• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2002

Objective: To assess the difference of baseline hormonal status and pathophysio logy, and confirm the risk factors for long term complication according to Body Mass Index in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Materials and Methods: Serum level of LH, FSH, Estradiol, Prolactin, Testosterone, DHEA-S, fasting insulin were measured and 100 gm oral glucose tolerance test and endometrial biopsy were performed in total 75 chronic anovulation patients and 20 normal cycling infertility patients. 95 evaluated patients were divided into 3 groups including patients with chronic anovulation having BMI below 25, BMI beyond 25.1, normal cycling infertility patients, Group 1 (n=39), Group 2 (n=36), Group 3 (n=20), respectively. Statistical analysis was performed respect to relationship between BMI and measured hormone level, sum of glucose level during 100 gm OGTT, insulin resistance using t-test, ANOVA test, Post Hoc test, Mann-Whitney test. p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Serum LH level and LH/FSH ratio was significantly higher in Group 1, compared than Group 2 or 3 (p<0.05), BMI and LH, LH/FSH ratio was negatively correlated (r=-0.351, r=-0.318). There was no significant difference according to BMI in FSH, testosterone, estradiol, prolactin, DHEA-S level. Fasting insulin and sum of glucose level during 100 gm OGTT were significantly higher in Group 2 compared than Group 1 or Group 3 (p<0.05), there was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 3. Insulin resistance was more frequently identified in Group 2 compared than Group 1 (p=0.001). Conclusions: BMI and LH, LH/FSH ratio were negatively correlated, so clinical significance of LH, LH/FSH ratio in diagnosis of PCOS may be attenuated by increasing body weight. Overweight patients with chronic anovulation may be the risk group for developing insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, later type 2 DM. Hyperinsulinemia may operate mainly in overweight chronic anovulation patients in development of hyperandrogenism.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 2005

In our study, osteoporosis was induced by ovariectomized in female Sprague-Daweley (SD) rats, and the prevention and treatment efficacy of the climacteric disease the ostmenopausal type I pattern was examined by using the experimental substance soybeans and arowroot. No clinical signs and mortality after continuous oral administration of experimental substances for 14 weeks were not observed, however, the weight of experimental animals underwent ovariectomized was increased significantly in comparison with control group (p<0.01). The atrophy of the uterus due to T3 group was 23.64% after 7 weeks, 24.44% after 14 weeks (in comparison with N.C. group), and it was statistically significantly increased. In regard to the change of blood cells, it was observed that platelets were statistically significantly reduced in the ovariectomized group, and administered orally experimental substances continuously for 7 weeks, in all groups administered experimental substances, it was found that platelets had the tendency to be increased more than N. C. group. In regard to He change of blood biochemistry, removed the ovary, the concentration of ALP showed the tendency to be increased than control group, and particularly in T3 group, it was increased significantly. In regard to the concentration of cholesterol, in comparison with negative control group, it was reduced 68% at 7 weeks and 35% at 14 weeks. After ovariectomized, the amount of estrogen was found to be reduced by 21.37% in comparison with control group, it showed the tendency to be increased by 4.49% in T1 group and 7.62% in T2 group, the concentration of estrogen in each group showed the tendency to be increased than negative control group, and in T3 group, it was increased to 100.46% and 117.65% in T4 group, and it was increased more than control group. Based on the above experimental results, in the experimental animals female rats, because of the hormonal imbalance induced by ovariectomized, a large mount of fat is accumulated in the body and due to it osteoporosis, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, fat of the liver, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases were developed. Hence, when the experimental substance Extraction of ferment arrowroot was orally administered continuously for 14 weeks, it was thought that a certain proportion of the hormonal balance was maintained that functioned as a substance interfering the accumulation of fat, and it was considered to be of help in the treatment of not only osteoporosis Type I, but also for the prevention and treatment of various endocrinal diseases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.473-479
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• 2018

