• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2020

최근 건축물의 대형화, 복잡화로 인하여 화재 발생 시 그 피해가 증가하고 있어 수계소화설비에서 스프링클러설비의 중요성이 확대되고 있다. 소방용 배관재로는 탄소강관(일반배관용·압력배관용), CPVC관, 동관, 스테인리스강관 등이 있으며, 소방용 배관으로 널리 사용되고 있는 강관배관 및 CPVC관에 대하여 배관의 노화를 고려한 부식계수 적용 시 말단헤드에서의 유량과 압력을 분석하기 위해 PIPENET 수리계산프로그램을 사용하여 수계시스템의 신뢰성을 분석하였다. 강관을 적용하였을 경우 배관 구경이 동일한 조건에서 20년경과(C값 90)후 지하 1층에 설치된 펌프에서의 정격유량은 10% 이상 감소하였으며, 말단헤드에서의 압력과 유량은 각각 30%, 16.5% 이상 감소하여 소방시설의 신뢰성 확보에 문제가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 30년(C값 80) 경과 시 펌프에서의 정격유량은 15% 이상 감소하였으며, 말단헤드에서의 압력과 유량은 각각 42%, 24% 이상 감소하는 것으로 결과 값이 도출되었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 1982

This study was conducted to determine the interrelationship between the weight of various visceral organs and the live weight of Korean native cattle with particular regard to female ones. One hundred and eighty-five of 2 to 6 years and one hundred and fifty-six Korean native cow of over 7 years of age were examined at the Busan slaughter house during the lest quarter of 1979. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The average live weight of 72 years old cows examined was 297.09kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, heart, left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4301.09, 2165.22, 1355.43, 346.74, 350 and 991.30g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 49.0, 12.92 and 2.95cm, respectively. 2. The average live weight of 3 years old cows examined was 306.56kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, heart, left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4099.07, 2144.44, 1383.33, 326.85, 325.93 and 964.82g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 43.3, 12.37 and 2.80cm, respectively. 3. The average live weight of 4 years old cows examined was 314.67kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, heart, left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4186.67, 2292.50, 1392.50, 346.67, 343.33 and 932.50g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 47.01, 12.55 and 3.08cm, respectively. 4. The average live weight of 5 years old cows examined was 328.90kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, hearts left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4465.32, 2394.35, 1493.55, 370.16, 335.97 and 997.58g, respectively, The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 49.17, 12.76 and 3.16cm, respectively. 5. The average live weight of 6 years old cows examined was 334.97kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, heart, left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4585.29, 2552.79, 1555.89, 364.70, 373.24 and 985.29g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 48.27, 12.66 and 2.78cm, respectively. 6. The average live weight of 156 cows (over 7 years of age) examined was 344.91kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, heart, left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4730.77, 2651.44, 1554.39, 407.37, 409.42 and 1101.06g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 51.04, 13.21 and 3.08cm, respectively. 7. Total average live weight of 341 cows (from 2 to 6 and over 7 years of age) examined was 332.44kg, while these weight of visceral organs being 4550.95, 2497.13, 1500.76, 380.18, 382.27 and 1047.98g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 52.01, 12.96 and 3.02cm, respectively. 8. The correlation coefficients between the live weight of 341 cows and their visceral organs were found to be highly significant (P<0.01), except fort for the length of spleen

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.353-361
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• 2015

