and 86.39%. 3. After 2 weeks of implantation, the percentages of bone area between threads in the machined implant, double acid-etched implant and anodic oxidized implant were 21.55%, 42.81%, and 40.33%, after 4 weeks of implantation they were 49.32%, 62.60% and 75.56%, and after 8 weeks they were 71.62%, 87.73% and 83.94%. In summary, percentages of implant surface contacted to bone trabeculae and bone formation area inside threads in double acid-etched implants and anodic oxidized implants were greater than machined implants in early healing stage. These results suggest that double acid-etched and anodic oxidized surface implants could reduce the healing period for osseointegration and may enable to do early function.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.339-344
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• 2007

Statement of problem. Various anodic oxidation techniques can be applied to dental implant surfaces. But the condition for optimal anodized surfaces has not been described yet. Purpose. The purpose of this investigation was to compare an implant that was oxidized by another method with $TiUnite^{TM}$ through resonance frequency analysis and histomorphometry. Material and methods. Turned (control), $TiUnite^{TM}$ and another oxidized fixtures, which used $Ca^{2+}$ solution for anodic oxidation, were placed in the tibiae of 5 New Zealand White rabbits. The bone responses were evaluated and compared by consecutive resonance frequency analysis once a week for 6 weeks and histomorphometry after a healing period of 6 weeks. Results. At the first week, both oxidized implants showed significantly higher implant stability quotient (ISQ) values than the control. No significant differences in resonance frequency analysis were found between the two oxidized groups for 6 weeks. The means and standard deviations of bone-to-implant contact (BIC) ratios were $71.0{\pm}4.2$ for $TiUnite^{TM}$, $67.5{\pm}10.3$ for the $Ca^{2+}$-based oxidation fixture, $22.8{\pm}6.5$ for the control. Both oxidized implants were significantly superior in osseointegration to the turned one. There was, however, no statistically significant difference between the two oxidized implants. Conclusion. $TiUnite^{TM}$ and the $Ca^{2+}$-based oxidation fixture showed superior early bone response than the control with respect to resonance frequency analysis and histomorphometry. No significant differences between the oxidized groups, however, were found in this investigation using the rabbit tibia model.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.325-340
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the artificial dental plaque by Streptococcus mutans on 4 different implant surfaces. In this study, the specimens were divided into 4 groups according to implant surface treatment. Uncoated implant group(n=5) which has an uncoated, smooth surfaced implant(Osstem, Korea), SLA implant group(n=5) which has an sandblasted large grit and acid-etched surface implant(Bicon, USA). Oxidized implant group(n=5) which has an oxidized surfaced implant (Osstem, Korea), and RBM implant group(n=5) which has resorbable blasting media(RBM) surfaced implant(Osstem, Korea). Acquired pellicle by human saliva and dental plaque by Streptococcus mutans were made on each implant surface. To analyze the plaque condition on implants surfaces, cell count and optical density were taken as a microbiologic method, and SEM(Scanning Electronic Microscope) findings was also taken for evaluation of surface condition. The following results were obtained. 1. Cell counting results of artificial dental plaque were Uncoated group($658.0{\pm}102.0$), RBM group($878.0{\pm}170.0$), SLA group ($946.0{\pm}42.0$), Oxidized group($992.0{\pm}40.0$), and there was difference between Oxidized group and Uncoated implant group(p<0.05). In case of modified cell counting results by v/w% were RBM group($197.8{\pm}45.2$), Oxidized group($207.04{\pm}8.34$), Uncoated group($261.6{\pm}40.6$), SLA group($315.4{\pm}14.0$), and there was difference between RBM group and SLA group(p<0.05). 2. Optical density results of artificial dental plaque after ultrasonic treatment was that there was difference among groups, and optical density of RBM group was higher than that of Uncoated group(p<0.05). In case of modified optical density results by v/w%, there was difference among groups, and the modified optical density of Uncoated group and SLA group was higher than those of Oxidized group and RBM group(P>0.05). 3. SEM findings of artificial dental plaque on the surfaces of implant as follows; there were artificial dental plaque on the surfaces of all test implants. Streptococcus mutans and by-product were observed at 10,000 times magnified condition on all test implants. Adhesion area of artificial dental plaque was about 1/2 of total surface after 24 hours incubate at $37^{\circ}C$. These results showed that there were differences among implant surfaces on the growth of Streptococcus mutans, and bacteria and by-product were covered about 1/2 area of total implant surfaces at 24 hours incubate at $37^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.39 no.sup2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2009

