• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.40-49
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• 2008

Matrix diffusion from planar fractures was studied mathematically and through physical model experiments. Mathematical models were developed to simulate diffusion from 2D and 3D instantaneous disk sources and a 3D continuous disk source. The models were based on analytical solutions previously developed by Carslaw and Jaeger (1959). The mathematical simulations indicated that the 2D scenario produces significantly different results from the 3D scenario, the time for mass disappearance is significantly larger for continuous sources than for instantaneous sources, the normalized concentration generally decreased over time for instantaneous sources while it increased over time for continuous sources, diffusion rates decrease significantly over time and space, and the normalized mass loss from the source zone never reaches 1 for continuous sources due to the semi-infinite integral. The simulations also showed that disappearance times increase exponentially with increasing source radii and matrix porosity, and decrease with increasing aqueous-phase NAPL solubilities.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.204-209
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• 2010

Recent high efficiency electronic devices have been found to have heat emission problems. As for LEDs, an excessive increase in the device temperature causes a drop of the luminous efficiency and circuit lifetime. Therefore, heat release in the limited space of such electronic parts is very important. This is a study of the possibility of using a coating of carbon materials as a solution for the thermal emission problem of electronic devices. Powdered carbon materials, cokes, carbon blacks, amorphous graphite, and natural flakes were coated with an organic binder on an aluminum sheet and the subsequent thermal emissivity was measured with an FT-IR spectrometer and was found to be in the range of $5{\sim}20\;{\mu}m$ at $50^{\circ}C$. The emissivity of the carbon materials coated on the aluminum sheet was shown to be over 0.8 and varied according to carbon type. The maximum thermal emissivity on the carbon black coated-aluminum surface was shown to be 0.877. The emissivity of the anodized aluminum sheets that were used as heat releasing materials of the electronic parts was reported to be in the range of 0.7~0.8. Therefore, the use of a coating of carbon material can be a potential solution that facillitates heat dissipation for electronic parts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.71-84
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• 2000

In this study, design characteristics of Village Parks in Seoul are investigated through an analysis of structuring themes expressed in spatial design. The goals and objectives of this study are: to emphasize the significance of design themes; and to demonstrate an approach to the design of landscapes through an analysis of structuring themes. For conducting this study, geometric forms and naturalistic forms were examined first. That is, the following 15 structuring themes were examined, as guiding themes: the 90$^{\circ}$rectangular theme; the 45$^{\circ}$/90$^{\circ}$angular theme; the 30$^{\circ}$/60$^{\circ}$ angular theme; circles on circle; concentric circles and radii; arcs and tangents; circle segments; the ellipse; the spiral; the meander; the free ellipse and scallops; the free spiral; the irregular polygon; the organic edge; and clustering and fragmentation. Forty five Village Parks in Seoul, built between 1996 and 1997, were analyzed through these 15 structuring themes. An analysis of Village Parks was conducted by the following two categories: land shape and structuring themes; and design directions and structuring themes. The research results are as follows; 1) Geometric forms are more frequently applied than naturalistic forms. 2) Regardless of land shape, geometric forms derived from simple primary shapes, the square and the circle, are frequently used. And the meander and the irregular polygon among naturalistic forms are frequently used. 3) Regarding design directions and structuring themes, design concepts, symbolic meanings and spatial forms are, to some degree, integrated. 4) The spiral is not applied among geometric forms. And the meander and the irregular polygon, as naturalistic forms, are frequently utilized. Research findings obtained from this study could be used in the designing of future Village Parks. For a profound study, future, research is needed in two-dimensional plans and three-dimensional elements of Village Parks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.595-601
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• 2009

