• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.282-285
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• 2001

Based on the mass balance of anion and cation fluxes, the parabolic rate constant ($K_p$) of oxide grown during the high-temperature oxidation of metal is theoretically calculated. It is assumed that the diffusion of oxygen anion and metal cation through oxide scale obeys the Fick's 1st law, the growth of oxide is controlled by the diffusion of ions, electrical potential gradient as driving force for diffusion of ions is ignored, and oxidation occurs within an existing oxide layer. Then, the parabolic rate constant can be expressed by $K_p=[2{\rho}_{MmOn}{M^2}_{MmOn}(mD_oC_o{^e}+nD_MC_M{^e})/nm]$.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 1997

The effect of variation of pack activators, compositions, temperature and time on the thickness and structure of aluminide coatings formed on the TiAl alloy was studied in one-step packs and two-step packs containing aluminum for the purpose of improvement of oxidation resistance. The thickness of coating layer was increased with increasing $NH_4Cl$ content up to 3wt% and then it was saturated. Oxidation resistance of coating layers carried out at one step pack was superior to that of ones through of two step pack. The improvement of high temperature oxidation resistance was due to the formation of a protective $Al_2O_3$ surface layers and coating the alloys with $TiAl_3$ phase.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.207-214
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• 2024

This study examines the effects of post-oxidation treatment on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of GC250 cast iron. The nitriding process was conducted at 570℃ for 180 minutes with a fixed nitriding potential (Kn) of 1.5, followed by post-oxidation at 450℃, 500℃, and 550℃ for 120 minutes. The post-oxidized specimens showed increased surface hardness and case depth compared to the nitrided specimens, with a maximum surface hardness of approximately 890 HV0.1. The oxidation process increased the thickness of the nitrided layer by more than 3 ㎛, with the oxide layer thickness reaching up to 2.5㎛ as the oxidation temperature increased. XRD analysis identified the presence of ε-phase, γ'-phase, and Fe₃O⁴ phase on the surface. Polarization tests revealed that the specimen treated at the highest oxidation temperature had a corrosion current density of 20.26 ㎂/cm² and a corrosion potential of -0.22V, indicating enhanced corrosion resistance compared to the nitrided specimen. This improvement is attributed to the formation and increased thickness of the oxide layer, which enhances corrosion resistance. In conclusion, the oxide layer formed through post-oxidation treatment significantly improves the corrosion resistance of GC250 cast iron, with the effect becoming more pronounced at higher oxidation temperatures.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.518-525
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• 2019

The mechanical and corrosion behavior of the Russian zirconium fuel cladding alloy E110, predominantly used in VVERs, has been investigated for many decades. The recent commercialization of a new, optimized E110 alloy, produced on a sponge zirconium basis, gave the opportunity to compare the mechanical properties of the old and the new E110 fuel claddings. Axial and tangential tensile test experiments were performed with samples from both claddings in the MTA EK. Due to the anisotropy of the cladding tubes, the axial tensile strength was 10-15% higher than the tangential (measured by ring tensile tests). The tensile strength of the new E110G alloy was 11% higher than that of the E110 cladding at room temperature. Some samples underwent chemical treatment - slight oxidation in steam or hydrogenation - or heat treatment - in argon atmosphere at temperatures between 600 and $1000^{\circ}C$. The heat treatment during the oxidation had more significant effect on the tensile strength of the claddings than the oxidation itself, which lowered the tensile strength as the thickness of the metal decreased. The hydrogenation of the cladding samples slightly lowered the tensile strength and the samples but they remained ductile even at room temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.57-62
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• 2014

In this work, molybdenum oxide films were fabricated by heat-treatment method. Fundamental surface characteristics of molybdenum oxide films were investigated using XRD and Raman spectroscopy. From the results, the optimum MoOx films could be obtained under the conditions of thermal treatment temperature of $550^{\circ}C$, oxidation time of 30 minutes and oxygen flow rate of 250sccm. The thermal treatment method offers a simple and effective route for the synthesis of uniform $MoO_3$ films.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.137-148
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• 1995

