• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.523-530
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• 2011

This study was carried out to understand the characteristic relations fruit changes caused by adjusting the amount of the fruit load in 'Niitaka' and 'Whangkeumbae'. The average fruit weight of 'Niitaka' was 672.0 g and the amount of fruit in the range of 601-750 g was the highest, accounting for 33.8% of the production and as for 'Whangkeumbae', the average fruit weight was 477.5 g and fruit in the range of 401-600 g accounted for 72.5% of total production. The weight of the 'Niitaka' was evenly distributed in each range from below 300 g to over 1 kg and the percent of the regular shaped fruit in 'Whangkeumbae' was high as the distribution range of the fruit weight was narrow. The brix degree and the soluble solid content (SSC)/acidity ratio of 'Niitaka' had a significantly positive correlation with the fruit weight, the length, and the diameter of the fruit. The brix degree also had a positive correlation with weight and diameter of the fruit for 'Whangkeumbae'. As for the difference in fruit quality according to fruit weight for each variety, the brix degree was low in 'Niitaka' that were below 451 g and the fruit firmness was low in fruits weighing under 400 g. There was no difference according to fruit weight in 'Whangkeumbae'. The fruit size was impacted by the fleshy part and the ratio of fleshy part was higher as the fruit size became larger. The weight of the fruit, brix degree, and the SSC/acidity ratio were low while the firmness was high in light thinning treatment for 'Niitaka' and in the case of 'Whangkeumbae', the fruit weight and brix degree were both low in light thinning treatment. The brix degree was higher in bigger sized fruit in all thinning intensity for 'Niitaka', the case in light thinning treatment especially where the quality was poor due to low brix degree in fruits that weighed less than 450 g, on the other hand, there was no difference in the quality due to the fruit weight among the thinning intensity for 'Whangkeumbae'. Therefore, it is possible to produce smaller sized fruits in 'Niitaka' by controlling the thinning intensity, as it is inevitable to result in lower quality fruits, however, it is projected that we can produce small to mid-sized fruits in 'Whangkeumbae' by controlling the thinning intensity without causing the decline in fruit quality.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.227-235
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• 1977

The noise pressure scattered underwater on account of the engine revolution of a pole and liner, Kwan-Ak-San(G. T. 234.96), was measured at the locations of Lat. $34^{\circ}47'N$, Long. $128^{\circ}53'E$ on the 16th of August 1976 and Lat. $34^{\circ}27'N$, Long. $128^{\circ}23'E$ on the 28th of July, 1977. The noise pressure passed through each observation point (Nos. 1 to 5), which was established at every 10m distance at circumference of outside hull was recorded when the vessel was cruising and drifted. In case of drifting, the revolution of engine was fixed at 600 r. p. m. and the noise was recorded at every 10 m distance apart from observation point No. 3 in both horizontal and vertical directions with $90^{\circ}$ toward the stern-bow line. In case of cruising, the engine was kept in a full speed at 700 r.p.m. and the sounds passed through underwater in 1 m depth were also recorded while the vessel moved back and forth. The noise pressure was analyzed with sound level meter (Bruel & Kjar 2205, measuring range 37-140 dB) at the anechoic chamber in the Institute of Marine Science, National Fisheries University of Busan. The frequency and sound waves of the noise were analyzed in the Laboratory of Navigation Instrument. From the results, the noise pressure was closely related to the engine revolution shelving that the noise pressure marked 100 dB when .400 r. p. m. and increase of 100 r. p. m. resulted in 1 dB increase in noise pressure and the maximum appeared at 600 r. p. m. (Fig.5). When the engine revolution was fixed at 700 r. p. m., the noise pressures passed through each observation point (Nos. 1 to 5) placed at circumference of out side hull were 75,78,76,74 and 68 dB, the highest at No.2, in case of keeping under way while 75,76,77,70 and 67 dB, the highest at No.3 in case of drifting respectively (Fig.5). When the vessel plyed 1,400 m distance at 700 r.p.m., the noise pressure were 67 dB at the point 0 m, 64 dB at 600m and 56 dB at 1,400m on forward while 72 at 0 m, 66 at 600 m and 57 dB at 1,400 m on backward respectively indicating the Doppler effects 5 dB at 0 m and 3 dB at 200 m(Fig.6). The noise pressures passed through the points apart 1,10,20,30,40 and 50 m depth underwater from the observation point No.7 (horizontal distance 20 m from the point No.3) were 68,75,62,59,55 and 51 dB respectively as the vessel was being drifted maintaining the engine revolution at 600 r. p. m. (Fig. 8-B) whereas the noise pressures at the observation points Nos.6,7,8,9 and 10 of 10 m depth underwater were 64,75,55,58,58 and 52 dB respectively(Fig.8-A).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.1 s.21
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• pp.129-136
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• 1987