For the silicon oxide $(SiO_x)$ films prepared by using the facing target sputtering (FTS) apparatus that was manufactured to enhance the preciseness of the fabricated thin-film and sputtering yield rate by forming a higher-density plasma in the electrical discharge space for using it as a thin-film passivation system for flexible organic light emitting devices (FOLEDs). The deposition characteristics were investigated under various process conditions, such as array of the cathode magnets, oxygen concentration$(O_2/Ar+O_2)$ introduced during deposition, and variations of distance between two targets and working pressure. We report that the optimum conditions for our FTS apparatus for the deposition of the $SiO_x$ films are as follows: $d_{TS}\;and\;d_{TT}$ are 90mm and 120mm, respectively and the maximum deposition rate is obtained under a gas pressure of 2 mTorr with an oxygen concentration of 3.3%. Under this optimum conditions, it was found that the $SiO_x$ film was grown with a very high deposition rate of $250{\AA}$/min by rf-power of $4.4W/cm^2$, which was significantly enhanced as compared with a deposition rate (${\sim}55{\AA})$/min) of the conventional sputtering system. We also reported that the FTS system is a suitable method for the high speed and the low temperature deposition, the plasma free deposition, and the mass-production.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2014

This study analyzes music visualization characteristics in modern fashion based on Wassily Kandinsky's music visualization theory. Alexander McQueen's 2014 Spring Ready-to-wear Collection (as inspired by Mondrian's paintings) was selected as the research subject. First, an analysis of Mondrian's paintings based on Wassily Kandinsky's theory shows that music visualization characteristics can be categorized into spatiality, mobility, and duality. Second, McQueen applied Mondrian's paintings to the overall design, structured the model's shape in the painting, or created patterns using colors and lines that introduced them in clothes; symbolic forms were also introduced as part of or a decorative factor of the clothes. Third, spatiality refers to the creation of a feeling of space through emptiness or fill using lines, colors, and shape. Musical atmosphere such as dissonance were expressed in clothing through the application of color contrast, lines and silhouette dynamics, and symbolic format and patterns by Mondrian. Fourth, mobility generally refers to motion caused by a certain stimulus. Mondrian expressed vibration, internal resonance, sound level in music that emphasized color irregularity, primary color contrast, and rough brush touches as well as free and organic patterns. McQueen expressed this with primary color contrast using different materials, rough touch based on texture, and pattern repetition through transformation. Fifth, duality generally refers to the artistic effect caused by overlap. Mondrian created a resemblance of dissonance and music through line and color as expressed through the duality of clothing design components based on the artistic sense of the designer.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.735-742
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• 2011

A catalytic burner that utilizes the thermal energy from fossil fuels without the emission of nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$) has been developed. For this purpose, the newly developed burner has two features: firstly, it is in the shape of a flat mat so as to maximize its heating surface, and secondly, it adopts premixed combustion so that it can be used in a closed space. In the present study, the burner was used in a radiation-type industrial dryer. This dryer yields thermal energy in the form of thermal radiation in the infrared regime, which has been proved to be effective for drying organic substances under low-moisture conditions. Analysis of the experimental data has proved that the thermal efficiency of the dryer is better correlated to the moisture than to the dry rate

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.13-22
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to propose rational methods in order to maintain vegetation condition and soil environment based on the analysis of tree growth in relation to the soil environment, which is one of the most significant environmental factors on vegetation condition in urban parks and open spaces. The result of the study can be described as below;The soil on every study site had strong acidity. In particular, study sites around industrial district and central business district showed extreme soil acidity. Therefore, soil management system is needed in urban parks and green spaces around those areas. Among Cambium Electric Resistance classified by locations of urban parks and open spaces, one in the costal area was the lowest. The Cambium Electric Resistance in the industrial area was the highest. Therefore, soil condition and locational environment in the industrial area are highly related to the Cambium Electric Resistance. Among the factors, which affect Cambium Electric Resistance in different locations, inorganic content was found to be the main factor in all of the study sites. Inorganic content was an important factor to the Cambium Electric Resistance in study sites located in industrial and central business districts. In the study sites located in costal area, Soil acidity was found to be other important factors that affect Cambium Electric Resistance. To improve the soil acidity, soil buffering ability should be improved from activating microorganisms in the soil by using lime and organic material, Since it takes a long time to make a change in the soil structure, well planed maintenance system is required by mid-term or long-term plans.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.499-509
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• 2000

