• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.37-62
• /
• 2016

Two controversial issues exist in interpretation of "Force Majeure" set forth in the Article 931 (4) of the Korean Commercial Code. Firstly, its scope of application is ambiguous. Secondly, there is a concern that the "immunity" under paragraph 1 and "Force Majeure" may overlap each other. "Force Majeure" refers an event resulted from either natural disaster or 3rd-party. Meanwhile, the latter implies relatively extensive and comprehensive meaning and its interpretation may vary depends on law enforcement. In general, the aircraft accident hardly results in damage or loss to the 3rd-party. Additionally, it is worth to review newly enacted clause and to define its applicability. When the 3rd party is suffered from damage or loss incurred by any external act, it is necessary to explicit the concept of the non-contractual liabilities with respect to 3rd party. From the perspective of protecting aviation industries, the commercial aviation operator may be entitled to immunity in respect of claim for damage incurred by the event of Force Majeure. However, this approach is directly opposite to the victim's benefit and protection by the law. Therefore, the priority of the legal protection should be considered. Although the interest of the commercial aviation operator is not negligible, the protection of the law should be favorable to the 3rd party. Otherwise, the innocent party has no right to claim for damage incurred by aviation accident. Another issue is about the possibility of overlapping of the provision set forth in the paragraph 1 and 4. The former states that the liabilities shall be exempted on account of either the unsettled political or economic situation but this clause is inconsistent with the interpretation on Force Majeure under the latter. As argued above, this may include any event resulted from either political or economic account by the external influence of the 3rd party, thus these two provisions are overlapped. Consequently, in order to develop ordinances and guidelines and to ensure an equal protection to both parties, above two issues must remain open for further discussions.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.263-276
• /
• 2015

Purpose: The current study aimed to evaluate the reliability for the combined refractive power when a spherical lens and a cylindrical lens were overlapped in a trial frame. Methods: The refractive powers, central thickness and peripheral thickness of spherical trial lenses and cylindrical lenses with negative power were measured. The combined refractive power of the spherical and cylindrical lenses was measured by auto lens meter. Measurement was repeated by changing the insertion order, and their results were further compared with the calculated combined refractive power. Results: There was no correlation between the variation of central and peripheral thickness in trial lenses and that of the lens power. Among 79 trial lenses, 3 trial lenses wasn't met the international standard. The refractive power calculated by Gullstrand's formula that could compensate vertex distance had smaller difference with the estimated power when compared with that calculated by thin lens formula however, it was significantly different from the estimated power. The refractive powers were generally apparent regardless of the insertion order of a spherical lens and a cylindrical lens: thin lens formula > actual measurements > Gullstrand's formula. The error was only found in cylindrical power calculated by Gullstrand's formula when inserted a spherical lens inside and a cylindrical lens outside however, the error was found in both of cylindrical and spherical powers calculated by Gullstrand's formula when inserted as a opposite order. By comparing actual measurements of equivalent spherical power, the accuracy was higher and the possibility of over-correction was lower when inserted a spherical lens inside and a cylindrical lens outside. Conclusions: From the results, those were revealed that the combined refractive power is influenced by the factors other than the vertex distance and the refractive power varies in accordance with the insertion order of a spherical lens and a cylindrical lens. Thus, it can be suggested that the establishment of standard for these is neccesaty.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.90-94
• /
• 2013