Objective: The study was designed to perform a genome-wide association (GWA) and partitioning of genome using Illumina's PorcineSNP60 Beadchip in order to identify variants and determine the explained heritability for the total number of teats in Yorkshire pig. Methods: After screening with the following criteria: minor allele frequency, $MAF{\leq}0.01$; Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, $HWE{\leq}0.000001$, a pair-wise genomic relationship matrix was produced using 42,953 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A genome-wide mixed linear model-based association analysis (MLMA) was conducted. And for estimating the explained heritability with genome- or chromosome-wide SNPs the genetic relatedness estimation through maximum likelihood approach was used in our study. Results: The MLMA analysis and false discovery rate p-values identified three significant SNPs on two different chromosomes (rs81476910 and rs81405825 on SSC8; rs81332615 on SSC13) for total number of teats. Besides, we estimated that 30% of variance could be explained by all of the common SNPs on the autosomal chromosomes for the trait. The maximum amount of heritability obtained by partitioning the genome were $0.22{\pm}0.05$, $0.16{\pm}0.05$, $0.10{\pm}0.03$ and $0.08{\pm}0.03$ on SSC7, SSC13, SSC1, and SSC8, respectively. Of them, SSC7 explained the amount of estimated heritability along with a SNP (rs80805264) identified by genome-wide association studies at the empirical p value significance level of 2.35E-05 in our study. Interestingly, rs80805264 was found in a nearby quantitative trait loci (QTL) on SSC7 for the teat number trait as identified in a recent study. Moreover, all other significant SNPs were found within and/or close to some QTLs related to ovary weight, total number of born alive and age at puberty in pigs. Conclusion: The SNPs we identified unquestionably represent some of the important QTL regions as well as genes of interest in the genome for various physiological functions responsible for reproduction in pigs.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.12
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• pp.7-14
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• 1972

Four treatment leveles(check 500, 1, 000 2, 000ppm) of Ethrel were applied to barley and wheat grown in greenhouse and fields at three stages (preboot, boot, afterboot) of growth in orderd to induce male sterility and to evaluate possibility of practical $F_1$-hybrid-seed production as gametocide. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The shortening plant height, especially the first internode length. spike length and decreasing 1, 000 seeds weight and induction of male sterility, were observed with all Ethrel theatments. The earier the stage of spraying at the boot and the higher concentration of Ethrel, the greater effects were observed. 2. The most practical level of inducing male sterility occurred ranging from 1, 000-2, 000ppm applied at all stages, while with increasing maturity, greater concentration of Ethrel were required to induce the same level of male sterility. .3. Great differences for male sterility per spike in bagged and unbagged spikes were shown with all treatments indicated ovary receptiveness, and that out-crossing has taken place, 4. Ethrel treatment induced more practicable extent of male sterility in barley than wheat. This results indicated that $F_1$-hybrid-seed production in barley with gametocide appears feasible if high combining ability lines were selected for increased out-crossing ratio. 5. There seemed to be no indication of additive surfactant influence on the Ehrel action in the present studies, and showed an interest on further studies on this matter.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.477-483
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• 1985

This paper describes seasonal changes of total length, hepatosomatic index (HSI), fatness, egg-diameter composition, and fecundity of the longchin goby Chasmichthys dolichognathus(HILGENDORF). The specimens used were captured in the tide pool of Tongbaekseom, Pusan, Korea from February 1983 to January 1984. The age of longchin goby, tested by size frequency, was believed to be usually one year which grows to 8.0 cm in total length. The annual variations of HSI reached the maximum in the early spring when the gonad was actively growing and decreased during the spawning season from April to July. The coefficients of fatness were represented low values for the spawning periods. Frequency distribution of the egg diameter of mature ovary has three modes: one is the evident mode of the ripe eggs group, and the other two are modes of maturing and immature eggs groups. And an individual is considered as spawns one in the spawning season. Relationships between the fish size in total length (TL cm) and the number of ovarian eggs(F), the fish weight (BW g) and the number of ovarian eggs are indicated by the exponential equation respectively : F=42.585 $TL^{1.608}$, F= 524.589 $BW^{0.475}$.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1983