Next to carbon dioxide, methane is the second largest contributor to global warming among anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Methane is emitted into the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources include wetlands, termites, wildries, ocean and freshwater. Anthropogenic sources include landfill, natural gas and oil production, and agriculture. These manmade sources account for about 70% of total global methane emissions; and among these, landfill accounts for approximately 10% of total manmade emissions. Solid waste landfills produce methane as bacteria decompose organic wastes under anaerobic conditions. Methane accounts for approximately 45 to 50 percent of landfill gas, while carbon dioxide and small quantities of other gases comprise the remaining to 50 to 55 percent. Using the closed enclosure technique, surface emission fluxes of methane from the selected landfill sites were measured. These data were used to estimate national methane emission rate from domestic landfills. During the three different periods, flux experiments were conducted at the sites from June 30 through December 26, 1999. The chamber technique employed for these experiments was validated in situ. Samples were collected directly by on-site flux chamber and analyzed for the variation of methane concentration by gas chromatography equipped with FID. Surface emission rates of methane were found out to vary with space and time. Significant seasonal variation was observed during the experimental period. Methane emission rates were estimated to be 64.5$\pm$54.5mgCH$_4$/$m^2$/hr from Kimpo landifll site. 357.4$\pm$68.9mgCH$_4$/$m^2$/hr and 8.1$\pm$12.4mgCH$_4$/$m^2$/hr at KwanJu(managed and unmanaged), 472.7$\pm$1056mgCH$_4$/$m^2$/hr at JonJu, and 482.4$\pm$1140 mgCH$_4$/$m^2$/hr at KunSan. These measurement data were used for the extrapolation of national methane emission rate based on 1997 national solid waste data. The results were compared to those derived by theoretical first decay model suggested by IPCC guidelines.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.901-905
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• 2004

The degradation and mineralization of crude oil were investigated over 50-days in three soils, loamy sand, sand, and combusted loamy, which were artificially contaminated with crude oil (50 g $kg^{-1}$) and inoculated with Nocardia sp. H17-1. The degradation efficiency of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in sand was the highest at 76% among the three soils. The TPH degradation rate constants $(k_{TPH})$ in loamy sand, sand, and combusted loamy sand were 0.027 $d^{-1}$, 0.063 $d^{-1}$, and 0.016 $d^{-1}$, respectively. In contrast, the total amount of $CO_2$ evolved was the highest at 146.1 mmol in loamy sand. The $CO_2$ evolution rate constants (k_{CO2})$ in loamy sand, sand, and combusted loamy sand were 0.057 $d^{-1}$, 0.066 $d^{-1}$, and 0.037 $d^{-1}$, respectively. Therefore, it seems that the degradation of crude oil in soils can be proportional to the soil pore space and that mineralization can be accelerated with the increase of organic substance.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.6 s.53
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• pp.75-85
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• 2005

The 1990s' characteristics of Ecological architectural design would be choosing the traditional materials of the region's, the creative usage of construction methods, the expressive properties of materiality in spatial forms and so on. The overall organic relationships between human and men-made environments have been sublimated by the expression of poetic qualities of perception in ecological man-made environment. Hannover Expo 2000 did set up an opportunity to exposure the fact that Ecological Architecture will be the major trend in 21st Century's Architecture and its exploration in possible ways will be the most important matter. Japanese Architect Shigeru Ban's Japan Pavilion in this Exposition has shown the meaning of this turning point in Ecological Architectural thinking, which would be recognized as the convincing possibilities for the future architectural practice to the public. Thus this research has the purpose to study the meaning of the constructing action in Shigeru Ban's recent architectural space-making practice with the Paper Tube structural system. The creative foundation of Shigeru Ban's own method to apply paper tube -that is impossible material to pre-estimate- and other materials in the creation of architectural spaces would be searched in this paper. The period to this research will be between 1990s and 2000s, and the subject will be the experimental architecture of Shigeru Ban. The range of this research Is including the process of development in the paper tube architectural structure and joint system. This study would contribute to understand the intrinsic value of Shigeru Ban's Ecological architecture of the paper tube system, in which the relationship between the regional environment and human regaining the ecological abiogenesis.