Purpose: In the PET/CT images, various artifacts cause degradation of the quantitative assessment. Most hotspot generated by radiopharmaceutical injection errors cause an artifact and degrade the quality of the images as well as the accuracy of the quantitative evaluation. The purpose of this study is to assess effectiveness of the elimination of the hotspot at the injection sites using shifting the center of DFOV (Display Field of View, DFOV) method and evaluate the quantitative evaluation of result. Materials and Methods: GE Discovery STE 16 (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA) and 1994 NEMA phantom were used for imaging acquisition. Phantom was filled with 0.005 MBq/mL of $^{18}F-FDG$. A hotspot was artificially placed on the outside of the phantom. The ratio of hotspot area activity to background area activity was regulated as 200:1. After image acquisition with routine protocol, all of the images were reconstructed using the shifting the center of DFOV method that wasn't overlapped with hotspot. Those images obtained before and after applying the shifting reconstruction method were compared. ROIs (Region Of Interests) were set in the hotspot areas, meanSUVs and standard deviations were calculated. Percentage differences were calculated with those meanSUVs and standard deviations. The evaluation on the effects of the shifting reconstruction method was done by comparison of the meanSUVs and the standard deviations, which were calculated for background areas unaffected by hotspot. Results: In the areas of unaffected by hotspot, meanSUVs before and after applying the shifting of center of DFOV method were $0.67{\pm}0.06g/mL$ and $0.65{\pm}0.06g/mL$, respectively. In the artifact areas affected by hotspot, meanSUVs before and after applying the shifting of center of DFOV method were $0.32{\pm}0.08g/mL$ and $0.56{\pm}0.12g/mL$, respectively. The percentage differences of the area adjacent to the hotspot and the area distant from the hotspot were 65.3% and 97.4%, respectively. Conclusion: In the PET/CT images, meanSUV was improved by 32.1% when the effect of artifact was removed with application of the shifting the center of DFOV methode. In other areas unaffected by artifacts, meanSUVs were not significantly different after applying DFOV center shift method. As shown in the result, adverse effects of hotspot made by swelling in the injection site can be reduced by applying DFOV center shift method. Therefore, DFOV center shift method can be applied for the more precise quantitative evaluation, and contribute to the increase of the diagnostic value of the images.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.151-157
• /
• 2015

Recent laboratory studies have documented that mixotrophic dinoflagellates Dinophysis spp. and heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyphysis oxytoxoides share a common prey, i.e. the mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. Nonetheless, very little is known about the population dynamics and species interactions among these protists in natural environments. To investigate the interactions between the dinoflagellate predators and their ciliate prey in the field, we took the samples twice a day from 26 July to 28 August, 2011 at a fixed station in Masan Bay and analyzed their abundances. During this study, salinity was highly variable, ranging from 5 to 28, due to the periodic input of rainfalls to the sampling station. Water temperature was on average $26.5^{\circ}C$ until 20 August and thereafter was about $21^{\circ}C$ by the end of the sampling period. The ciliate M. rubrum occurred persistently throughout the sampling period, ranging from 13 to $492\;cells\;mL^{-1}$. Cell densities of D. acuminata and O. oxytoxoides ranged from undetectable level to $19,833\;cells\;L^{-1}$ and from undetectable level to $100,333\;cells\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The high abundance of D. acuminata mostly followed the blooming of the ciliate M. rubrum, but it often did not peak even during heavy blooms of the prey, probably due to sensitivity to large salinity fluctuation and also presumably overlapped grazing by other mixotrophic dinoflagellates. The abundance of O. oxytoxoides was detected only when water temperature was lower than $24^{\circ}C$, indicating that water temperature is an important environmental factor to control the population dynamics of the dinoflagellate species.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.300-307
• /
• 2006

To clarify the morphological and geographical differentiation among the polyploid complexes of L. lancifolium collections in Korea, the mo게hological variation of 173 accessions were analyzed by ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) and PCA (principal component analysis) on the basis of 38 morphological characters. 173m accessions were grouped into 78 diploids and 95 triploids by ploid levels and the triploids separated into 75 inland triploids (all around the Korea) and 20 island triploids (Backryung-do and Sochung-do, westemmost and northernmost islands of Korea) by geographic distribution and morphology. Island triploids showed significant morphological differences with inland triploids in ANOVA by many floral and leaf characters. In PCAs, diploids were separated from inland triploids by having longer plant height, smaller flower characters, higher pollen fertility and more stomata. The first four principal components accounted for 44.1% of the total variation. Plots of the island and inland groups for the first and second principal components separated each other with slight overlapping. Although the ploid forms are different between diploid and island triploid, island triploids were more closely overlapped with diploids by principal component 1 and 2 than inland triploids. This reflects that the whole external morphology of island triploids are similar to that of diploids. This, the phenotypic differentiation between inland and island triploids seems to be partly related to their geographical origins.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.57-81
• /
• 2001