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of adrenalectomy and PMSG treatment on reproductive organs and serum steroid hormone level in immature female rats. The animals used in this experiment were 25 days old female rats weighing a, pp.oximately 70g. They were randomly divided into two groups of intact rat group (Int-) and adrenalectomized rat group (Adx-) and each group were subdivided into two groups of Non-PMSG (-Cont) and PMSG treated (-PMSG) group. The rat of PMSG-treated group (-PMSG) was administered subcutaneously with 25 IU PMSG on first day (9 a.m.) after adrenalectomy. The adrenalectomized rat groups were su, pp.ied with saline solution through the experiment period. The rate of ovulation and vaginal opening and reproductive organ weights were observed at 8, 32, 56, 80 and 104 hours after PMSG treatment. At the same time, the serum level of estradiol-17${\beta}$ and progesterone were measured by the radioimmunoassay. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Ovulation was shown at 56 hours after treatment in Int-PMSG group and Adx-PMSG group and Adx-PMSG group. The rate of ovulation was very low in PMSG-treated groups, but it was increased in 80 to 90% at 104 hours after treatment. However, there was no ovulation in Int-Cont group and Adx-Cont group. 2. Vaginal opening was shown at 56 hours after treatment in Int-PMSG group and Adx-PMSG group and a, pp.ared in 80% at 104 hours after treatment. The rate of vaginal opening in PMSG-treated groups was very low, but Int-Cont group and Adx-Cont group had no vaginal opening. 3. The weight of ovary and uterus in two PMSG-treated groups were increased with the elapse of time after treatment and were significantly heavy in all observation time, but changes in Int-Cont group and Adx-Cont group were not recognized. The weights of ovaries and utera in Adx-Cont group were increased with the elapse of time. 4. The level of serum estradiol-17${\beta}$ was remarkably increased in PMSG-treated groups (Int-PMSG and Adx-PMSG groups) compared with Int-Cont and Adx-Cont group, and significant difference was recognized between Non-PMSG group and PMSG-treated group in the experimental period. Especially, the highest levels of Int-PMSG groups and Adx-PMSG groups were shown at 80 and 56 hours after treatment and after ward estradiol-17${\beta}$ levels of PMSG-treated groups were decreased. However, changes of the levels did not a, pp.ared in Non-PMSG groups at 104 hours after treatment. 5. The level of serum progesterone in PMSG-treated groups was significantly increased between 80 and 104 hours after treatment. With the elapse of time, the level was increased in all observed groups except for Int-Cont and Adx-Conx group. And the order from the highest level at 104 hours after treatment was Int-PMSG, Adx-PMSG, Int-Cont and Adx-Cont group.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 2000

Early life history and spawning for Odontobutis interrupta were observed in the laboratory during May-August 1999 with a condition of natural habitats in the field. Optimal water temperature for spawning was between 17.5 and 22.$0^{\circ}C$ and appropriate water depth and current velocity in the natural habitat ranged 0.3-0.6 m and 0.1-0.3 m/sec, respectively. Ovary maturation index peaked at about 100mm in the total length and their values gradually decreased after the size. Male fishes showed a territory and courtship behavior to adult females and the males frequently pushed upper-ventral part of females for egg releases. After females spawned, the males guarded the egg masses and supplied dissolved oxygen using pectoral fins. According to observation of egg development in the laboratory, blastodisc formed in 1hr 17 min after the fertilization, cleavaging at 36-minute interval regularly. Blastulation occurred in 7 hr 12 min after the fertilization, with gastrulation after 11 hr 11 mins and formation of york plug after 32 hr 48 min. Embryo was formed in 33 hr 45 min after fertilization and optic vesicles appeared in 47 hr 27 mins when 30-31 somites were formed. Cardiac primordium was formed in 65 hr 15mins and its beat averaged 44- 48 time/min. Pectoral fins were formed in 138 hr 40 min, air-bladder and black vesicles were observed in lower portion of young fish. Embryo hatched from she-11 membrane after about 10 days and juvenile was 5.8$\pm$0.2mm in total length 3.0$\pm$0.5mg in weight.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 1997

