• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.214-224
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• 2021

We was confirmed that the antler extract increases the expression of marker genes expressed in the process of bone formation, and that the effect on the increase in the expression of the gene is further increased by fermentation of the antler extract. In addition, the mouse model in which menopausal was induced by ovary extraction significantly reduced the movement distance and exercise time of mice compared to the control group. But the decrease was somewhat alleviated by the administration of the antler extract, and completely restored when the fermented antler extract was administered. In the menopause-induced mice, the body weight ratio of heart, liver, and spleen weights increased compared to the control group, but the antler extract and the antler ferment extract restored the body weight ratio of various organ weights to the level of the control group in the menopause-induced mice. Consequently, this has led to mitigating changes in the metabolism affected by menopause.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.529-546
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• 1998

부화직후 1.9 mm였던 자어는 부화후 47일경 19 mm전후로 성장하며 초기성장기 자어류들의 전장과 체중과의 관계는 $BW=4.45{\times}10^{-6}TL^{3.4718}$, r=0.9820이었다. 해상가두리의 사육개체는 최대어 전장 28.4 cm까지 성장한 개체를 사용하였고 이들 개체의 전장과 체중과의 관계는 $BW=2.36{\times}10^{-2}TL^{2.9180}$, r=0.9971이었다. 미분화된 참돔의 생식소부위는 생식소와 지방체로 구성되어 있으며 분화가 진행되어 생식소가 비후됨에 따라 지방체는 점점 수축되어 갔다. 부화후 6개월의 미분화기까지 발달한 생식소부위는 생식소와 곤봉상의 지방체로 구성되었다. 이들 생식소는 미세한 반투명산으로 생식원세포를 구별할 수 없는 미발달생태를 유지하고 있다. 부화후 7개월부터 생식소 상피조직의 발달로 생식상피를 식별할 수 있었고, 부화후 8개월 생식소는 난원세포의 발달로 성분화가 시작되었다. 이후 9개월 생식소 내강상피 전체에 초기 난모세포들이 발달하고 이들 난모세포들의 증가로 생식소내강은 난소강을 이룬다. 부화후 13개월 난모세포는 생식소전체를 채우게 되고 곧 난모세포들의 세포질 붕괴가 시작된다. 15개월부터는 난소강을 중심으로 새로운 초기 난모세포들이 발달하여 난소조직으로 된다. 그리고 공포상조식은 정원세포들이 분열.증식하여 정소조직을 이루게 된다. 이후 이들은 생식소자웅동체기를 지나 암.수로 성이 결정된다. 따라서 참돔은 유시자웅동체 juvenile hermaphrodite 이고 미분화자웅이제 경골어류 undifferentiated gonochoristic teleost이었다. 생식소 자웅분화상은 미분화기, 유사난원세포기, 유사난소기, 난소발달기, 정소형자웅동체기, 난소형자웅동체기 및 정소발달기로 구분되었다. 미분화기 생식소는 부화후부터 13개월, 전장 18cm까지 지속되었으며, 유사난원세포기는 부화후 7~13개월, 전장 11~18cm까지 지속되었다. 유사난소기는 부화 10~14개월, 전장 14~26cm까지이며, 난소발달기는 부화후 14개월, 전장 20cm부터 시작되었다. 부화후 20개월에는 전 조사개체의 44%가 난소였다. 난소형자웅동체기는 부화후 15개월, 전장 19~20cm부터 출현하며, 부화후 20개월, 전장 28~29cm에서는 관찰되지 않았다. 정소형자웅동체는 부화후 15개월, 전장 21~22cm에서 첫 출현한 후 20개월까지 지속되었다. 정소발달기는 부화후 15개월, 전장 21~22cm에서 첫 출현한 후 20개월의 39%, 전장 28~29cm의 33%를 차지하였다. 50%이상의 성분화발현은 부화후 11개월, 전장 16cm부터였다. 성결정은 암컷이 부화후 14개월, 전장은 20mc, 수컷이 부화후 15개월, 전장 20cm에 시작되었다. 50%이상의 성결정은 부화후 17개월, 전장 23cm에 일어났다