Purpose: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the survival rate of oxidized titanium implants and sandblasted large-grit acid etched implants in soft bone. Methods: 201 oxidized titanium implants were inserted in 84 patients between May 1999 and May 2004. 120 sandblasted large-grit acid etched implants were inserted in 74 patients between December 2000 and May 2004. The patients were followed-up 0${\sim}$5 years in ITI group or 0${\sim}$6 years in BRA group, respectively. The following information was collected from the patient records: age, gender, systemic disease, implant type, number, length and diameter of the implants, their location in the jaws, bone quantity, the number of failed implants, the causes of failure, and advanced surgery for bone augmentation. Results: In the oxidized titanium implants, 8 implants showed early failure, and 1 implant showed late failure, respectively. The cumulative survival rate was 95.48%. In the sandblasted large-grit acid etched implants, 1 implant showed late failure and cumulative survival rate was 99.10%. The cumulative survival rate and the survival rates in the case of the advanced procedure during the implant placement were not significantly different in both groups. Conclusions: Oxidized titanium implants and sandblasted large-grit acid etched implants can be used successfully in soft bone regardless of the surgical methods used during the implant placement. (J Korean Acad Periodontol 2009;39:205-212)

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2012

PURPOSE. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the effect of early loading on survival rate or clinical parameter of anodic oxidized implants during the 12- month postloading period. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Total 69 implants were placed in 42 patients. Anodic oxidized implants (GS II, Osstem Cor., Busan, Korea) placed on the posterior mandibles were divided into two groups, according to their prosthetic loading times: test group (2 to 6 weeks), and control group (3 to 4 months). The implant survival rates were determined during oneyear postloading period and analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. The radiographic peri-implant bone loss and periodontal parameters were also evaluated and statistically analyzed by unpaired t-test. RESULTS. Total 69 implants were placed in 42 patients. The cumulative postloading implant survival rates were 88.89% in test group, compared to 100% in control group (P<.05). Periimplant marginal bone loss (T: $0.27{\pm}0.54$ mm, C: $0.40{\pm}0.55$ mm) and periodontal parameters showed no significant difference between the groups (P>.05). CONCLUSION. Within the limitation of the present study, implant survival was affected by early loading on the anodic oxidized implants placed on posterior mandibles during one-year follow-up. Early implant loading did not influence peri-implant marginal bone loss, and periodontal parameters.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 2011

In animal studies, Magnesium (Mg) - incorporated oxidized implants showed significant enhancement of the bone response. This prospective clinical trial was performed to investigate the success rate, implant stability and marginal bone loss of Mg oxidized clinical implant. The experimental protocol was approved by Institutional Review Board of the Gangneung-Wonju National University Dental Hospital. Fifty healthy patients had partial edentulism were included in this study. Mg oxidized clinical implants (Implant M, Shinhung, Korea) were installed and restored with conventional protocol. The patients were recalled at 1, 3, 6 months after functional loading. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured and periapical radiographic images were obtained. Amount of marginal bone loss was calculated with calibrated images from periapical radiographs. Repeated measured analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test were used to compare the mean ISQ and bone level. A total of 101 implants were analyzed. The mean ISQ values increased continuously with time lapse from 68.4 at fixture installation to 71.5 at 6 months after loading. Implant stability was correlated with gender, fixture diameter, bone quality and implant sites. The mean marginal bone loss during 6 months after loading was 0.26 mm. There was no failed implant and six-month success rate was 100%. Within the limitations of this study, the six-month success rate of Mg oxidized implant was satisfactory. The implant stability and marginal bone level were excellent. However, further longer clinical studies will be needed to confirm the success of Mg oxidized clinical implant.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.891-905
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• 2005

