• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.377-385
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• 2015

PSC I 거더의 장경간화는 단면의 세장비와 자중의 영향 등을 증가시켜 거더의 횡적 불안정에 대한 위험성을 높였다. 특히 최근에는 시공 중 거더의 전도 붕괴사고가 증가하고 있어 거더의 횡적 불안정성에 대한 평가 기술이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 시공 중 전도 붕괴의 한 원인으로 판단되어지고 있는 풍하중에 대하여 PSC I 거더의 횡방향 거동 특성과 안정성을 평가하였다. 거더의 횡방향 불안정성은 주로 거더의 길이와 받침의 강성 변화에 의해 영향을 받는다. 해석결과에 의하면 거더의 경간장이 증가함에 따라 거더의 횡적 불안정성을 유발할 수 있는 임계 풍하중은 감소하고, 거더의 변형과 회전각, 받침의 회전각은 모두 증가하였다. 최종적으로 시공 시 PSC I 거더의 임계 풍하중과 임계 횡변위량을 계산할 수 있는 해석식을 제시함으로써, 시공 시 거더의 횡적 안정성을 유지하기 위한 정량적 관리 수치를 제공할 수 있으리라 판단된다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.33-48
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• 1977

Transporting agricultural products and the other material by the two-wheel-tractor (power-tiler)and trailer system may be one of its most widely used farming functions.The safety and hitching load for all the previaling performing conditions may be the general concern over the operation of the tiller-trailer system. In this study, a mathematical model to determine the static and dynamic forces excerting on the hitch point were developed . Based on the analysis of the model and the field measurements. the limiting hitching load and critical slope were analyzed. The results of the study are summarized as follows ; 1) The limit angle of slope land for the safety steering that two-wheel tractor-single axle trailer system was able to transport agricultural products was the direct angle (${\gamma}$) = 8 ; the cross angle$\beta$) 15 ; and it was decreased in accordance with the increase of carrying load ($W_4). 2) The critical velocity for safe operation in case of running on downward hill road was about 1.08m/sec. 3) The limiting carrying load for the safe steering was W$_4$=600kg. The degree of the safe steering for different braking methods was given in order as follows ; Simulataneous braking the tractor and trailer , braking the trailer only, and braking tractor only. 4) Among the three components of impact loads excerting on the hitch point, the component in the lateral direction ($P_{Vy}$) was near zero in spite of increase of hitching load ($W_4) , while the components in the other two mutually perpedicular directions ($P_{Vx}$ and ($P_{Vz}$) ) had larger values in horizontal plane than those in the slope lands. 5) Moment of forces on the lateral direction (M$y$) had the largest value among the three components of impact moment acting on the hitch point, however all the components were sharply increased in accordance with the increase of hitching loads ($W_4. Three components of the moment were the negative values.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.1540-1551
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• 2015

The detection of position and speed in BLDC motors without using position sensors has meant many efforts for the last decades. The aim of this paper is to develop a sensorless technique for detecting the position and speed of BLDC motors, and to overcome the drawbacks of position sensor-based methods by improving the performance of traditional approaches oriented to motor phase voltage sensing. The position and speed information is obtained by computing the derivative of the terminal phase voltages regarding to a virtual neutral point. For starting-up the motor and implementing the algorithms of the detection technique, a FPGA board with a real-time processor is used. Also, a versatile hardware has been developed for driving BLDC motors through pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. Delta and wye winding motors have been considered for evaluating the performance of the designed hardware and software, and tests with and without load are performed. Experimental results for validating the detection technique were attained in the range 5-1500 rpm and 5-150 rpm under no-load and full-load conditions, respectively. Specifically, speed and position square errors lower than 3 rpm and between 10º-30º were obtained without load. In addition, the speed and position errors after full-load tests were around 1 rpm and between 10º-15º, respectively. These results provide the evidence that the developed technique allows to detect the position and speed of BLDC motors with low accuracy errors at starting-up and over a wide speed range, and reduce the influence of noise in position sensing, which suggest that it can be satisfactorily used as a reliable alternative to position sensors in precision applications.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.803-832
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• 2007