In the amphibolites of the Hwanggangri area, three metamorphic zones are established like hornblende-actinolite zone (H-AZ), hornblende zone (HZ) and diopside zone (DZ) by the main mineral assemblages. Hornblende zone and hornblende-actinolite zone develope away from the diopside zone that experienced the highest thermal effect. Thus, this pattern identifies the decreasing metamorphic grade of the contact metamorphism with increasing distance from the granitic pluton. The mineral assemblages of this rock are classified into six representative groups such as $\circled1$ actinolite+plagioclase+chlorite, $\circled2$ actinolite+hornblende+plagioclase+chlorite$\pm$epidote$\pm$biotite, $\circled3$ actinolite+hornblende+plagioclass$\pm$biotite$\pm$epidote, $\circled4$ hornblende+plagioclase$\pm$biotite$\pm$chlorite, $\circled5$ hornblende+plagioclase+diopside+actinolite$\pm$epidote$\pm$chlorite, $\circled6$hornblende+plagioclase+diopside$\pm$biotite$\pm$epidote. Two metamorphic events m recognized in the amphibolites of the study area that the first metamorphism is the regional metamorphism dominantly occurred in the whole Ogcheon metamorphic belt and it gave rise to the growth of actinolite at the core or center of the amphibole grains of coarse and medium size. Its metamorphic grade ranges from the greenschist facies to epidote-amphibolite facies. The second metamorphism overlapped is the contact metamorphism caused by the adjacent granitic pluton, and its metamorphic grade is thought to reach to the low pressure part of upper amphibolite facies. According to the calculation by TWEEQU thermobarometry and amphibole-plagioclase thermometry, the metamorphic temperature of initial regional metamorphism is $439-537^{\circ}C$ under pressure of 4.6-7.3 kb and its peak temperature and pressure are considered to reach to the range of 492-537 and 5.2-7.3 kb. And the temperature range of contact metamorphism occurred by intrusion of cretaceous granitic body, is $588-739^{\circ}C$ under pressure of 2.6-5.2 kb and its peak temperature and pressure are estimated as having the range of $697-739^{\circ}C$ and 3.8-5.2 kb that this amphibolites are estimated to pass through the metamorphic evolution of both the rise of temperature and the drop of pressure.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.18-23
• /
• 2010

Purpose: PET/CT combines functional and morphologic data and increases diagnostic accuracy in a variety of malignancies. Especially reconstructed Fusion PET/CT images or MIP (Maximum Intensity Projection) images from a 2-dimensional image to a 3-dimensional one are useful in visualization of the lesion. But in Fusion & MIP 3D reconstruction image, due to hot uptake by urine or urostomy bag, lesion is overlapped so it is difficult that we can distinguish the lesion with the naked eye. This research tries to improve a distinction by removing parts of hot uptake. Materials and Methods: This research has been conducted the object of patients who have went to our hospital from September 2008 to March 2009 and have a lot of urine of remaining volume as disease of uterus, bladder, rectum in the result of PET/CT examination. We used GE Company's Advantage Workstation AW4.3 05 Version Volume Viewer program. As an analysis method, set up ROI in region of removal in axial volume image, select Cut Outside and apply same method in coronal volume image. Next, adjust minimum value in Threshold of 3D Tools, select subtraction in Advanced Processing. It makes Fusion & MIP images and compares them with the image no using Region Cut Definition. Results: In Fusion & MIP 3D reconstruction image, it makes Fusion & MIP images and compares them by using Advantage Workstation AW4.3 05's Region Cut Subtraction, parts of hot uptake according to patient's urine can be removed. Distinction of lesion was clearly reconstructed in image using Region Cut Definition. Conclusion: After examining the patients showing hot uptake on account of volume of urine intake in bladder, in process of reconstruction image, if parts of hot uptake would be removed, it could contribute to offering much better diagnostic information than image subtraction of conventional method. Especially in case of disease of uterus, bladder and rectum, it will be helpful for qualitative improvement of image.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.169-178
• /
• 2007