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of tetracycline-HCL on the change of implant surface microstructure according to application time. Implant with pure titanium machined surface. HA-coated surface and TiUniteTM surface were utilized. Implant surface was rubbed with 50mg/ml tetracycline-HCL solution for $\frac{1}{2}min.$, 1min., $1\frac{1}{2}min.$, 2min., and $2\frac{1}{2}min.$ respectively in the test group. Then, specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Both test and control group showed a few shallow grooves and ridges in pure titanium machined surface implants. There were not significant differences between two groups. 2. In HA-coated surfaces, round particles were deposited irregularly. The roughness of surfaces conditioned with tetracycline-HCL was lessened and the cracks were increased relative to the application time. 3. The anodic oxidized surfaces showed the craterous structures. The surface conditioning with tetracycline-HCl didn't influence on its micro-morphology. In conclusion, the detoxification with 50mg/ml tetracycline-HCL must be applied respectively with different time according to various implant surfaces.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the stability between Mg-incorporated implant, TiUnite and Machined implant. Materials and Methods: Premolars of 3 Mini pigs (24 months) were extracted. After 2 months later, total 27 fixtures of implants (9 of each design : Machined/ TiUnite/ Mg-incorporated) were inserted into the mandible of 3 mini-pig. Implant stability was estimated by RFA in installation to 2, 4 & 6 weeks. Statistical analysis of RFA values was performed with time and between groups using repeated measure ANOVA and turkey's multiple comparison test. Results: In analyzing the mean value for the observation periods, three types of implants yielded a slight decrease in RFA mean value after 2 week, followed by increase at 4-6 weeks. Mg incorporated oxidized implants demonstrated significantly higher RFA mean values at 6 weeks comparing other groups. The difference of RFA value with time and between groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: We concluded that Mg implants may reduce failure rates of clinical implants In the early period of bone healing and Mg implants may shorten the bone healing time from surgery to functional loading.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.94-100
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of physical and chemical surface factors on in vivo bone responses by comparing chemically modified hydrophilic sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (modSLA) and anodically oxidized hydrophobic implant surfaces. Methods: Five modSLA implants and five anodized implants were inserted into the tibiae of five New Zealand white rabbits (one implant for each tibia). The characteristics of each surface were determined using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy before the installation. The experimental animals were sacrificed after 1 week of healing and histologic slides were prepared from the implant-tibial bone blocks removed from the animals. Histomorphometric analyses were performed on the light microscopic images, and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA) ratios were measured. Nonparametric comparison tests were applied to find any significant differences (P<0.05) between the modSLA and anodized surfaces. Results: The roughness of the anodized surface was $1.22{\pm}0.17{\mu}m$ in Sa, which was within the optimal range of $1.0-2.0{\mu}m$ for a bone response. The modSLA surface was significantly rougher at $2.53{\pm}0.07{\mu}m$ in Sa. However, the modSLA implant had significantly higher BIC than the anodized implant (P=0.02). Furthermore, BA ratios did not significantly differ between the two implants, although the anodized implant had a higher mean value of BA (P>0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the hydrophilicity of the modSLA surface may have a stronger effect on in vivo bone healing than optimal surface roughness and surface chemistry of the anodized surface.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.717-729
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• 2006

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of tetracycline-BCL on the change of implant surface microstructure according to application time. Implant with pure titanium machined surface, double coated $FBR^{(R)}$ surface and oxidized CellNest surface were utilized. Implant surface was rubbed with $50mg/m{\ell}$ tetracycline-BCL solution for ${\frac{1}{2}}$, 1, $1{\frac{1}{2}}$, 2 and $2{\frac{1}{2}}$min. respectively in the test group. Then, specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Both test and control group showed a few shallow grooves and ridges in pure titanium machined surface implants. There were not significant differences between two groups. 2. The double coated $FBR^{(R)}$ surfaces showed fine crystalline structures. The roughness of surfaces conditioned with tetracycline-BCL was lessened relative to the application time. 3. The oxidized CellNest surfaces showed the porous structures. The surface conditioning with tetracycline-BCI influenced on its micro-morphology. In conclusion, the detoxification of the affected implant surface with $50mg/m{\ell}$ tetracycline-BCL should be applied respectively with different time according to various implant surfaces.