새로운 접단에너지 사업에 대한 경제성 평가와 기존 집단에너지 시설의 최적운용을 위해서는 적어도 시간대 단위로 계측된 세부용도별 에너지 부하패턴에 관한 정보가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 기상자료와 냉난방 실측자료를 활용하여 열부하를 추정 예측하기 위하여 다계층모형을 선태하였다. 다계층모형은 수집한 자료의 패널자료 특성을 유연하게 모형화할 수 있는 이점이 있다. 다계층모형을 일대일의 대응관계에 있는 선형혼합효과모형으로 변환한 후 패널 FGLS(연산가능한 일반화최소자승추정법)를 적용하여 세부용도별로 열부하모형을 추정하였다. 추정된 부하모형은 온도, 습도, 시간대, 요일, 설날연휴/추석연휴 등 법정공휴일 특성, 난방면적/냉방면적이 열에너지사용량에 미치는 영향을 고려하고 있다. 지면을 고려하여 본 논문에서는 가정용 난방부하모형의 추정치와 난방부하곡선의 예측치에 제한하여 실증결과를 설명하고 있다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2008

본 논문은 현 배전계통계획시스템(DISPLAN)의 지역전력수요예측 알고리즘을 개선하여 다중회귀분석을 이용한 지역전력수요예측 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 지역전력수요예측 알고리즘은 예측의 정확도를 높이기 위해 지역경제와 지역인구와 과거의 판매전력량을 입력변수로 사용하였다. 사례연구로 경북의 경산시, 구미시, 김천시, 영주시를 선정하여 제안한 방법의 정확도를 분석하였다. 사례연구 결과 제안한 방법의 전반적인 정확도는 11.2[%]로 DISPLAN의 12[%]보다 향상되었다. 특히 입력변수의 변동성이 심한 지역의 경우에서 많이 개선되었다. 제안된 방법은 배전계통시스템의 최적투자를 위한 지역전력수요예측에 사용될 것으로 사료된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.487-502
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• 2014

In buildings structures, the flexural stiffness reduction of beams and columns due to concrete cracking plays an important role in the nonlinear load-deformation response of reinforced concrete structures under service loads. Most Seismic Design Codes do not precise effective stiffness to be used in seismic analysis for structures of reinforced concrete elements, therefore uncracked section properties are usually considered in computing structural stiffness. But, uncracked stiffness will never be fully recovered during or after seismic response. In the present study, the effect of concrete cracking on the lateral response of structure has been taken into account. Totally 120 cases of 3 Dimensional Dynamic Analysis which considers the real and accidental torsional effects are performed using ETABS to determine the effective structural system across the height, which ensures the performance and the economic dimensions that achieve the saving in concrete and steel amounts thus achieve lower cost. The result findings exhibits that the dual system was the most efficient lateral load resisting system based on deflection criterion, as they yielded the least values of lateral displacements and inter-storey drifts. The shear wall system was the most economical lateral load resisting compared to moment resisting frame and dual system but they yielded the large values of lateral displacements in top storeys. Wall systems executes tremendous stiffness at the lower levels of the building, while moment frames typically restrain considerable deformations and provide significant energy dissipation under inelastic deformations at the upper levels. Cracking found to be more impact over moment resisting frames compared to the Shear wall systems. The behavior of various lateral load resisting systems with respect to time period, mode shapes, storey drift etc. are discussed in detail.

• 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2016

셀룰러 시스템을 기반으로 하는 펨토셀 네트워크는 실내 환경에서 대용량 데이터 전송을 위한 기술로 주목 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 다수의 펨토 기지국을 배치하여 서비스를 제공하는 실내 환경에서 커버리지 문제와 데이터 전송 부하 문제를 동시에 고려하는 기지국의 파워 조절 분산 방법을 제안한다. 사용자의 데이터 사용량은 시간과 장소에 따라 지속적으로 변화하기 때문에 기지국의 데이터 전송 부하를 효과적으로 분배하는 동적 파워 조절 방법이 요구된다. 또한, 대규모 시설에 설치되어 있는 펨토셀 네트워크 시스템을 효율적으로 운영하기 위해서는 기지국의 파워 조절을 위한 분산 알고리즘이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 기지국 사이의 데이터 전송 부하를 효과적으로 분배하는 분산 알고리즘을 제시한다. 또한, 일부 기지국에서 발행한 장애를 대응하는 방법과 새로운 기지국을 추가하는 방법을 제시한다. 모의 실험을 통해서 제안한 알고리즘의 성능을 시험하였다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.548-558
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• 2014