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.48-55
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• 1979

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of ovariectomy and estradiol benzoate administration on body growth and development of endocrine glands in female rats. One hundred and twenty female rats, 30 days old weighing 72.0${\pm}$3.0g, were divided into control and ovariectomized groups and divided again into two groups, treated and untreated with estradiol benzoate, respectively. Each group was composed of 30 rats. Hormone was injected every two week interval. The body weight was measured weekly from the beginning of treatment to 63 days after treatment and 6 rats per group were sacrificed at 7, 21, 35, 49 and 63 days after treatment for weight change of endocrine gland. The results obtained were as follows: 1. the changes in the body weight during the experimental period were not signifilcantly different between two groups, although the body weight of ovariectomized groups were heavier than that of control groups and the body weight of treated group with estradiol benzoate was heavier than that of untreated group. 2. The body lengths in all groups were increased proportionally to body weight until 63 days after treatment and there were not significantly different among the experimental groups. 3. The weight of hypophysis treated with estradial benzoate in ovariectomized groups was continuously increased in the whole period and was highly significant at 49 and 63 days after treatment as compared with those of untreated in ovariectomized group. 4. Adrenal gland weights of the control and ovariectomized group treated with estradiol benzoate were distinctly light at 21 days after treatment, but there were not significantly different among all groups at 35 days. Adrenal gland weight of ovariectomized groups was smaller than control groups at 49 days and untreated group in ovariectomized groups was considerably smaller than the other 3 groups at 63 days after treatment. 5. In control rats, the ovary weight treated group with estradiol benzoate was larger than the untreated group at 35 days after treatment, but was smaller than the untreated group after 49 days. 6. The weight of reproductive tract in ovariectomized groups were markedly smaller than control groups till 35 days after treatment. The growth of reproductive tract untreated in ovariectomized groups was almost completely depressed.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.195-203
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• 2005

Cytochrome P45O 17$\alpha$-hydroxylase (CYPI 7) and cytorhrome P45O aromata.ie (CYPI 9) are key steroidogenic enzymes in androgen and estrogen synthesis. ThiL study evaluated the effects of nonylphenol (NP) on CYP17 and CYP19 expression in the ovary of Sprague-Dawley rats. All female rats were administered orally with the vehicle (control, corn oil), diethylstilbestrol (DES, 5.0 $\mu$g/kg) and NP (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day), which was startinB when they were weaned at 21 days of age for 20 days. Twenty four hours after final dose, the animals were anelthetized with ether. Significant decreases in the uterus (wet weight) were observed with 5.0 $\mu$g/kg/day DES (78$\%$, of control) and 200 mg/kg/day NP (62$\%$ of control), respectively Additionally, ovarian weight was significantly decreased with 5.0 $\mu$g/kg/day DES (63$\%$ of control) and 200 mg/kg/day NP (72$\%$ of control). The serum estradiol levels were sligHtly lower in DES and high dose NP treatment groups, but the 74 levels were not affected by DES and NP. The expression of the ovarian CYP19 gene increased with low doses (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) of NP. while DES and high dose oi NP (200 mg/kg/day) did not affect on the CYP19 mRNA levels. In contrast to the CYP19 gene, the CYP17 gene expreLsion level was significantly down-regulated by the DES and 200 mg/ks/day NP. This result suggestE that NP inhibits ovarian estrogen synthelis by supprelsing CYP17 mRNA efprelsion, And different mechanisml might exist for the expression of Lteroidogenic CYP17 and CYP19 genes in the ovary of Sprague-Dawley rats in response to NP.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2012