To determine the hepatitis 8 virus infection rate of the medical school students and appropriate time for immunization with hepatitis B vaccine,355 students in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades of Medical School of Kyungpook National University who had not been vaccinated and volunteered to participate in this study were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc with radioimmunoassay method (Abbott Lab. kit). A questionnaire was administered to ask the history of transfusion, acupuncture and surgery. HBsAg positive students were retested 16 months after the initial test. Overall HBsAg positive rate was 6.8% and the age adjusted rate for male (7.2%) was higher than that for female (4.9%). Anti-HBs positive rate was 35.3% (36.1% for male, 37.9% for female) and anti-HBc positive rate was 45.5% (46.5% for male,44.7% for female). Overall hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection rate was 49.1% and the infection rate for male (50.3%) was slightly higher than that for female (46.5%). HBsAg positive rate and infection rate were increased as the grade increased but it was attributed to the age distribution of the students. HBaAg positive rate for 20 years old students was 1.7%; 21 years, 6.6%; 22 years, 6.1%; 23 years, 12.2%; and 24 years and older, 6.4%. HBV infection rate showed an increasing trend as age increased; 45.8% for 20 years,41.5% for 21 years, 49.5% for 22 years, 55.5% for 23 years and 59.6% for 24 years and older. The age differences in HBsAg positive rates and HBV infection rates did not reach the statistical significance level of 0.05. However, these findings and similar age differences in HBsAg positive rates and HBV infection rates observed in other study suggest that there is a significant age differences. Study of the same age group in other schools and different social classes is warranted to confirm the age difference. Clarification of the reason for such differences would provide a clue to identify the major route of HBV transmission in this age group. Among 26 HBsAg positive students in the initial test, only one student was active hepatitis patient. Out of 24 students who had follow-up test after 16 months 22 students were positive for HBaAg and two students became HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive. It is obvious that nearly one-half of the medical school students were infected with HBV before 20 years of age and the HBV infection occurs in medical school. Thus, it is recommended to test all the students for HBV infection soon after the admission to the medical school and immunize all the susceptible students with hepatitis B vaccine and give booster as they start to practice at a hospital.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.266-280
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• 1994

Upper-air synoptic data and surface weather elements such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, cloud and precipitation were analyzed in some detail to determine the characteristics of Nopsae, a foehn-like surface wind over the Youngsuh region of Central Korea. NOAA AVHRR and GMS images are also referenced to identify the distribution of clouds and precipitation to classify the tpyes of foehn over the study area. The data period examined is from 1982 until 1993 of spring and summer months from March through August. Results of the anaylsis are as follows. Warm and dry air penetration over the Younesuh region has experienced on foehn days occured between March 21 and August 10 during study perion. The mean annual number of foehn the days were 28. Foehn phenomena were prominent during March 21-25, April 5-15, May 25-June 10, and June 26-30 pentads. The intensity of the phenomena can be evaluated as the difference of daily maximum temperature and relative humidity between windward sites and leeward sites. The intensity of daily maximum temperature reached 14.5$^{\circ}C$, but most values were in the range of 5.0-7.5$^{\circ}C$ (61%). Although strong intensity of foehns usually develop in June, it is common that farmers in the region experince more aridity during the foehnday of April and May due to the transplantation of rice seedlings. Long-run foehn are not common phenomena and 55% of foehn terminate in one day, but there is a record that Nopsae persisted up to 9 days continuously. The author identified using the cloud and precipitation data out of NOAA-11, AVHRR and GMS images is that one of them has no precipitation over windward side. The available data and the results of the analysis are somewhat inadequate. Since the results imply that wave phenomenon is potentially important in terms of local surface weather and vertical momentum transport, more detailed theoretical and observational studies are necessary to clarify the mechanism and the impacts of Nopsae.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 1999