Load distribution is vital to the performance of multipath transport. The task becomes more challenging in real-time multimedia applications (RTMA), which impose stringent delay requirements. Two key issues to be addressed are: 1) How to minimize end-to-end delay and 2) how to alleviate packet reordering that incurs additional recovery time at the receiver. In this paper, we propose sub-packet based multipath load distribution (SPMLD), a new model that splits traffic at the granularity of sub-packet. Our SPMLD model aims to minimize total packet delay by effectively aggregating multiple parallel paths as a single virtual path. First, we formulate the packet splitting over multiple paths as a constrained optimization problem and derive its solution based on progressive approximation method. Second, in the solution, we analyze queuing delay by introducing D/M/1 model and obtain the expression of dynamic packet splitting ratio for each path. Third, in order to describe SPMLD's scheduling policy, we propose two distributed algorithms respectively implemented in the source and destination nodes. We evaluate the performance of SPMLD through extensive simulations in QualNet using real-time H.264 video streaming. Experimental results demonstrate that: SPMLD outperforms previous flow and packet based load distribution models in terms of video peak signal-to-noise ratio, total packet delay, end-to-end delay, and risk of packet reordering. Besides, SPMLD's extra overhead is tiny compared to the input video streaming.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.286-294
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• 2009

A high prevalence of protected horticulture farmer's work-related musculo-skeletal disorders (MSDs) have been reported in precedent studies. One of the tasks required ergonomic intervention to reduce the musculo-skeletal risks is the task of product transporting. The purpose of this study is to evaluate quantitatively the spinal load of operator using manual vehicles to predict and prevent musculo-skeletal risks. Spinal load in operators using 4 kinds of manual vehicle were analyzed. Before evaluating spinal load on operator using the manual vehicles by bio-mechanical approach, it is needed to validate human model. In this study, ADAMS LifeMOD human model shows satisfactory results, comparing with already validated model's results or measured results. While Operators pushed the manual vehicles(wheelbarrow, Trolley, 2 wheel cart, and 4 wheel cart) contained loads that were 0 N and 800 N, their spinal loads(compression force, shear force) were evaluated. The compression force demonstrated under the NIOSH action limits - 3410N - for all 4 manual vehicle's operators(McGill 1997; Marras 2000). However, the lateral shear force demonstrated over the University of Waterloo - 500N - for all 3 manual vehicle's operators except 4Wheel cart (Yingline and McGill, 1999). Therefore, operators have risks in prevalence of the musculo-skeletal disorders due to shear force. The findings of this study suggest that it need to be determine the spinal load, especially lateral shear force in designing the manual vehicles in the future.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2008

Most structures of vehicle are composed of many substructures connected to one another by various types of mechanical joints. In vehicle engineering, it is important to study these jointed structures under random frequency vibration for the evaluations of fatigue life and stress concentration exactly. It is rarely obtained the accurate load history of specified positions in a jointed structure because of the errors such as modeling, measurement, and etc. In the beginning of design, exact load data are actually necessary for the fatigue strength and life analysis to minimize the cost and time of designing. In this paper, the hybrid method of practical dynamic load determination is developed by the combination of the principal stresses from F. E. Analysis and test of a jointed structure. Least square pseudo inverse matrix is adopted to obtain an inverse matrix of analyzed stresses matrix. The error minimization method utilizes the inaccurate measured error and the shifting error that the whole data is stiffed over real data. The least square criterion is adopted to avoid these errors. Finally, to verify the proposed system, a heavy-duty bus is analyzed. This measurement and prediction technology can be extended to the different jointed structures.