난초 열매의 결실의 시 공간적 변화가 장기적으로 개체군의 생존에 영향을 끼칠 수 있으며 수 세대에 걸쳐 유전적 다양성에 영향을 미칠 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 화밀을 분비하는 육상 난초인 닭의난초를 대상으로 자연 조건에서 시 공간의 결실 수준을 조사하고 교배계를 파악하는 데 있다. 본 연구자들은 전라남도 해남군 징의리 해안 1.5 km 걸쳐 위치한 4곳 집단에서 2년간의 조사 기간 동안 수분실험을 행하였다. 2년 동안 결실률이 집단 내 작은 슈트의 모임인 패치 내에서 유사했다. 대조적으로, 패치 간에는 결실룰이 유의 한 수준에서 차이를 보였다. 또한 큰 화서를 지닌 식물이 작은 화서를 지니는 식물보다 훨씬 더 많은 열매 생성을 보였다. 닭의난초의 결실률은 2 년의 조사 기간 동안 비슷하였으나(14.1%) 연구된 보상을 주는(rewarding) 난초84종의 평균 결실률(37.1%) 보다 낮았다. 인위적인 자가 수분(90.5-95.2%), 인위적인 인화(隣花)수분(geitonogamy: 94.7-95.0%), 그리고 인위적인 타가 수분(91.3-91.4%)등에 의해서는 결실률이 상당한 수준으로 증가되었다. 꽃피기 전 수술을 제거 한 경우에 열매가 전혀 맺히지 않았으며 꽃 스스로 자동으로 수분이 일어나지 않았다. 본 연구 결과에 의하면 닭의난초는 자가화합성이고, 열매를 생성하기 위해서는 수분매개체인 곤충류가 필요하며, 2년간 조사 기간 중 징의리 집단들의 환경이 비슷하였음을 암시하고 있다. 본 연구 결과는 결실률이 시간보다 공간적으로 더욱 뚜렷하다는 점을 강조하고 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.97-106
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• 1983

For the purpose of implementing health and nutrition education for college women, we investigated changes in height, weight, and daily living schedule, as well as the relationship between energy intake and expenditure, and food and nutrients intake levels for the six years from 1977 to 1982. A special form of questionaires was prepared and distributed to well-trained subjects (total 213) in order to find out their general characteristics, daily living schedule and dietary intakes. The recovery of questionaires distributed to each subject was 90%. Then the quality of their living, energy balance, nutrient intake and food intake were evaluated and the F-test was used to test the statistical significances. It was found that : 1) The range of weights and heights of subjects were between 48-50 kg, 157-161cm respectively over the 6 year period. 2) In daily living schedule, that is, the average physiological activity time including sleeping ranged from 760 to 801 minutes. Free time decreased gradually, from 318 minutes per day in 1977 to 275 minutes in 1982. Average time for study and for house work was 196-280 minutes and 68 - 157 minutes respectively for 6 years, and study time was significantly varied in each year. 3) The energy intake of the subjects averaged 1762 Kcal, whereas the expended energy was 1892 Kcal. In the energy balance determined by the relationship between energy intake and expendituye, the ratio of subjects who maintained a negative energy balance gradually increased from 53% (1977) to 64%(1982). 4) The average nutrient intake was higher than the recommended dietary allowance except for calorie (1997 - 1982), calcium (1979) and iron (1979, 1980). The total calorie intake was composed of 59-63% carbohydrate, 19 - 24% fat and 15 - 18% protein Of the total protein intake the percentage of animal was 47 -51% for six years, showing acceptable nutritional status. 5) The average total food intake of the subjects increased from 1,080 g (1977) to 1,184g (1982), but this was not a significant difference. Cereal composed the highest proportion among the total food intakes, and rice intake was 58-78% of cereals. Cereal was followed in decreasing order by vegetables, dairy products, fruits, meat and fish products. The option available for the selection of cooking methods as well as the selection of food item was limited, so there were few changes over time.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2016