Purpose: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of 2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18-FDG) whole body scan (FDG W/B Scan) using dual-head gamma camera equipped with ultra high energy collimator in patients with various cancers, and compare the results with those of coincidence imaging. Materials and Methods: Phantom studies of planar imaging with ultra high energy and coincidence tomography (FDG CoDe PET) were performed. Fourteen patients with known or suspected malignancy were examined. F-18-FDG whole body scan was performed using dual-head gamma camera with high energy (511 keV) collimators and regional FDG CoDe PET immediately followed it Radiological, clinical follow up and histologic results were correlated with F-18-FDG findings. Results: Planar phantom study showed 13.1 mm spatial resolution at 10 cm with a sensitivity of 2638 cpm/MBq/ml. In coincidence PET, spatial resolution was 7.49 mm and sensitivity was 5351 cpm/MBq/ml. Eight out of 14 patients showed hypermetabolic sites in primary or metastatic tumors in FDG CoDe PET. The lesions showing no hypermetabolic uptake of FDG in both methods were all less than 1 cm except one lesion of 2 cm sized metastatic lymph node. The metastatic lymph nodes of positive FDG uptake were more than 1.5 cm in size or conglomerated lesions of lymph nodes less than 1cm in size. FDG W/B scan showed similar results but had additional false positive and false negative cases. FDG W/B scan could not visualize liver metastasis in one case that showed multiple metastatic sites in FDG CoDe PET. Conclusion: FDG W/B scan with specially designed collimators depicted some cancers and their metastatic sites, although it had a limitation in image quality compared to that of FDG CoDe PET. This study suggests that F-18-FDG positron imaging using dual-head gamma camera is feasible in oncology and helpful if it should be more available by regional distribution of FDG.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.225-237
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• 1998

Purpose: We investigated the statistical methods to compose the functional brain map of human working memory and the principal factors that have an effect on the methods for localization. Materials and Methods: Repeated PET scans with successive four tasks, which consist of one control and three different activation tasks, were performed on six right-handed normal volunteers for 2 minutes after bolus injections of 925 MBq $H_2^{15}O$ at the intervals of 30 minutes. Image data were analyzed using SPM96 (Statistical Parametric Mapping) implemented with Matlab (Mathworks Inc., U.S.A.). Images from the same subject were spatially registered and were normalized using linear and nonlinear transformation methods. Significant difference between control and each activation state was estimated at every voxel based on the general linear model. Differences of global counts were removed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with global activity as covariate. Using the mean and variance for each condition which was adjusted using ANCOVA, t-statistics was performed on every voxel To interpret the results more easily, t-values were transformed to the standard Gaussian distribution (Z-score). Results: All the subjects carried out the activation and control tests successfully. Average rate of correct answers was 95%. The numbers of activated blobs were 4 for verbal memory I, 9 for verbal memory II, 9 for visual memory, and 6 for conjunctive activation of these three tasks. The verbal working memory activates predominantly left-sided structures, and the visual memory activates the right hemisphere. Conclusion: We conclude that rCBF PET imaging and statistical parametric mapping method were useful in the localization of the brain regions for verbal and visual working memory.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.103-113
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• 2014