본 연구는 저선량율 방사선에 의한 급성독성을 조사하기 위해 BALB/c 마우스에게 낮은 선량율에 방사선을 만성 노출 후 일반증상과 체중, 장기중량, 부검소견, 혈액 및 뇨 검사를 통해 독성유무를 관찰하였다. 각각 암 수 20마리 마우스는 각 5마리씩 4군으로 분류하고, 3.49 $mGy{\cdot}h^{-1}$의 저선량율 방사선을 정상대조군, 0.02, 0.2, 2 Gy를 각각 5.7시간, 2.4일, 24일 간 지속적으로 노출시키고 조사 후 1일에 마우스를 희생하여 독성을 평가하였다. 저선량율 방사선은 최고선량의 (2 Gy) 노출에도 사망률, 임상증상, 체중, 사료와 음수 섭취량, 뇨검사, 혈청 생화학에서 독성이 관찰되지 않았다. 하지만 고환, 난소, 자궁을 포함한 생식 장기는 방사선량 의존적으로 장기의 무게가 감소되었으나, 다른 장기의 무게 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 모든 방사선 조사군에서 혈액학적인 부작용은 관찰되지 않았고, 단지 호중구수가 노출선량에 의존적으로 증가하였다. 이번 실험결과 마우스에서 저선량율 방사선 노출은 최고 선량인 2 Gy의 노출에 다른 부작용은 관찰되지 않았으나, 암컷 수컷의 생식장기에 무게 감소가 관찰되었다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.175-191
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the medical record of eight cases of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in a local Korean medicine clinic, in order to provide evidence on Korean medicine treatment of PCOS and to suggest the direction of future studies. Methods: The medical records of eight cases diagnosed with PCOS based on 2003 Rotterdam Criteria and whose total testosterone level was 0.53 ng/ml and over were retrospectively analyzed. The primary outcome was total testosterone level, and the secondary outcomes included luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, LH/FSH ratio, weight, last mentrual period (LMP), numerical rating scale (NRS) score of dysmenorrhea, and other associated symptoms pre- and post-treatment. Korean medicine treatment consists of the complex herbal prescription consisting of Yukmijihwang-tang, Baekho-tang, Daesiho-tang, and Gyejibokryeong-hwan, modified according to symptoms; acupuncture and electroacupuncture on 中脘 (CV12), 下脘 (CV10), 關元 (CV4), 石門 (CV5), 合谷 (LI4), 太衝 (LR3), 三陰交 (SP6), and 懸鍾 (GB39); and indirect moxibustion on 神闕 (CV8). Results: The average total testosterone level lowered statistically significantly after the treatment. The average FSH and LH levels lowered with insignificance, while the average LH/FSH ratio and weight lowered statistically significantly. During the treatment period of three to six months, every patient had the menstrual cycle shortened except for one case; and two cases with infertility problem succeeded in being pregnant. There was no adverse event. Conclusions: The Korean medicine treatment was found effective in treating PCOS, especially regarding hyperandrogenism, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and infertility.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.153-156
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to assess for re-breeding concentrate period in postpartum in milking cows. The 48 cows aged $3.5{\sim}5.5$ years and of $400{\sim}600\;kg$ body weight were examined every 3rd day from 15 to 36 day postpartum. Blood samples for progesterone and estradiol $17{\beta}$ hormone analyses were withdrawn from the coccygeal vein every third day until the end of the experiment. The ovarian follicular numbers were verified and measured using a multi frequency probe. The least squares means are presented for each day by GLM of SAS. The results showed that ovary lengths (right ovary; $1.64{\pm}0.62\;cm$, left ovary; $1.44{\pm}0.46\;cm$) were similar in right and left ovary activity level during estrous cycle of postpartum cows. We were judged completed uterus on day at $2.31{\pm}0.17\;cm$ level of cervix diameter. And we were monitoring started at $6.44{\pm}2.03\;cm$ from day 15 after postpartum. The results showed that mean plasma concentration of progesterone (3.28 ng/ml) in large follicle gradually increased days 30 in postpartum. And, monitoring of estradiol 176 (22.18 pg/ml) hormone during postpartum period would be useful to predict the ovarian and uterus activity for re-breeding in postpartum milking cows. From these results, we conclude that cervix diameter (mean: 2.31 cm) was very important for reproductive organ recovery standard level of postpartum milking cows, hormone secretion level ($P_4$: 3.28 ng/ml, $E_2$: 22.18 pg/ml) and body condition score ($2.5{\sim}2.75$) level about 30 days in postpartum period.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.234-239
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• 1997