PURPOSE. The prospective follow-up aimed to assess the performance of lithium disilicate crowns and clinical reasons of adverse events compromising survival and quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 58 patients were treated with 375 heat-pressed monolithic crowns, which were bonded with resin cement. Annual recalls up to five years included a complete dental examination as well as quality assessment using CDA-criteria. Any need for clinical intervention led to higher complication rate and any failure compromised the survival rate. Kaplan-Meier-method was applied to all crowns and a dataset containing one randomly selected crown from each patient. RESULTS. Due to drop-outs, 45 patients (31 females, 14 males) with the average age of 43 years (range = 17-73) who had 327 crowns (176 anterior, 151 posterior; 203 upper jaw, 124 lower jaw) were observed and evaluated for between 4 and 51 months (median = 28). Observation revealed 4 chippings, 3 losses of retention, 3 fractures, 3 secondary caries, 1 endodontic problem, and 1 tooth fracture. Four crowns had to be removed. Survival and complication rate was estimated 98.2% and 5.4% at 24 months, and 96.8% and 7.1% at 48 months. The complication rate was significantly higher for root canal treated teeth (12%, P<.01) at 24 months. At the last observation, over 90% of all crowns showed excellent ratings (CDA-rating Alfa) for color, marginal fit, and caries. CONCLUSION. Heat pressed lithium disilicate crowns showed an excellent performance. Besides a careful luting, dentists should be aware of patients' biological prerequisites (grade of caries, oral hygiene) to reach full success with these crowns.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.835-850
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• 2018

The dramatic improvements in the growth rate and breast muscle size and yield in broilers through the intensive genetic selection, and the improvement in nutrition and management over the past 50 years have introduced serious abnormalities that influenced the quality of breast meat. The abnormalities include pale-soft-exudative (PSE) conditions, deep pectoral muscle (DPM) myopathy, spaghetti meat (SM), white striping (WS), and woody breast (WB) that have serious negative implications to the broiler meat industry. The incidences of PSE and DPM have been known for several decades, and their prevalence, etiology and economic impact have been well discussed. However, other abnormalities such as SM, WS and WB conditions have been reported just for few years although these conditions have been known for some time. The newly emerging quality issues in broilers are mainly associated with the Pectoralis major muscles, and the incidences have been increased dramatically in some regions of the world in recent years. As high as 90% of the broilers are affected by the abnormalities, which are expected to cause from $200 million to $1 billion economic losses to the U.S. poultry industry per year. So, this review mainly discusses the histopathological characteristics and biochemical changes in the breast muscles with the emphasis on the newly emerging abnormalities (SM, WS, and WB) although other abnormalities are also discussed. The impacts of the anomalies on the nutritional, functional, mechanical and sensory quality of the meat and their implications to the poultry industry are discussed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.634-638
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• 2010

Purpose: In Kyung Hee East-West Neo Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, efforts to raise rooming-in care success rate have been undertaken since when the hospital was established in 2006. We intended to analyze our experience over the past 3 years of period and to discuss the advantages of rooming-in. Methods: We analyzed the rooming-in practice rate, failure rate, and the breast feeding rate. Subjects were 860 normal healthy neonates from June 2006 to June 2009. Results: Among these 860 cases, 83 babies were required separation out of rooming-in in the middle of the course. Among these 83 cases, 70 cases had to stop the course due to poor condition of babies and 13 cases due to maternal condition. 70 cases of infant's causes consist of 68 cases of NICU admission and 2 cases of poor feeding support. The other 13 cases of separation include refusal by maternal condition. Therefore the success rate of rooming-in for the last 3 years was 90.3%, that is 777 cases among the total 860 cases. The percentage of exclusive breast feeding was 64%, that of mixed feeding with breast and formula feeding was 25%, and formula feeding only was 11%. Conclusion: We experienced successful rooming-in care for the last 3 years. Nursery facilities should educate and encourage the advantages of rooming-in, including the good formation of attachment between mother and infant, emotional stability, protection from infection, and increased breast feeding rate so that rooming-in care can be fully established.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권18호
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• pp.8235-8238
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• 2016

Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer causing high morbidity and mortality worldwide. An increasing incidence of lung cancer has been observed in India. Objectives:To evaluate the clinicpathological profile and haematological abnormalities associated with lung cancer in Bangalore, India. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out over a period of 2 years. A total of 96 newly diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed cases of lung cancer were included in the study. Results: Our lung cancer cases had a male to female ratio of 3:1. Distribution of age varied from 40 to 90 years, with a major contribution in the age group between 61 and 80 years (55.2%). Smoking was the commonest risk factor found in 69.7% of patients. The most frequent symptom was cough (86.4%) followed by loss of weight and appetite (65.6%) and dyspnea (64.5%). The most common radiological presentation was a mass lesion (55%). The most common histopathological type was squamous cell carcinoma (47.9%), followed by adenocarcinoma (28.1%) and small cell carcinoma (12.5%). Distant metastasis at presentation was seen in 53.1% patients. Among the haematological abnormalities, anaemia was seen in 61.4% of patients, leucocytosis in 36.4%, thrombocytosis in 14.5% and eosinophilia in 19.7% of patients. Haematological abnormalities were more commonly seen in non small cell lung cancer. Conclusions: Squamous cell carcinoma was found to be the most common histopathological type and smoking still remains the major risk factor for lung cancer. Haematological abnormalities are frequently observed in lung cancer patients, anaemia being the commonest of all.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.202-208
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• 2017

Korea has been running the community oral health program for the elderly, including topical fluoride application and scaling. The aim of this study was to compare the subjective and objective oral health status of 345 participants according to the number of participants in the program and of 37 participants before and after the 5-year program. The survey consisted of an interview questionnaire and oral examinations. Analysis of variance was used to compare the variables of the 345 participants according to the numbers of participants. Paired t-test was used to compare the oral health statuses before and after the 5-year program in 37 subjects. There was no difference in subjective oral health status according to the number of participants in the oral health program in the elderly, including subjective health status, subjective oral health status, satisfaction with oral health, concern about oral health, need of dental treatment, oral pain, tooth sensitivity, subjective periodontal health, and subjective symptoms of periodontitis. The community periodontal index (CPI) of the 1 time participants was significantly higher than that of 3 times, 4 times or 5 times participants in the upper center, lower left, lower center, and lower right areas. There was a significant improvement in CPI from $2.59{\pm}1.14$ to $1.41{\pm}1.54$ (p<0.001) and positive oral behavioral change (daily tooth brushing frequency from $2.27{\pm}0.73$ to $2.54{\pm}0.90$) before and 5 years after the program. However, the program did not prevent tooth loss as the numbers of the remaining teeth significantly reduced from $23.77{\pm}1.84$ to $21.95{\pm}2.03$ over 5 years. We showed that running the community oral health program for the elderly for more than three years might have positive effects on the periodontal health of participants.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.367-374
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• 2018

Background This analysis presents patient-reported outcomes of breast augmentation procedures performed in Singapore using an inframammary fold incision and the "5 Ps" best practice principles for breast augmentation. These data are the first of their kind in Southeast Asian patients. Methods Through a retrospective chart review, patients who underwent primary breast augmentation with anatomical form-stable silicone gel breast implants using an inframammary fold incision were followed for ${\geq}6$ months postoperatively. The BREAST-Q Augmentation Module (scores standardized to 0 [worst] - 100 [best]) and Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS; 1 [normal skin] to 10 [worst scar imaginable]) were administered. Responses were summarized using descriptive statistics. Patient-reported events were collected. Results Twenty-two Southeast Asian patients (mean age, 35.1 years) completed ${\geq}1$ postoperative BREAST-Q and POSAS assessment and were assessed 11 months to 5.5 years postoperatively. The mean postoperative BREAST-Q satisfaction with breasts and psychosocial well-being scores were 69.2 and 84.0, respectively. The mean POSAS score for their overall opinion of the scar was 4.2; the mean scores for all scar characteristics ranged from 1.2 to 4.2. Over 90% of patients (20/22) said that they would recommend the procedure. Patient complaints following surgery included anisomastia (possibly pre-existing; n=2), sensory loss at the nipple (n=2) or around the nipple (n=3), scarring (n=4), and slight capsular contracture (n=1). No patients required reoperation. Conclusions Southeast Asian patients reported high long-term satisfaction scores on the BREAST-Q scale and with their scar characteristics following breast augmentation using an inframammary fold incision, and nearly all said they would recommend this procedure. No reoperations were necessary in patients assessed for up to 5.5 years postoperatively.