The nitridation kinetics of titanium powder were studied by isothermal and non-isothermal (dynamic) methods in high purity nitrogen under I atm pressure. For the comparison with nitridation, the oxidation kinetics of titanium powder were also studied in dry oxygen at I atm pressure. An automatic recording electrobalance was used to measure the weight gain as a function of time and temperature. For the reaction with nitrogen, the nitride was formed at over $700^{\circ}C$. The reaction with nitrogen followed the parabolic rate law, and the activation energy was calculated to be 31 kcal/mol in the isothermal method (above $900^{\circ}C$). The non-stoichiometric TiNx has been synthesized by the nitridation at a proper temperature and time, followed by the homogenizing treatment above $1100^{\circ}C$. In comparison with the stoichiometric $TiN_{1.0}$ and the non-stoichiometric TiNx ($TiN_{0.5}$ and $TiN_{0.65}$), the hot oxidation characteristics of the former is superior to that of the latter. However, both non-stoichiometric nitrides make little difference in the hot oxidation characteristics.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.64-77
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• 1989

In this study, the experiments were carried out for the purpose of establishment of aluminium cementation to steel surface by diffusible heat treatment after making the coated film onto the substrate by arc spray method. Also, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the cementation layer produced by this study were inspected for various heat treatment and spraying conditions. Main results obtained are as follow ; 1. The coating film characteristics which have excellent errosion-resistance, high temperature oxidation-resistance are obtained by aluminium penetration heat treatment after making the sprayed aluminum coating film onto the steel substrate. 2. Aluminium diffusion penetration takes place at higher temperature than 660.deg.C, and the more heat treatment time and the higher heat treatment temperature adopted, the deeper diffusion layer obtained. 3. Insert gas arc spraying using argon gas as the carrier gas higher improvement of mechanical property than that of compressed air environment. 4. The coating film characteristics appeared to be improvement of adhesive property, porosity plugging effect by heat treatment in air environment.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 1957

Hydroquinone-formaldehyde resin prepared from hydroquinone, formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid as a catalyst was shown to be oxidized with ferric chloride solution and regenerated by stannous chloride solution. The influence of various conditions of preparation on the capacity of oxidation was studied. Results show that the concentration of a solution of hydroquinone has not any effects below 14 parts of water to 1 part of hydroquinone, by the after-heat-treatment for 5-6 hours at 100-120 deg. C. the capacity of oxidation is exhibited a maximum, and decreased as the mole ratio of hydroquinone to formaldehyde increase. The optimum conditions for the preparation of this resin are as follows: hydroquinone 1 part to distilled water 10 parts, mole ratio of formaldehyde 1.2 to hydroquinone 1, and 5 hours of after-heat-treatment at 120 deg. C. The maximum capacity under the above conditions is 13.99 meq/g-ersin.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2005

Study was focused on the effect of the cooling rate on the embrittlement behavior of Zircaloy-4 cladding simulated Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA) environment. Claddings were oxidized at given temperature and given time followed by various water quenching in the range of $0.6^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ per second. Cladding failed after water quenching above the threshold oxidation. Threshold oxidation was decreased as the cooling rate increased, which is due to the matensite structure formed during fast cooling rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.301-308
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• 2010

A steel with chemical composition, 0.22% C, 0.25% Si, 1.26% Mn, 0.22% Cr, 0.04% Ti, 0.0042% B, and a microstructure of ferrite and spheroidized cementite has been press-formed to automotive center pillar followed by local-hardening heat-treatment. Hardness, tensile properties, fractography, microstructure and surface roughness of local-hardening heat-treated automotive center pillar have been examined. The directly heated and quenched area had fully martensitic structure with Vickers hardenss in the range of 500 to 510. The heat affected area close to the directly heated area showed dual-phase structure of ferrite and martensite. The width of the heat-treated and heat-affected areas after the local-hardening heat treatment was ranging from 32 mm to 50 mm. The surface of the local-hardening heat-treated center pillar revealed some temper color as a consequence of the oxidation during the heat treatment, but the surface roughness was not affected by the local-hardening heat treatment.