Guh Sung Y.L.S.-95 is one of the polyacidic solution of which main component is acetic acid. We investigated the subchronic toxicity of the Guh Sung Y.L.S.-95 using SPF ICR mouse for 4 weeks. The Guh Sung Y.L.S.-95 was administered by gastric intubation, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 g/kg body weight. The results are as follows: 1. There are no adverse effects on the clinical obserbation and body weight changes. Also, there are some significant changes in organ weight, but it was meaningless because of the absence of dose-response relationships. 2. In the hematological patterns of administered mouse, there are no significant changes between the treated groups. Also, there are no serological enzymatic changes in the treated mouse. In the 1.0 g/kg treated group, ASP activity was increased significnatly compared with control group. But, this level of activity was fall under the normal physiological range of control mouse. 3. Histopathological findings of the brain, liver, heart, spleen, kidneys, stomach, lung, testis, ovary, uterus and thymus were not observed in the treated mouse. From the above results, the Guh Sung Y.L.S.-95 has no toxicity upto the 5.0 g/kg/day of oral dose for 4 weeks.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2011

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ ($PPAR{\alpha}$) is a nuclear transcription factor that plays a central role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. To investigate whether swim training improves obesity and lipid metabolism through $PPAR{\alpha}$ activation in female sham-operated (Sham) and ovariectomized (OVX) mice, we measured body weight, visceral adipose tissue mass, serum free fatty acid at 6 weeks as well as the expression of hepatic $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Swim-trained mice had decreased body weight, visceral adipose tissue mass and serum free fatty acid levels compared to high fat diet fed control mice in both female Sham and OVX mice. These reductions were more prominent in OVX than in Sham mice. Swim training significantly increased hepatic mRNA levels of $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes responsible for mitochondrial fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation, such as carnitine palmitoyltransgerase-1 (CPT-1), very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD), and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) in OVX mice. However, swim trained female Sham mice did not increase hepatic mRNA levels of $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes responsible for mitochondrial fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation compared to Sham control mice. These results indicate that swim training differentially regulates body weight and adipose tissue mass between OVX and Sham mice, at least in part due to differences in liver $PPAR{\alpha}$ activation.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2001

Gonadal development, reproductive cycle, gonad index, meat weight rate, and first sexual maturity of the top shell, Omphalius rusticus were Investigated monthly by histological observations. Specimens were collected from the west coast of Korea during the period from January to December in 1999. O. rusticus is dioecious and oviparous. The gonad is widely situated on the surface of the digestive g1and located in the posterior spiral meat part in the shell. The ovary and the testis were composed of a number of oogenic follicles and several spermatogenic follicles, respectively. Ripe oocytes were approximately 120-130 $\mu$m in diameter. The meat weight rate peaked in June (27.7%), and then rapidly decreased in September (19.5%). Monthly changes in the gonad index in both sexes reached the maximum in June, and then sharply decreased in September. Percentages of first sexual maturity of female and male snails ranging from 9.0 to 9.9 mm in shell heights were 58.3% and 54.5%, respectively, and 100% in those over 11.0 mm in both sexes participated in reproduction. Reproductive cycle of this species can be categorized into five successive stages: in females, early active (October to April), late active (December to June), ripe (April to September), spawning (July to September) and recovery (September to January): in males, early active (November to March), late active (December to June), ripe (April to September), spawning (July to September) and recovery (September to December). Gonadal development, gametogenesis, reproductive cycle, and spawning were closely related to the seawater temperature.