In this research we diagnosed the actual status of the 7th National science elective curriculum and suggested a way to select and organize the content of the new science elective curriculum. The first science education reform was grounded in the structuralism where the structure of discipline was valued above everything else. On the other hand, the second science education reform suggested alternative interpretations of students' opportunity to learn, putting a brake on the structuralist thinking. According to the survey result, the majority of the science elective courses are in need for revision because the contents are overcrowded, too difficult in light of students' learning readiness, failed to draw students' interest in science, and are overlapped and repeated among the 10th grade science, high school science I and II. In particular, Earth Science II and physics II are the most unfavorable courses among students. Thus, we recommended a fundamental change be made in the new curriculum in addition to the optimization of the content. In this paper, we suggested 'topic-centered content organization' for the science elective course I, i.e., Physics I, Chemistry I, Biology I and Earth Science I that is designed for both science track and non-science track students. Since curriculum provides students with an 'opportunity to learn', a curriculum study should focus on what the 'opportunity to learn' is that students ought to be offered. Based on the result of this study, we recommended one way to select and organize the content of high school elective curriculum.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 2009

This study attempted to develop a model for selecting sites for ecologically effective, multi-functional wetlands during the environmental and ecological planning stage, prior to land use Planning. This model was developed with an emphasis upon the creation of a water circulation system for a newly-created city, dispersing and retaining the run-off that is increased due to urbanization and securing spaces to create wetlands that can promote urban biodiversity. A series of Precesses for selecting sites for wetland restoration and creation - watershed analysis, selection of evaluation items, calculation of weights, reparation of thematic maps and synthesis - were incorporated into the model. Its potentials and limitations were examined by applying it to the recently-planned WiRae New Community Development Area, which is located in the Seoul metropolitan region. At the watershed analysis stage, the site was divided into 13 sub-catchment areas. Inflow to watersheds including the area was $3,020,765m^3$ Run-off before and after development is estimated as $1,901,969m^3$ and $1,970,735{\sim}2,039,502m^3$, respectively. The total storage capacity required in the development area amounts to $68,766{\sim}137,533m^3$. When thematic maps were overlapped during the selection stage for wetland sites, 13 sub-catchment areas were prioritized for wetland restoration and creation. The locations and areas for retaining run-off showed that various types of wetlands, including retaining wetlands (area wetlands), riverine wetlands (linear wetlands) and pond wetlands (point wetlands), can be created and that they can be systematically connected. By providing a basic framework for the water circulation system plan of an entire city, it may be used effectively in the space planning stage, such as planning an urban eco-network through integration with greet areas. In order to estimate reasonable run-off and create an adequate water circulation system however, a feedback process following land use planning is required. This study strived to promote urban changes in a positive direction while minimizing urban changes in negative forms.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the area, theme and method of domestic articles on the successful establishment of venture companies, which were presented between 1998 and 2014, according to related basic classification criteria in an effort to shed light on the characteristics of these studies. It's basically meant to make a contribution to the development of research on the success of venture business and to be of practical use for the success of venture companies in our country. After related earlier studies were analyzed, 164 articles were collected, and 64 articles were selected from among them. The articles that were overlapped, not presented or not registered were excluded. The related studies had been conducted by different learned societies that were interested in the same research themes, and the studies were primarily led by the Korean Society of Business Venturing as of 2014, especially by Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship that was a journal published by this society. This society seemed to have taken the initiative in this field. There was a tendency that the related studies increased in number due to the shifts of modern industrial society and the changing policies of the government, as the number of the studies has been on the steady rise since 2012. In terms of method, quantitative research methods, especially descriptive studies, were prevailing. To step up the development of research into this field, a wide variety of research methods should be utilized in the future. As for the sphere of research, the characteristics of founders, strategic characteristics and environmental characteristics were mainly covered as the success factors of venture business. More diverse variables should be explored as well to make more advanced, extended research in the years to come. The findings of the study are expected to provide both theoretical and practical information on the establishment and success of venture business to make a contribution to the development of research.