Under climate change, it is likely that the suitable area for forage crop cultivation would change in Korea. The potential cultivation areas for italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), which has been considered one of an important forage crop in Korea, were identified using the EcoCrop model. To minimize the uncertainty associated with future projection under climate change, an ensemble approach was attempted using five climate change scenarios as inputs to the EcoCrop model. Our results indicated that most districts had relatively high suitability, e.g., >80, for italian ryegrass in South Korea. Still, suitability of the crop was considerably low in mountainous areas because it was assumed that a given variety of italian ryegrass had limited cold tolerance. It was predicted that suitability of italian ryegrass would increase until 2050s but decrease in 2080s in a relatively large number of regions due to high temperature. In North Korea, suitability of italian ryegrass was considerably low, e.g., 28 on average. Under climate change, however, it was projected that suitability of italian ryegrass would increase until 2080s. For example, suitability of italian ryegrass was more than 80 in 10 districts out of 14 by 2080s. Because cold tolerance of italian ryegrass varieties has been improved, it would be preferable to optimize parameters of the EcoCrop model for those varieties. In addition, it would be possible to grow italian ryegrass as the second crop following rice in Korea in the future. Thus, it merits further study to identify suitable areas for italian ryegrass cultivation after rice using new varieties of italian ryegrass.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.205-216
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the composition and the distribution of the polychaete community in Kwangyang Bay during 1987-1988, and to deduce causal factors of temporal changes in community by the comparison with the results of 1982 (Choi, 1984). In the present study, the Polychaetes comprised a total of 79 species, and had a mean density of 520 ind. $.$m/SUP -2/. They showed high abundance and species diversity in the main tidal channel and the north channel of Myodo. The most abundant polychaete was Lumbrineris longifolia (28.2%), and followed by Nephtys polybranchia (16.3%) and Stermaspis scutata (8.3%). Comparing the polychaete community in summer of 1987 with that in summer of 1982, Lagis bocki and Chone teres, the most dominant species in 1982, disappeared in 1987, while Lumbrineris longifolia, Nephtys polybranchia, Terebellides horikoshii, and Sternapis scutata experienced above twice increases in densities. the community in the north channel was distinguished from those in other regions by the high abundance of L. bocki in 1982, but was similar to that of the main channel by the disappearance of L. bocki in 1987. The community in the western inner bay was similar to that of the main channel in 1982, but became to be distinguished by the disappearance of l. longifolia and the high densities of S. scutata and Tharyx sp. in 1987. The temporal change in species composition and regional difference might be induced by the combined effects in the changes of hydrologic and sedimentary environments owing to the reclamation on the delta of Seomjing River and the dredging of the north chnnel.L.bocki in the north chnnel vanished after the habitat disturbance by the reclamation and dredging.S.scutata and Tharyxsp.dominated in the western inner bay because of the accumulationfo fine sediments through weakenend durrent flow by the obstruction of a new bank constructed on the delta.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.75-79
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• 2010

A total of 25 isolates of Fusarium fujikuroi were obtained from diseased rice plants in Korea from 2006 to 2007 to assess their resistance against fungicides prochloraz and benomyl + thiram. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of F. fujikuroi isolates were examined by agar dilution method. Most of the isolates were sensitive to the fungicides. Out of 25 isolates, six were resistant to prochloraz and three to benomyl + thiram. In addition, the isolates CF245, CF249 and CF337 showed resistant to both fungicides. The progenies ($F_1$ isolates) obtained through two different crosses between sensitive parental isolates(CF202, CF232 and CF179) and resistant parental isolate (CF337) were evaluated for their mycelial growth at different temperatures and resistance against fungicides. Mycelial growth rate of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF202 $\times$ CF232 was similar to the parental isolates. However mycelial growth rate of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF179 $\times$ CF337 was faster than their parent isolates. In case of prochloraz, distribution ratio of sensitivity(S) to resistance(R) against to the fungicide of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF202 $\times$ CF232 and CF179 $\times$ CF337 was 86 : 14 and 78 : 22, respectively. In case of benomyl+thiram, all the $F_1$ isolates originated from CF202 $\times$ CF232 were sensitive to the fungicide, however ratio of sensitivity(S) to resistance(R) against to the fungicide of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF179 $\times$ CF337 was 35 : 65.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.4
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• pp.344-350
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• 2018

This study was carried out to improve the forest management method considering the use of high value added timber in the natural broadleaf forests. For this purpose, the criteria for evaluating the quality grade of standing trees were established and applied to the oak stand in the central region of Korea. The evaluation factors of the grade were bending of stem, branch, stem damage, and other defects. If the logs are divided into 2.1 m units and three logs up to 6.3 m are available, they are classified as Grade I (G-I). If two logs are available, they are classified as Grade II (G-II), If only one log is available, it is classified as Grade III (G-III). When any log is not available as timber, it is classified as Grade IV (G-IV). As a result of applying the grade to the oak stand, G-I was 6.7 %, G-II was 28.0 %, G-III was 38.3 %, and G-IV was 27.0 %. The ratio of standing trees by oak species of higher than G-III was 88.2 % for Quercus acutissima, 88.1 % for Q. variabilis, 83.5 % for Q. serrata, 56.3 % for Q. aliena, and 50.3 % for Q. mongolica, respectively. The G-IV ratio for Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica tended to decrease with increasing diameter at breast height. The order of major defect affecting the grading level was bending of stem > branch > stem damage > other defects. Considering the grade level and oak species distribution, it was concluded possible to produce high quality hardwood timber when we concentrate forest tending techniques on Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis stand. In order to improve the accuracy of grading, it is necessary to continuous complement through the monitoring research for evaluation factors.