Early development growth and sexual phenomena of the hybrid between male spotted flounder (Verasper variegatus) and female olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were investigated. The hybrid produced was newly called the "Bumnupchi" in Korean name, "Mottled flounder" in English name. Fertilization rate, hatching rate and early survival rate of the mottled flounder were 56.9~72.3%, 86.7~92.5% and 89.1~96.0%, respectively. At 50th day and 240th day after hatching, they were 2.1$\pm0.2cm\;and\;22.9\pm2.1cm\;in\;total\;length, \;0.10\pm0.002g\;and\;179.0\pm38.5g$ in body weight, respectively. Eye position of the mottled flounder was mixed with both dextral (77.7%) and sinistral type (22.3%). Gonads were differentiated into ovarian type and testis type at 80th day after hatching, and its ratio was 1:1 (P>0.05). Most Gonads seemed to be sterile without having germ cell, whereas only 3.6% of investigated indiciduals turned out to have oocytes in the gonad. When the induction of sex reversal were attempted by daily oral administration of $17\beta$-methyltestosterone (0.5mg/kg fish) andestradiol-17$17\beta$(0.5mg/kg fish)from 40th to 100th day after hatching, both testis and ovary type were induced 81.9% and 87.7% of each hormone-treated fish, respectively.fish, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.198-203
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• 1999

Gonadal development and reproductive cycle off Gomphina melanaegis collected in the coastal waters of Chumunjin, Korea were investigated monthly from April 1996 to April 1997. G. melanaegis was dioecious, The gonads were located between the digestive diverticula and muscle tissues of the foot, The ovary was composed of a number of ovarian sacs, and the testis was composed of several testicular tubules. The flesh weight rate was reached the maximum in August ($23.0\%$), and then decreased to $19.8\%$ in September. In March, the value was reached the minimum ($17.8\%$) and then increased, The size of mature oocyte was ranged $50\~60\mu$m in diameter and had a germinal vesicle with a nucleolus. Mature oocyte contained a large number of yolk granules and lipid granules in its cytoplasm. The spermatozoon was consisted of a conical nucleus with acrosome, a middle piece containing four mitochondria and proximal and distal centrioles, and a flagellum, Sex ratio (male/female) and minimum size for sexual maturation of G. melanaegis were 0.79 and about 25 mm in shell length, respectively. The reproductive cycle could be classified into five succesive stages: multiplicative (December to March), growing (April and May), mature(June), sprawning (July and August), and degenerative and resting (September to November) stages.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.888-895
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• 2016

The population ecology (Ecological characteristics) of Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae were investigated at Geum River from March to November, 2013. This species inhabited midstream of the river where was mostly covered with cobble and sand. The depth of the habitat was 30~60 cm and velocity of stream was 2.27~4.88 cm/sec. The sex ratio of female to male was 1 : 0.86. They were sexually mature when they were over two years of age. The spawning period was from June to July with water temperatures from $25^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$. Sexually matured individuals appeared over the two year of age. Frequency analysis of total length indicated that the group with 55~70 mm in total length was one year old, the 71~90 mm was two years old, and the group over 91 mm was three years old. The average number of eggs in the ovaries was estimated as 2,219 per matured female. The number of matured eggs size in ovaries was 0.64~0.98 (mean: 0.85) mm. Calulation length-weight relation of S. chankaensis tsuchigae show the value of contant a as 0.0002 and b as 2.81, and condition factor (K) was 1.06 on average. The stomach contents were Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Crustaceae, Copepoda, Nematota, Actithocephala, and Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, and Trichoptera that belong to Aquatic insect, and dormant bud of Pectinatella that belongs to Phylactolaemata. The diet of S. chankaensis tsuchigae was omnivorous, mainly vegetable feed on attached algae (filament form), and mainly animality feeded on benthic invertebrates such as Chironomidae larvae.